.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





) (△ ) :

i=|Xi X|, X = = <X>,<X> = (4.1)

i , k .

) :

ε = ε = (4.2)

) : = <X><DX>

3. :

ε= (4.3)

.

:

Dw = ta (4.4)

ta- , . 0 - Dw 0 + Dw, w = 50% 0,6745 ( ). :

= <X><DX> = <X> 0,6745 (4.5)

.

:

, , .. , , DX , e -

ε = ( ) (4.6)

DX , (. 4.1), D0 X ( ), .

(DX) ∆0X, :

DX = DX + D0 X (4.7)


 

4.1

50 1 0,5
25 0,1 0,05
25 0,01 0,005

1

, 4.2

4.2

T,K

<V> /

1 N2 300 515.91 516.12 515.73 516.20 516.82 515.5 514.95 515.32 516.2 515.28
2 CO 293 511.20 511.52 510.88 510.48 511.20 510.43 510.50 511.15 512.0 510.45
3 CO2 293 375.50 374.90 374.82 375.41 376.02 374.82 373.88 374.32 375.12 374.80
4 O2 273 424.9 425.3 425.6 424.7 424.7 424.8 425.1 424.9 425.3 425.5
5 He 250 1248.1 1247.9 1246.0 1248.2 1247.5 1249.1 1248.1 1246.9 1247.1 1247.9
6 CH4 300 683.30 684.12 683.40 684.0 682.98 683.65 684.12 682.80 683.65 683.45
7 NH3 320 684.92 685.10 684.50 684.42 685.70 684.95 684.95 683.87 684.70 684.65
8 H2 273 1699.6 1698.3 1699.8 1699.7 1698.9 1697.9 1699.1 1699.2 1698.7 1698.7
9 N2 300 515.91 516.12 515.73 516.20 516.82 515.5 514.95 515.32 516.20 515.28
10 Ar 200 325.72 325.28 326.12 324.90 325.30 324.45 324.85 326.20 325.55 325.10

 

1.

V = V V=<V>;<V> = (4.8)

k , i

2. DVi

.

DVi= |Vi V| (4.9)

3. <DVi>

<DVi> = (4.10)

4. e%

:

e = ∙100% e = 100% (4.11)

5. :V = <V><DVi>

 

4.3−

 

T, V <V> D Vi <D Vi > e%
       

 

 

 

 

         
         

 

2 .

4.2

1. 4.3 4.4

2. DVi2.

3.

ε = (4.12)

4. 4.4

 

4.4

 

T, V <V> DVi DVi ε%
       

 

   

 

           
           
               

3 .

4.1

1. 4.4 4.5

2. :

DV=0,6745∙ε, (4.13)

0,6745

3. 4.5

 

4.5 −

 

T, V <V> DVi D ε% DV
       

 

   

 

 
             
             

1. .

2. .

3. , , , ?

4. ?

2

 

:

 

:

: ( ) 2 ., , ,, , .

 





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