IBM PC/AT . -, i8254 ( XT 8253), :
♦ 0: (IRQ0) 54,936 ( 18,206 ), ( 40:006 BIOS Data Area);
♦ 1 ;
♦ 2 .
16 , 8- . (LSB), (MSB) (LSB/MSB), , . . - . 12.5. 1,19318 . . 0 1 . 2 GATE, , 0 (T2G, R/W) AT (061h). 2 (20, 5 ). 2 ( SPK, R/W, 1 061h).
12.5. -
, R/W | |
040 RW | 0 . 011, LSB/MSB, Binary, 0 ( 65 536) |
041 RW | 1 . 010, LSB, Binary, 12h (18) |
042 RW | 2 , . GATE 0 8255 (061). 011, LSB/MSB, Binary, |
043 W | . 7, 6 0, 1, 2. 5, 4 : 00 ; 01 LSB ; 10 MSB ; 11 LSB/MSB , . 31 : 000 ; 001 (, 8254 8253); x10 ; x11 ; 100 ; 101 . 0 0=Bin ( ), 1=BCD (- ) |
- CMOS RTC 146818 , IBM PC/AT . (32,768 ), :
♦ - (, , , , , );
♦ , , ;
♦ , ( , 1024 ).
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CMOS RTC (IRQ8). , . 0Ch 0Bh.
CMOS RTC - 070h ( ) 071h (). , 7 70h NMI (. . 12.4), CMOS 0-7Fh. , - . , 09, . 7 0Ah. . CMOS RTC, , . 12.6 ( . [1]).
12.6. CMOS RTC
00h-09h, 32h (37 PS/2) | BCD-: 00 ; 01 ; 02 ; 03 ; 04 ; 05 ; 06 ; 07 ; 08 ; 09 (2 ); 32h -1 (2 ); 37h -1 (2 ) PS/2 |
0Ah | RTC Status Register ( ): 7 (0 ); [6:4] ( 32,768 010); [3:0] 0110 1024 |
0Bh | RTC Status Register ( ): 7 (0 ); 6 (0 ); 5 (0 ); 4 (0 ); 3 (. 0Ah) (0 ); 2 BCD/BIN (0 BCD); 1 12/24- (1 24-); 0 / (0 ) |
0Ch | RTC Status Register ( ): : 7 IRQF ( ); 6 PF ( ); 5 AF ( ); 4 UF ( ); [3:0] |
0Dh | RTC Status Register D ( D): 7 (1 , 0 ); [6:0] |
BIOS ( . [1, 8, 9]). BIOS Int 1Ah ( 40:006Eh BIOS Data Area), , CMOS RTC.
BIOS Int 15h CMOS RTC ( 7 ). , ( ), 70 .
Pentium, . 64- TSC (Time Stamp Counter), ( RESET#). . RDTSC, , TSD CR4 () ( ). , 3, . , . , - , . , ( ).
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- () . , . ( ) POST ( ) ROM BIOS, . POST ( ROM BIOS ), ROM BIOS . POST ( ), (), . , , : , . ( ). , , ( config.sys, autoexec.bat . . ).
. . , BIOS, POST. , , . , , . (, , ), (. . 9.3). .
DiskOnChip , , M-Systems. , 8/16- , ISA ( ). Millenium Plus 32 - NAND, SRAM (1 ), , . 8- C8000-EFFFFh. - SRAM; , () . , POST BIOS. - ( ), ( ). ( Int 13h), c . 4 , 128 , ( ). . 750 /, 2,4 /. / 20 /. , (OTP), ().
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BIOS
BIOS , - . BIOS V86 (Int xx). ( ROM BIOS) (CALL Far) ( ). BIOS 16- , , V86 16- .
386+ 32- . BIOS (, ) , Phoenix 32- BIOS32. BIOS32 , : 0E0000-0FFFFFh ( 4 ) - "_32_" ( 325F5F33h) , . . , .
, BIOS, . .
:
♦ Int 00h 0;
♦ Int 01h ;
♦ Int 03h ;
♦ Int 04h ;
♦ Int 06h 286+;
♦ Int 07h NPU.
:
♦ Int 02h ;
♦ Int 08h 8253/8254;
♦ Int 09h ;
♦ Int 0Ah IRQ2/9;
♦ Int 0Bh IRQ3;
♦ Int 0Ch IRQ4;
♦ Int 0Dh IRQ5;
♦ Int 0Eh IRQ6 ;
♦ Int 0Fh IRQ7;
♦ Int 70h CMOS-;
♦ Int 71h IRQ9 ( Int 0Ah);
♦ Int 72h IRQ10;
♦ Int 73h IRQ11;
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♦ Int 74h IRQ12 ( PS/2);
♦ Int 75h IRQ13 ;
♦ Int 76h IRQ14 ;
♦ Int 77h IRQ15.
Int 70h-77h AT.
ROM BIOS (16- ):
♦ Int 05h (F000:FF54h) ;
♦ Int 10h ;
♦ Int 11h ( BDA 0040:0010h), :
15:14 LPT-: 00 0, , 11 3;
13 ;
12 ;
11:9 -: 000 0, , 111 7;
8 DMA;
7:6 : 00 1, , 11 4;
5:4 : 00 , 10 80- , 01 40- , 11 ;
3:2 ( 00);
1 ;
0 ;
♦ Int 12h ;
♦ Int 13h ( -);
♦ Int 14h -;
♦ Int 15h AT- ( , /):
00-03h ( - !) PC;
4fh ;
53xxh (Advanced Power Management);
8300h , ;
8301h ;
84h (. . 8.6);
86h ;
87h ;
88h ;
89h V86;
C0h , (CF=0, AH=0) ES:BX ;
80-82h, 85h, 90h, 91h (BIOS );
♦ Int 16h -;
♦ Int 17h LPT-;
♦ Int 18h ( ROM-Basic);
♦ Int 19h ( Bootstrap);
♦ Int 1Ah , , 16- PCI;
♦ Int 1Bh Ctrl+Break;
♦ Int 1Ch User Timer Interrupt, , Int 08h 55 ; BIOS (IRET), ; ( NMI).
♦ Int 33h ;
♦ Int 4Ah , BIOS Int 1Ah(6); , , ; BIOS (IRET);
♦ Int 67h EMS-.
:
♦ Int 1Dh ;
♦ Int 1Eh ;
♦ Int 1Fh GA;
♦ Int 41h HDD 0;
♦ Int 46h HDD 1;
♦ Int 43h EGA.