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─ .

. . 16.1 , . 16.2 ─ . A, B, C, D (. 16.1) ─ , a, b, c, d, e, f, g , .

. 16.1.

. 16.2.

. . 2.2 ─ , ─ .

. 2.2 , , .

16.1 (. 1736 .) ( ) , 0 ( 2).

:

1) : () , . , G , .

2) : G ─ , . x 0 , x 0 . , . , . ─ (. 2.3) 1 ─ .

. 16.3.

G , , .

, - , , . xi, 1. , È 1. , , , (. 16.4). .

. 16.4.

, , . G , . , , , , . . 16.5 ─ 16.7 (. 16.5), ( 16.6) (16.7) . .

. 16.5. . 16.6.

. 16.7.

, G (. 16.6) , x 1, x 3 ─ . G , , .

, G , . , .

G = (X, U), .

1. xk = x 1. U G |U| = n, xs . Ci = Æ.

2. , xs.

3. , ( ). uk = (xs, xp).

4. Ck = Ck È uk G.

5. | Ck | = n, . 7, . 6.

6. k = k + 1, s = p . 2.

7. , .

.

1. xi, i Î I = {1, 2,..., n}.

2. (xi, xj) j ¹ i, j Î I, xi, 1. L G.

3. xj, , (xj, xk), , L G.

4. |L| = m. , . 5, , . 3 xb,..., xn.

5. , .

. 16.7

= (x 1, x 2), (x 2, x 6), (x 6, x 3), (x 3, x 2), (x 2, x 4), (x 4, x 5), (x 5, x 3), (x 3, x 1).

, G , , G . , G (. 16.7) (), G (. 16.5) G = (x 1, x 2), (x 2, x 5), (x 5, x 4), (x 4, x 3), (x 3, x 1). . , .

16.2. G n xi, xj : r (xi) + r (xj) ³ n, G .

, ,

r (xi) ³ n/2. (16.1)





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