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1. G = (X, U), |X| = 5, |U| = 7. 2, 3, 4.

2. .

3. .

4. G = (X, U), ½X½ = 6; ½U½ = 10. , , , , . .

5. .

6. G = (X, U), ½X½ = 6; ½U½ = 18. .

7. , .

8. .

9. .

10. G .

 

, , , , .

 


()

. . .

1. R G.

, M. xk V(k) = 0, V(j) = M.

2. xj ¹ xk xj xi, ri , j. xi xk. xj xi

V(j) > V(i) + ri , j. (15.8)

, V(j) xj V(i) + ri , j. , V(j) .

3. . 1, 2 .

4. .

xj, xk, , .

, V(j). xj xk V(j), V(j) .

, G . 15.31 .

. 15.31. G

R , G . .

:

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7  
1 0 4 5 9 M 2 M

.

2 4 0 M M M 5 6
3 5 M 0 3 3 M 7
R = 4 9 M 3 0 8 M M
5 M M 3 8 0 M 1
6 2 5 M M M 0 3
7 M 6 7 M 1 3 0

1 V(1) = 0, V(2) = V(3) = = V(7) = M = ¥.

1) xk = x 1.

2) xi, xj (15.8).

i = 1, j = 2, V(1) = 0, V(2) = M, r1,2 = 4.

V(2) = M > V(1) + r 1,2 = 0 + 4 = 4. x 2 V(2)1 = 4.

, ri , j = M, (15.8) V(j) .

, x 3: V(3) = M > V(1) + r 1,3 = 0 + 5 = 5 V(3)1 = 5.

x 4: V(4) = M > V(1) + r 1,4 = 0 + 9 = 9 V(4)1 = 9.

x 6: V(6) = M > V(1) + r 1,6 = 0 + 2 = 2 V(6)1 = 2.

, x 1, .

x 2: V(2) = 4 < V(6) + r 2,6 = 2 + 5 = 7, , .

x 4: V(4) = 9 > V(3) + r 4,3 = 5 + 3 = 8, , V(4) 9 8 ( . 1.31).

x 6: V(6) = 2 < V(2) + r 2,6 = 4 + 5 = 9, .

, x 1.

x 5, x 3, x 4 x 7. x 7 , (15.8) .

x 5 x 4. V(5)41 = M > V(4)1 + r 4,5 = 8 + 8 = 16.

V(5)1 = 16 , x 3:

V(5)31= 16 > V(3)1 + r3,5 = 5 + 3 = 8.

(15.8) , V(5)1 = 16 V(5)2 = 8.

x 7 x 2, x 3, x 5, x 6.

V(7)21 = M > V(2)1 + r2,7 = 4 + 6 = 10,

V(7)51 = M > V(5)1 + r5,7 = 8 + 1 = 9,

V(7)31 = M > V(3)1 + r3,7 = 5 + 7 = 12,

V(7)61 = M > V(6)1 + r6,7 = 2 + 3 = 5.

, V(1) = 0, V(2) = 4, V(3) = 5, V(4) = 8, V(5) = 8, V(6) = 2, V(7) = 5.

, .

V(j) ─ V(i) = ri , j.

, x 7 x 1. V(7)1. x 7x 6. x 6 . x 6 - x1. , x 7x 6x 1, x 1 x 7 V(7)1 = 5.

, , , .

. 15.32 ,

. 15.32.

. 1 = 13. , 1 6 7 1 2 7 8 13. ( 3) = 8 (, 3 4 5 ).

, . .

s t.

, xi s . . , s .

:

l (xi) ─ xi.

( )

1. l (s) = 0. l (xi) = ¥ xi ¹ s ; p = s.

( )

2. xi Î (p), ,

l (xi) min[ l (xi); l (p) + r(p, xi)] (15.9)

( )

3. , l (xi *) =

= min[ l (xi)].

4. xi * p = xi *.

5.

) s t:

p = t, l (p) ─ , .

p ¹ t, . 2.

) s :

, , .

, . 2.

(. . 15.31).

G :

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7  
1 0 4 5 9 0 2 0

.

2 4 0 0 0 0 5 6
3 5 0 0 3 3 0 7
R = 4 9 0 3 0 8 0 0
5 0 0 3 8 0 0 1
6 2 5 0 0 0 0 3
7 0 6 7 0 1 3 0

*, .

xs, , . x 1. , x 1, ¥, p = x 1.

1. L(x 1) = 0*. L(xi) = ¥, " xi ¹ x 1, p = x 1.

.

2. , x 1 G(x 1) = { x 2, x 3, x 4, x 6}, (15.9) .

l (x 2) min[ ¥; 0*+ 4 ] = 4.

l (x 3) min[ ¥; 0*+ 5 ] = 5.

l (x 4) min[ ¥; 0*+ 9 ] = 9.

l (x 6) min[ ¥; 0*+ 2 ] = 2.

3. , :

Min [ 4, 5, 9, ¥, 2, ¥ ]

x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7

, x 6.

4. x 6 l (x 6) = 2*, p = x 6.

5. , . 2.

2. , x 6 G(x 6) = { x 2, x 7}, (15.9) :

l (x 2) min[ 4; 2*+ 5 ] = 4.

l (x 7) min[ ¥; 2*+ 3 ] = 5.

x 2 , , x 7 l (x 7) = ¥ l (x 7) = 5.

3. , :

Min[ 4, 5, 9, ¥, 5]

x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 7

, x 2.

4. x 2 l (x 2) = 4*, p = x 2.

5. , . 2.

2. , x 2 G(x 2) = { x 7}, (15.9) .

l (x 7) min[ 5; 4*+ 6 ] = 5.

x 7 , l (x 7) = 5.

3. , :

Min [ 5, 9, ¥, 5 ]

x 3 x 4 x 5 x 7

l (x 3) = l (x 7) = 5 . x 3.

4. x 3 l (x 3) = 5*, p = x 3.

5. , . 2.

2. , x 3 G(x 3) = { x 4, x 5, x 7} (1.9) :

l (x 4) min[ 9; 5*+ 3 ] = 8,

l (x 5) min[ ¥; 5*+ 3 ] = 8,

l (x 7) min[ 5; 5*+ 7 ] = 5.

x 7 , , x 4 x 5 .

3. , , :

Min [ 8, 8, 5 ]

x 4 x 5 x 7

, x 7.

4. x 7 l (x 7) = 5*, p = x 7.

5. , . 2.

2. , x 7 G(x 7) = { x 5}, (15.9) .

l (x 5) min[ 8; 5*+ 1 ] = 6.

3. , :

Min [ 8, 6 ]

x 4 x 5

x 5.

4. x 5 l (x 5) = 6*, p = x 5.

5. , . 2.

2. , x 3 x 4: G(x 1) = { x 4}. (15.9):

l (x 4) min[ 8; 6*+ 8 ] = 8.

x 4 , .

3. :

Min [ 8, ]

x 4

4. x 4 l (x 4) = 8*, p = x 4.

5. , .

, x 1 x 2, x 3, x 6 :

x 1 x 2(4*), x 1 x 3(5*), x 1 x 6(2*),

x 4, x 5, x 7 :

x 1 x 3 x 4(8*);

x 1 x 6 x 7 x 5(6*);

x 1 x 6 x 7(5*).

xs xi, .. , :

l (xs) + r (xs, xj) = l (xi),

.. , , xs, r (xs, xj) , l (xi).

: l (x 4)= 8. x 4 x 1, x 1 x 4:

l (x 1) = l (x 4)─ r (x 3, x 4) = 8 3 = 5 = l (x 3) - r (x 1, x 3) = 5 5 = 0.

, x 1 x 4: x 1 x 3 x 4.

1. G = (X, U). G .

: G:

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  
1 0 10 M M M M 3 6 12

.

2 10 0 18 M M M 2 M 13
3 M 18 0 25 M 20 M M 7
R=4 M M 25 0 5 16 4 M M
5 M M M 5 0 10 M 23 M
6 M M 20 16 10 0 17 15 9
7 3 2 M 4 M 17 0 M 24
8 6 M M M 23 15 M 0 5
9 12 13 7 M M 9 24 5 0

1.1. x 1. V(1) = 0, : V(2) = V(3) = = V(9) = ¥ = M.

1.2. , M. : x 2, x 7, x 8, x 9.

1.3. , , (1.8):

V(2) = ¥ > 0 + 10 = 10; V(7) = ¥ > 0 + 3 = 3; V(8) = ¥ > 0 + 6 = 6;

V(9) = ¥ > 0 + 12 = 12.

x 3, x 4, x 5, x 6 .

x 1, .

1.4. :

x 2:

- V(2) > V(7) + r27 10 > 3 + 2 ─ , , : V(2)1 = 5,

- V(2) > V(9) + r29 10 > 1 + 13 ─ , , ;

x 7:

- V(7) > V(2) + r27 3 > 10 + 2 ─ , , ;

- V(7) > V(9) + r79 3 > 12 + 24 ─ , , .

x 8:

- V(8) > V(9) + r89 6 > 12 + 5 ─ , , ;

x 9:

- V(9) > V(2) + r29 12 > 10 + 13 ─ , , ,

- V(9) > V(7) + r79 12 > 3 + 24 ─ , , ,

- V(9) > V(8) + r89 12 > 6 + 5 ─ , , : V(9)1 = 11.

1.5. : .

, x 1.

2.1. x 3, x 2, x 4, x 6 x 9. x 4 x 6 , x 2 x 9:

- V(3) > V(2) + r23 ¥ > 5 + 18 - , , : V(3)1 = 23,

- V(3) > V(9) + r39 23 > 11 + 7 ─ , , : V(3)2 = 18.

2.2. x 4, x 3, x 5, x 6 x 7. x 5 x 6 , x 3 x 7:

- V(4) > V(3) + r34 ¥ > 18 + 25 ─ , , : V(4)1 = 43,

- V(4) > V(7) + r47 43 > 3 + 4 ─ , , : V(4)2 = 7.

2.3. x 5, x 4, x 6 x 8. x 6 , x 4 x 8:

- V(5) > V(4) + r45 ¥ > 7 + 5 ─ , , : V(5)1 = 12,

- V(5) > V(8) + r58 12 > 6 + 23 ─ , , .

2.4. x 6, x 3, x 4, x 5, x 7, x 8 x 9:

- V(6) > V(3) + r36 ¥ > 18 + 20 ─ , , : V(6)1 = 38,

- V(6) > V(4) + r46 38 > 7 + 16 ─ , , : V(6)2 = 23,

- V(6) > V(5) + r56 23 > 12 + 10 ─ , , : V(6)3 = 22,

- V(6) > V(7) + r67 22 > 3 + 17 ─ , , : V(6)4 = 20,

- V(6) > V(8) + r68 20 > 6 + 15 ─ , , .

- V(6) > V(9) + r69 20 > 11 + 9 ─ , , ,

3. .

, .

V(j) ─ V(i) = ri , j.

, x 6 x 1. V(6). x 6x 7. x 7 . x 6 - x 1. , x 6 x 7x 1, x 1 x 6 V(6) = 20.

2. G = (X, U). G .

: G:

 

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  
1 0 10 0 0 0 0 3 6 12

.

2 10 0 18 0 0 0 2 0 13
3 0 18 0 25 0 20 0 0 7
R=4 0 0 25 0 5 16 4 0 0
5 0 0 0 5 0 10 0 23 0
6 0 0 20 16 10 0 17 15 9
7 3 2 0 4 0 17 0 0 24
8 6 0 0 0 23 15 0 0 5
9 12 13 7 0 0 9 24 5 0

 

*, .

1. l (x 1) = 0*. l (xi) = ¥, " xi ¹ x 1, p = x 1.

x 1. l (xi) = ¥.

2. (p) = (x 1) = { x 2, x 7, x 8, x 9}. x 2 (15.9) :

l (x 2) min[ l (x 2), l (x 1) + r(x 1, x 2)] = min[¥, 0* + 10] = 10.

, x 1: l (x 7) = 3, l (x 8) = 6, l (x 9) = 12.

3. , : Min[ x 2, x 7, x 8, x 9, x 3, x 4, x 5, x 6] = min[10, 3, 6, 12, ¥, ¥, ¥, ¥] = 3 ─ x 7.

4. x 7 l(x 7) = 3*, p = x 7.

5. , . 2.

2. (p) = (x 7) = { x 2, x 4, x 6, x 9} ─ . (1.9) :

l (x 2) = min[ l (x 2), l (x 7) + r(x 7, x 2)] = min[10, 3* + 2] = 5.

l (x 4) = 7, l (x 6) = 17, l (x 9) = 12.

3. Min[ x 2, x 4, x 6, x 8, x 9, x 3, x 5] = min[5, 7, 17, 6, 12, ¥, ¥] = 5 ─ x 2.

4. x 2 l (x 2) = 5*, p = x 2.

5. . 2, .. .

2. (p) = (x 2) = { x 1, x 3, x 7, x 9}, x 3 x 9 . (15.9) l (x 3) = min[¥, 5* + 18] = 23, l (x 9) = min[12, 5* + 13] = 12.

3. Min[ x 3, x 4, x 8, x 6, x 9, x 5] = min[23, 7, 6, 17, 12, ¥] = 6 ─ x 8.

4. x 8 l (x 8) = 6*, p = x 8.

5. . 2, . .

2. (p) = (x 8) = { x 9, x 6, x 5}, x 5 x 9 . (15.9) :

l (x 5) = min[¥, 6* + 23] = 29, l (x 9) = min[12, 6* + r(x 8, x 9)] = 11.

3. Min[ x 5, x 9, x 3, x 4, x 5] = min[29, 11, 23, 7, 29] = 7 ─ x 4.

4. x 4 l (x 4) = 7*, p = x 4.

5. . 2.

2. (p) = (x 4) = { x 3, x 6, x 5}. l (x 3) = 23, l (x 6) = 17, l (x 5) = 12.

3. Min[ x 5, x 6, x 9, x 3] = min[12, 17, 11, 23] = 11.

4. x 9 l (x 9) = 11*, p = x 9.

5. . 2.

2. (p) = (x 9) = { x 3, x 6} ( ).

(x6) = min[ l (x 6), l (x 9) + r(x 6, x 9)] = [17, 11* + 9] = 17, l (x 3) = 18.

3. Min[ x 5, x 6, x 3] = min[12, 17, 18] = 12.

4. x 5 l (x 5) = 12*, p = x 5.

5. . 2.

2. (p) = (x 5) = { x 6}.

l (x 6) = min[ l (x 6), l (x 5) + r(x 5, x 6)] = [17, 12* + 10] = 17.

3. Min[ x 6, x 3] = min[17, 18] = 17.

4. x 6 l (x 6) = 17*, p = x 6.

5. . 2.

.

2. (p) = (x 3) = Æ.

l (x 3) = min[18] = 18, p = x 3. .

, x 1 :

x 1 x 2(5*), x 1 x 3(18*), x 1 x 4(7*), x 1 x 5(12*), x 1 x 6(17*), x 1 x 7(3*), x 1 x 8(6*), x 1 x 9(11*);

x 1 x 7 x 2 x 3(18*), x 1 x 7 x 2(5*), x 1 x 8(6*), x 1 x 8 x 9(11*), x 1 x 7 x 6(17*), x 1 x 7 x 4 x 5(12*), x 1 x 7 x 4(7*).

, .. , .

: x 1 x 3(18*), 18 x 9 { x 9x 3}:

x 3 x 9(11*), 11 x 8 { x 8x 9}.

x 3 x 9 x 8(6*), 6 x 1 { x 1x 8}.

x 3 x 9 x 8 x 1 18.

G . 15.33.

. 15.33. G

1. ?

2. ?

3. ?

4. ?

5. ?

6. ?

7. ?

8. ?

9. ?

10. ?





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