) (△ ) :
△i=|Xi X|, X = = <X>,<X> = (4.1)
i , k .
) :
ε = ε = (4.2)
) : = <X><DX>
3. :
ε= (4.3)
.
:
Dw = ta (4.4)
ta- , . 0 - Dw 0 + Dw, w = 50% 0,6745 ( ). :
= <X><DX> = <X> 0,6745 (4.5)
.
:
, , .. , , DX , e -
ε = ( ) (4.6)
DX , (. 4.1), D0 X ( ), .
(DX) ∆0X, :
DX = DX + D0 X (4.7)
4.1
50 | 1 | 0,5 | |
25 | 0,1 | 0,05 | |
25 | 0,01 | 0,005 |
1
, 4.2
4.2
T,K | <V> /
| |||||||||||||
1 | N2 | 300 | 515.91 | 516.12 | 515.73 | 516.20 | 516.82 | 515.5 | 514.95 | 515.32 | 516.2 | 515.28 | ||
2 | CO | 293 | 511.20 | 511.52 | 510.88 | 510.48 | 511.20 | 510.43 | 510.50 | 511.15 | 512.0 | 510.45 | ||
3 | CO2 | 293 | 375.50 | 374.90 | 374.82 | 375.41 | 376.02 | 374.82 | 373.88 | 374.32 | 375.12 | 374.80 | ||
4 | O2 | 273 | 424.9 | 425.3 | 425.6 | 424.7 | 424.7 | 424.8 | 425.1 | 424.9 | 425.3 | 425.5 | ||
5 | He | 250 | 1248.1 | 1247.9 | 1246.0 | 1248.2 | 1247.5 | 1249.1 | 1248.1 | 1246.9 | 1247.1 | 1247.9 | ||
6 | CH4 | 300 | 683.30 | 684.12 | 683.40 | 684.0 | 682.98 | 683.65 | 684.12 | 682.80 | 683.65 | 683.45 | ||
7 | NH3 | 320 | 684.92 | 685.10 | 684.50 | 684.42 | 685.70 | 684.95 | 684.95 | 683.87 | 684.70 | 684.65 | ||
8 | H2 | 273 | 1699.6 | 1698.3 | 1699.8 | 1699.7 | 1698.9 | 1697.9 | 1699.1 | 1699.2 | 1698.7 | 1698.7 | ||
9 | N2 | 300 | 515.91 | 516.12 | 515.73 | 516.20 | 516.82 | 515.5 | 514.95 | 515.32 | 516.20 | 515.28 | ||
10 | Ar | 200 | 325.72 | 325.28 | 326.12 | 324.90 | 325.30 | 324.45 | 324.85 | 326.20 | 325.55 | 325.10 |
1.
V = V V=<V>;<V> = (4.8)
k , i
2. DVi
.
DVi= |Vi V| (4.9)
3. <DVi>
<DVi> = (4.10)
4. e%
:
e = ∙100% e = 100% (4.11)
5. :V = <V><DVi>
4.3−
T, | V | <V> | D Vi | <D Vi > | e% | ||
|
|
| |||||
2 .
4.2
1. 4.3 4.4
2. DVi2.
3.
ε = (4.12)
4. 4.4
4.4
T, | V | <V> | DVi | DVi | ε% | ||
|
| ||||||
3 .
4.1
1. 4.4 4.5
|
|
2. :
DV=0,6745∙ε, (4.13)
0,6745
3. 4.5
4.5 −
T, | V | <V> | DVi | D | ε% | DV | ||
|
| |||||||
1. .
2. .
3. , , , ?
4. ?
2
:
:
: ( ) 2 ., , ,, , .