100% :
)
+= , = 1g C,
-lgC = , =
= 14 = 14
)
- = . = , = -lg = lg ,
- lg = , = 14
10%, , ..
+ = α * , -= α * , α = 
α, :
+= 
= 
= lg + = 0,5( ) = W 0,5
:
- = 
= lg - = ½ ( )
= pKw ½ + ½
.
-
III
1. - H2SO4.
SO42- III . SO4. CaS04 Sr SO4 , .
III , CaS04 (NH 4 )2 SO4 (NH4)2[Ca(SO4)2]. .
3 , 1-2 1 H2SO4, . . 3 . . CaS04 . .
1. 24 .
2 3 2 3 . HCl 3. , . .
2. (NH4)2 C2 O4
3 2 . HCI 3.
3. .
. HCl. .
4 .
.
1. .
3 2 . CaC24 3. . .
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2.
. 2+ Sr2+ 2+, .
, ,
3. .
- .
IV .
1. NaQH
, [()4]2-, Sn 4+ [Sn ()6]-, 22-
5 3 4 13+, Cr3+, Sn2+, Sn4+. 1 2 2 NaOH. . l NaOH. .
1. NH4 O
13+ 1()3.
Al(NO3)3 + 3NH4OH → 1()3 ↓ + 3NH4NO3
NH4Cl 1()3 .
2 3 1 2 2 NH4OH, . 3 4 NH4CI. ? .
2. (1.2-).
l()3 -
Cr3+, Zn2+, Sn2+, Fe3+, , 4[Fe(N)6], . .
K4[Fe(CN)6]. . K4[Fe(CN)6], 13+ K4[Fe(CN)6], 1 2 , 13+ , . 1()3, 2 3 , . , , .
4
22119(N4)3 13+ :
2211O9(N4)3 + A1(NO3)3 → 22H11O9l + 3 NH4NO3
4 5 , 2 3 2N 4 5 0,1 % . , , 3 4 2N (NH4)2CO3. . Fe3+ Bi3+.
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1. Cr(OH)3 , , :
r3+ + 3-→Cr(OH)3
Cr(OH)3 + OH- →CrO2- + 22
2 3 (III) 1 2 2 NH4OH. . ?
2. .
. 22 (III) O42- (-).
r3+ + 2 O- → CrO2- + 2 H+
2 rO2- + 3 H2O2 + 2 OH- → 2 CrO42- + 4 H2O
2 3 (III) 2 3 3% 4 5 2 NaOH. . , Cr3+ CrO42-. 1 2 1 2 . ? .
1. Zn2+ Zn(OH)2 , :
ZnC12 + 2 NaOH → Zn(OH)2 + 2 NaCl
Zn(OH)2 + 2 NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + 2 H2O
2 3 (Zn 2+) 2 NaOH , . .
2. (II)
K4[Fe(CN)6] Zn2+ - (II), l ( ).
3 Zn(NO3)2 + 2 K4[Fe(CN)6] → K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2 + 6 KNO3
4 5 . . , .
3. H2S Na2S ( )
ZnS, 1.
Zn2+ + S2- → ZnS()
ZnS() + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 + H2S()
, b2+ , Sn2+ 2O2, NaOH.
4. ().
- . :
.
2 3 2 NaOH , 3 .
(II)
1. NH4OH (II) Sn(OH)2, :
SnCl2 + 2 NH4OH → Sn()2 ↓+2 NHl
2 3 (II) 2 3 2 NH4OH, . ? .
2. (III) (II) (II) K3[Fe(CN)6] - .
3 Fe3+ + Sn2+ → 2 Fe2+ + Sn4+
3 Fe2+ + 2 [Fe(CN)6]3- → Fe3[Fe(CN)6] ↓
4 Fe3+ 3 2 1, 2 K3[Fe(CN)6] 2 .
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3. (III) (II) o .
B
NaSnO2. 2 3 1 8 10 2 Na0H. 2 3 (III). . .
