Computer graphics, image data, specialized graphic hardware and software, media, animation, movies and video game industry, the representation and manipulation of image data by a computer, the various technologies used to create and manipulate images, methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content, computer imagery, television, newspapers, weather reports, all kinds of medical investigation and surgical procedures, a well-constructed graph, complex statistics, to illustrate papers, reports, thesis, and other presentation material, visualize data, two dimensional, three dimensional, and animated graphics, digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content, information visualization, scientific visualization, the visualization of three dimensional phenomena (architectural, meteorological, medical, biological, etc.), models, 2D computer graphics, applications, traditional printing and drawing technologies, typography, pixel art, raster graphicssoftware, edit on the pixel level, computer and video games, graphing calculator games, and many mobile phone games, vector graphics formats,raster graphics, 3D graphics,three-dimensional representation of geometric data, display or real-time viewing, similar algorithms, computer graphics software, 2D applications and 3D techniques,computer animation, subfield of computer graphics and animation, used for stylistic, low bandwidth and faster real-time rendering needs,computer-generated imagery or computer-generated imaging, virtual entities, transform values (location, orientation, and scale) stored in an object's transformation matrix, animation,graphic design, art of communication, stylizing, and problem-solving,a graphic designer may use a combination of typography, visual arts and page layout techniques, traditional hand-rendering or paste-up on paper, hand-rendered compsthumbnail sketches or rough drafts on paper, hybrid process,logo design, "industry standard" software programs, graphic design,Adobe Systems Incorporated, Adobe Photoshop (a raster-based program for photo editing), Adobe Illustrator (a vector-based program for drawing), Adobe InDesign (a page layout program), and Adobe Dreamweaver (for Web page design). QuarkXpress (a product of Quark, Inc., a separate company from Adobe),QuarkXpress and Adobe InDesign, e or two of these programs.
Exercise 3. What do you know about these notions?
Exercise 4. Read the text and answer the questions following it.
Text GRAPHICS AND DESIGN
Computer graphics are graphics created using computers and the representation of image data by a computer specifically with help from specialized graphic hardware and software.
The interaction and understanding of computers and interpretation of data has been made easier because of computer graphics. Computer graphic development has had a significant impact on many types of media and have revolutionized animation, movies and the video game industry.
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The term computer graphics has been used in a broad sense to describe "almost everything on computers that is not text or sound". Typically, the term computer graphics refers to several different things:
the representation and manipulation of image data by a computer
the various technologies used to create and manipulate images
the sub-field of computer science which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content.
Computer graphics is widespread today. Computer imagery is found on television, in newspapers, for example in weather reports, or for example in all kinds of medical investigation and surgical procedures. A well-constructed graph can present complex statistics in a form that is easier to understand and interpret. In the media "such graphs are used to illustrate papers, reports, thesis", and other presentation material.
Many powerful tools have been developed to visualize data. Computer generated imagery can be categorized into several different types: two dimensional (2D), three dimensional (3D), and animated graphics. As technology has improved, 3D computer graphics have become more common, but 2D computer graphics are still widely used. Computer graphics has emerged as a sub-field of computer science which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content. Over the past decade, other specialized fields have been developed like information visualization, and scientific visualization more concerned with "the visualization of three dimensional phenomena (architectural, meteorological, medical, biological, etc.), where the emphasis is on realistic renderings of volumes, surfaces, illumination sources, and so forth, perhaps with a dynamic (time) component".
Image types
Two-dimensional
2D computer graphics are the computer-based generation of digital imagesmostly from models, such as digital image, and by techniques specific to them.
2D computer graphics are mainly used in applications that were originally developed upon traditional printing and drawing technologies such as typography. In those applications, the two-dimensional image is not just a representation of a real-world object, but an independent artifact with added semantic value; two-dimensional models are therefore preferred, because they give more direct control of the image than 3D computer graphics, whose approach is more akin to photography than to typography.
Pixel art
A large form of digital art being pixel art is created through the use of raster graphicssoftware, where images are edited on the pixel level. Graphics in most old (or relatively limited) computer and video games, graphing calculator games, and many mobile phone games are mostly pixel art.
Vector graphics
Vector graphics formats are complementary to raster graphics. Raster graphics is the representation of images as an array of pixels and is typically used for the representation of photographic images. Vector graphics consists in encoding information about shapes and colours that comprise the image, which can allow for more flexibility in rendering. There are instances when working with vector tools and formats is best practice. There are times when both formats come together. An understanding of the advantages and limitations of each technology and the relationship between them is most likely to result in efficient and effective use of tools.
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Three-dimensional
3D graphics compared to 2D graphics are graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data. For the purpose of performance this is stored in the computer. This includes images that may be for later display or for real-time viewing.
Despite these differences, 3D computer graphics rely on similar algorithms as 2D computer graphics do in the frame and raster graphics (like in 2D) in the final rendered display. In computer graphics software, the distinction between 2D and 3D is occasionally blurred; 2D applications may use 3D techniques to achieve effects such as lighting, and primarily 3D may use 2D rendering techniques.
3D computer graphics are the same as 3D models. The model is contained within the graphical data file, apart from the rendering. However, there are differences that include the 3D model is the representation of any 3D object. Until visually displayed a model is not graphic. Due to printing, 3D models are not only confined to virtual space. 3D rendering is how a model can be displayed. Also can be used in non-graphical computer simulations and calculations.
Computer animation
Computer animation is the art of creating moving images via the use of computers. It is a subfield of computer graphics and animation. Increasingly it is created by means of 3D computer graphics, though 2D computer graphics are still widely used for stylistic, low bandwidth, and faster real-time rendering needs. Sometimes the target of the animation is the computer itself, but sometimes the target is another medium, such as film. It is also referred to as CGI (Computer-generated imagery or computer-generated imaging), especially when used in films.
Virtual entities may contain and be controlled by assorted attributes, such as transform values (location, orientation, and scale) stored in an object's transformation matrix. Animation is the change of an attribute over time. Multiple methods of achieving animation exist; the rudimentary form is based on the creation and editing of keyframes, each storing a value at a given time, per attribute to be animated. The 2D/3D graphics software will change with each keyframe, creating an editable curve of a value mapped over time, in which results in animation.
Graphic design is the art of communication, stylizing, and problem-solving through the use of type and image. The field is also often erroneously referred to as Visual Communication or Communication Design due to overlapping skills involved. Graphic designers use various methods to create and combine words, symbols, and images to create a visual representation of ideas and messages. A graphic designer may use a combination of typography, visual arts and page layout techniques to produce a final result. Graphic design often refers to both the process (designing) by which the communication is created and the products (designs) which are generated.
