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, , . , - - (, , , .). , , , , , - . ( ), , , . :

1

= ¾¾. (8.1)

2


. , . (1890):

, .

, , :

1

= ¾¾.

2


. , . . - , . ., - , , . , , , . :

1

= ¾¾, (8.2)

n 2


n - ( - ).

(8.1) (8.2) - . - .

 

8.2.

 

. - (, ) , (, ), , . . . . , ( - ) . () .

, , , ( ) - . , , , - .

, . , , , . , , , . , , , , , .

(8.1) , , 1, - 2. 1 - , , 2 - , 0 1. , , ó , , , . , , 2, - 1, 1. , . a, , m , m 0 , :

m

a = ¾¾.

m 0


.

K < 1 . V 1 V 2 . m 0 , m 1, m .

m = m 0 - m 1,

:

m 1 m 0 - m 1

1 = ¾¾ 2 = ¾¾¾¾.

V 1 V 2


:

m 1 V 2

= ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾.

V 1 (m 0 - m 1)


m 1,

= m 1 V 2 / V 1 (m 0 - m 1); m 1 V 2 = KV 1 (m 0 - m 1);

m1V2 = K V1m0 - KV1m1; m1V2 + KV1m1 = KV1m0;

m 1 (KV 1 + V 2) = m 0 KV 1

KV 1 V 1

m 1 = m 0 ¾¾¾¾¾ m 1 = m 0 ¾¾¾¾¾. (8.3)

KV 1 + V 2 1 + V 2 / KV 1


, . ( m ), m = m 0 - m 1 , m 1 :

KV 1

m = m 0 - m 0 ¾¾¾¾¾,

KV 1 + V 2


KV 1 V 1

m 1 = m 0 (1 - ¾¾¾¾¾) m 1 = m 0 (1 - ¾¾¾¾¾). (8.4)

KV 1 + V 2 1 + V 2 / KV 1


- m 1 = m 0 m . V 2, :

KV 1

m 2 = m 1 (1 - ¾¾¾¾¾)

KV 1 + V 2


, , m = m 1 + m 2. m 1 (8.4) m 1 (8.3), , :

KV 1 n

m = m 0 [1 - (¾¾¾¾¾) ].

KV 1 + V 2


, , :

KV 1 n

mn = m 0 (¾¾¾¾¾)

KV 1 + V 2


KV 1 n

m ý = m 0 [1 - (¾¾¾¾¾) ].

KV 1 + V 2


n - .

, , , , . . , , ó , . . .

, n - , .

, , , , K ³ 1.

, ,

V 1 n

m 1 = m 0 (¾¾¾¾¾),

V 1 + KV 2


.

V 1 n

m = m 0 [1 - (¾¾¾¾¾)].

V 1 + KV 2


 






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