In a move to restore some of the emblems and trappings of pre-revolutionury times Slate Heraldry Service, abolished in 1917 has been recently revived in Russia by a special decree on the reconstitution of the service, signed by the President
Georgy Velinkhabov, deputy director of the St. Petersburg Hermitage museum was appointed an official state herald to run it. The main function of the new service would be to create new or restore old emblems and symbols tor official use - flags medals, uniforms and badges Many of the old familiar symbols will soon be replaced by traditional Russian symbols from pre-revolutionary times, chosen by the heraldry service But some Soviet symbols will remain.
"We don't want to discard the past achievements in heraldry. Velinkhabov said in an interview
The first Russian State Heraldry Department was set up by Peter the Great in (722 By1917ithad created 5, 000coats ofarms
The new service will oversee the creation of officialemblems lor all civil and military institutions
That was probably one of the reasons why Britain's Queen and the Duke of EdinburghinJune 2003 invited V Putin, the president of Russia to London He was the first Russian head of state in 80 years (after Nicolas II) who was personally invited by the British Crown
heraldry -, e
VII. ( )
I. No survivors beingleft, the exact cause which led to the accident will probably never be known.
2. The conference (being) over, the delegates made a tour of the city
3. In London there are a lot of museums, the largest being the British Museum
4 Newspapers being a big business, the views of newspapers owners are the
views of Big Business
5. The delegates were equally divided between whites and blacks, a third of them
being youth
6 In 1689 Peter I ascended the throne, and in 1703 he created St. Petersburg, the
new capital, he himself talking the title of Emperor.
7 He thought at first that she hadn't heard the question She set so very still, with
her eyes cast down.
VIII.
A number of historic buildings were knocked down in 1929 to make room for the Military School These were the Convent of Ascension (Vosnesensky Monastery) foundedin 1393 by Grand Duchess Yevdokiya, widow ofDmitry Donskoy. Many daughters of the royal family were forced to take vows here, as for centuries there were no foreign Orthodox rulers whom they could wed. and none of them could marry a man of other faith. The widows of the Moscow dukes among them Yevdokiya herself, withdrew to the Ascension Convent. There were buried Yevdo-kya, Sotya Paleoloque (wife of Ivan III ), Yelena Glinslaya (mother of Ivan the Terri-ble) and Natalya Narishkina (mother of Peter the Great), their remains were trans ferred to the Archangel Cathedral after 1929. And next to the Saviour gate stood the striking Gothic Church of St. Catherine built to the designs of Carlo Rossi in 1809 -17.
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Further on stood the Monastery of the Miracles, foundedin 1358 on what was said to have been land occupied by the embassy of the Golden Horde.
Tsar Vastly Shuyski was forced to enter the monastery after he had been deposed, and two years later Patriarch Hermogenes starved to death here while in Polish captivity An other famous Patriarch Nikon - was deposed bya church council which met here in 1667 Two Russian Emperors- Peter and Alexander II were baptized in the Monas-tery of the Miracles
The final building destroyed in 1929 to make room for the Military School was the Small Nicholas Palace, a fine classical structure built by Ka/ako\
All the delegates objecting, the resolution was changed.
All the delegates objecting - , (all the delegates), ( ).
All the delegates objecting, the resolution was changed " , ".
The treaty between the two countries was done in two languages, both text being equally valid. " . ".
15
( )
Armoury (Palace) ()
arms and armour
Diamond Fund
to decorate with -.
. to adorn with
to adorn oneself with
(The square adorned itself with.)
syn. to trim with (flowers, fur: sa- -. ( : -
bl, mink etc.) , ..)
lavishly decorated
elaborately decorated ( )
richly decorated
to embroider
to inlay (inlaid) with (filigree, (, -
ivory, gold) , )
jeweller
jewellery, jewelry
nugget . ()
precious stones (diamonds, erne-
raids. rubies, sapphi (, , , )
res
Gem
Rare gem
monarchy .
monarch .
silverware .
silver dish
dishes n., pl.
syn. vessels ., pl.
drinking vessels
wine glass
tankard
goblet
chalice
scoop
loving cup
crystal jug
Crown, Sceptre and Orb , (
, )
to date back to the 12C 12
date from the mid-18C 18
to the present
abundance n.
workshop .
necklace .
marble . ,
Faberge Easter eggs
I.
1
The Armoury Palace was built between the Great Kremlin Palace and the Kremlin wall by Konstantin Thon in 1884 - 51. It houses the oldest and the richest museum inRussia.
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white marble staircase leads to the first floor. On the landing at the top hangs a painting by R. Sverichkov of the "White Stone Kremlin" of the time of Ivan IV.
Room I houses arms and armour of the 13C- 18C. Among them is the armour of Boris Godunov. Each piece of his armour is inscribed with the words "God is with us, no one is against us."
There are the sabres of Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. who led the Russian forces to final victory during the "Time of Troubles" of the early I7C.
The helmet of Tsar Mikhail, which by tradition originally belonged to Alexander Nevsky, was restored in 1621 and inlaid with gold filigree and adorned with diamonds, emeralds and rubies
Here is also a bas-relief of Peter the Great by Rastrelli and the golden keys of the Baltic City of Riga presented to Field-Marshal Count .. Sheremetyev after he captured the town in 1710.
There are West European arms and armour of the 18C - 19, but the central place is given to the work of Tula craftsmen
* * *
On display in Room 2 is Russian gold and silver of the 12C - I7C The central place is given to silver work from Ryazan which dates back to the 12C - 13C. It is remarkable tor abundance of precious stones Also of interest is the 12C silver chalice which was commissioned by Prince Yury Dolgoruky, the founder of Moscow. The round gold dish with a fine border given by Ivan IV as a wedding present to his second wife is in Room 2. The dish was used to carry the bride's head-dress.
Here is alsothe so called "measure icon" tor Tsarevich Ivan, son of Ivan IV When a Tsarevich was born a "measure icon" of the saint after whom he had been named was made to the same length as the infant, hence the name of the icon.
There are also in Room 2 gold and silver drinking vessels in the traditional Russian style. The graceful lavishly decorated swan-shaped scoop traditionally used for mead, Such scoops were sometimes presented as rewards for loyal service to the Tsar. The other traditional Russian vessel is the "bratina", the English call it loving cup. It is passed at gatherings from one person to the next; several of these are on display.
***
On display in Room 3 is late 19C work by leading jewellery firms, including those of Sazikov and Ovchinnikov and Faberge. Gustav Faberge (b 1814 - d.93) established the firm in St. Petersburg in 1842, and the family tradition was developed by his son Carl (1846 - 1920). Included in the collection are several of the celebrated Faberge Easter eggs.
The Greek-style silver samovar (tea urn) was one of the first made in Russia.
The two small silver crowns are said to be those used at the wedding ceremony of the poet Alexander Pushkin and Natalya Goncharova in 1831.
* * *
On display in Room 4 are vestments and fabrics of the I4C - 19C. The light blue and silver ceremonial robe (sakkos) made in 1322 for the first Metropolitan of Moscow, Peter
Patriarch Nikon's ceremonial vestment was made in 1654 of Venetian velvet and lavishly adorned with gold embroidery and precious stones. It weighs 24 kg.
Among the treasures displayed in the other rooms are sets of superb silverware. all kinds of drinking vessels: tankards, wine jugs with elaborate spouts and handles. crystal and gold goblets, ivory inlaid thrones, state regalia, luxuriously embroidered clothing, elaborately decorated carriages and coaches, harnesses and saddles.
* * *
The Armoury has a permanent exhibition known as the Diamond Fund. On display are such attributes of Tsarist power as the Crown. Sceptre and Orb
There are also rare gems, antique jewellery, and the world's biggest gold nugget, the so called Big Triangle, weighing 3.6 kg.
II. :
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gold embroidery, arms and armour, abundance of precious stones, vestments and fabrics, ceremonial robe, sabres, a round silver dish with fine border, wedding present, lavishly decorated scoop, head-dress, celebrated Easter eggs by Faberge, to be on display, to house, to trim with sable, monarchy, workshop, inlaid with ivory, nugget, gems, to commission, crystal jug, tankard, loving cup, Crown, Sceptre and Orb, Monarch, Peter I, marble staircase, origin, elaborately decorated, embroider, diamonds, emeralds, rubies, pearls, superb silverware, luxurious.
III. :
1 , , , , , , I, , , , , , , , , , , , , , 24 .
One should weigh the pros and cons of it.
IV. . .
2
Room 5 of the Armoury displays Western gold and silver Most of these items were brought to Russia as ambassadorial gifts and are arranged according to the country of origin.
One of the finest collections in the world is English silver of the 16C-17C. Diplomatic and trade links were established between Russia and England in the 1550s and a considerable amount of superb silverware was brought to Russia in the decades that followed (much of the silver that remained in Britain was melted down after the victory of Oliver Cromwell). The silver dish on an engraved stand is the earliest piece of the collection; it dates from 1558 and must have been brought to Ivan IV.
The silver flask decorated with two lion's" heads was presented to Boris Croduno\ by King James I in 1604. The two tankards inthe formofsnow leopards were made
in 1600 and brought to Russia in 1629. The few wine jugs with dragon-shaped spouts and snake handles date from the same period.
* * *
Next comes the I7C Dutch work. Trade with Holland began in 1646, and the first Dutch mission brought the set of five round silver plates. The oldest article is the vessel in the shape of a cock, which belonged to Ivan . It is thought that the body of the cock was originally made on an ostrich egg.
The crystal and gold goblet was the work of the Nuremberg craftsman A. Jamnitzer. A boyar is believed to have presented it to the "False Dmitry" on the day of his marriage to Marina Mnishek (1606).
A small part of the 3000-piece silver set is displayed here. It was ordered by Catherine II in 1770 for her favourite Grigory Orlov.
Room 6 begins the exhibition on the Ground Floor. Thrones, Regalia and Clothing are on display here. Among them are the ivory inlaid Throne of Ivan IV and the Throne presented to Boris Godunov in 1604 by the Shah of Persia. It is covered in gold leaf and decorated with precious stones.
The Throne of Tsar Mikhail Fyodurovich. the first Romanov Tsar is the reworking of the Throne that once belonged to Ivan IV.
The late I7C Diamond Throne is the most luxurious. It was presented to Tsar Aleksey Mikhaylovich by an Armenian trading company in Persia, its decoration includes over 800 diamonds.
Next comes the Throne made for the double coronation in 1682 of the 10-year-old Peter Alekseyevich and his feeble-minded 15-year-old half brother Ivan. A curtain at the back of the Throne concealed a secret compartment from which (he young Tsar's advisers, usually their older sister Sofya, told them what to say.
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The Russian State Regalia. The famous Crown (Cap) of Monamakh. made in the 13C-14C from eight triangular gold plates, is decorated with precious stones and trimmed with sable. A second Cap of Monomakh. also on display, was made for Peter before the dual coronation of 1682. Peter Alekseyevich became Peter the Great. and from this time a Western style crown was used in coronations.
The Kazan crown of Ivan IV was commissioned in 1552 to celebrate the taking of the Volga town of Kazan.
The Crown, Sceptre, and Orb of the first Romanov Tsar. Mikhail, were made in
the Kremlin workshops in the 1620s.
* * *
Clothing. On display are caftans and boots worn by Peter the Great. Examples of the type of robe worn by the nobility of the 17C. There are elaborate snuff-boxes, watches, lorgnettes and fans. The wedding dress of Catherine II (1745) is silver, while her coronation gown is embroidered with gold two-headed eagles. Two coronation gifts are presented to Nicholas II by the Emperor of Japan in 1896. They are a large Eagle with 2000 ivory feathers, and an embroidered silk Screen depicting a seascape. A complete collection of pre-Revolutionary decorations; the most prized was
the Order of St. George.
* * *
Rooms 7 and 8. On display are dress harnesses from China, Germany, England, Poland and Austria.
Persian saddles. Outstanding is the velvet saddle decorated with precious stones which the Shah gave to Mikhail Romanov in 1635. The yellow saddle cloth was made from over 400 parrot skins.
The Turkish harness was presented to Catherine II by the Sultan in 1775. The set included silver horseshoes with silver nails.
* * *
Room 9. Carriages. The oldest is the late 16C English carriage presented to Boris Godunov by King James I. Opposite is the Polish coach which belonged to Patriarch Filaret, Father of Tsar Mikhail Romanov.
The little Summer and Winter Coaches were made for the child Peter in 1675. They were drawn by small ponies, and dwarfs served as coachmen. Elizabeth's daughter-in-law, Catherine II was given the richly gilded open Summer Coach by her favourite, Grigory Orlov. Adorned with an eagle and two dragon-slaving knights, it was made in London in 1779. The most elaborately decorated travelling coach by Catherine II was built in France in 1765.
* * *
The Diamond Fund Exhibition is housed in the building of the Armoury Palace. The collection, established in 1992, contains diamonds and jewellery dating from the mid-18C to the present.
On display is the 190-carat Orlov Diamond, which was given to Catherine II in 1774 by Count Grigory Orlov. The stone was found in India in the 17C.
The 89-carat Shah Diamond discovered in India in the 16C, has a very sad history: it was presented to Nickolai I by the Shah of Persia as a compensation for the assassination of the Russian diplomat and noted poet Alexander Griboyedov.
Two diamonds were added to the collection: one is named after the late Indian Premier Indira Gandi. and the other commemorates the American school-girl Samanta Smith.
V. 3 .
3 RUSSIAN TREASURES TO SHINE IN FLORIDA
Chris Klein
The Romanov tsars probably did not know much about St. Petersburg, Florida The city, founded by a Russian at the end of the 19th century, was younger than Nicholas II at the time of the October Revolution, and did not begin to seriously grow until Khrushchev's time.
Now St. Petersburg, part of a three-city metropolitan area of 2.5 million people. wants to become an international center of culture. The city already has an attractive, 24-hall Museum of Fine Arts and the biggest Salvador Dali collection in the world. To add to that. Mayor David Fisher plans to open the Florida International Culture Center. whose inaugural exhibition will be a Russian one "Treasures of the Tsars" will be the largest collection of Russian art ever to be shown overseas.
As a result, a team of art experts from Florida was in Moscow recently, scouring the stores of the Kremlin Museum and the Tretyakov Gallery for works worthy of the first show.
"The Treasure of the Tsars" exhibit will deal with Russian art from the beginning of the Romanov dynasty, in 1613, to the revolution of 1917. A broad subject, to say the least, so Mr. Dilley, the project's director and his crew have not had a lot of time to sightsee. Most days they have spent in a small office in the Kremlin, going over photos of icons, crowns and other crafts, choosing some to make the trip across the Atlantic. Ultimately the show will include some 250 works, and already they have chosen the crown of Mikhail, the first Romanov tsar, several valuable icons; and the lid of the sarcophagus of Dmitry, the seven-year-old tsar's son who was murdered at the end of the 17th century in the town of Uglich on the Volga.
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Dilley says curators and museum directors have been welcoming and cooperative; on Friday, the director of the Tretyakov Gallery was due to take the group on a tour of the museum's art in storage.
For the most part the group seems to be having fun. Mr. Dilley says he has spent his time here "falling in love with Russia" Dilley, who calls himself a culture junkie, has been looking for a good symbol for the marketing materials to be produced back in St. Petersburg.
"We've decided on the double-headed eagle," he said, referring to the emblem of the tsars that has recently reappeared on Aeroflot jets. "It shows up over and over again in our research "
VI. 4, 5, 6 .
4
JEWELLERY BOOSTS GENEVA REPUTATION
Geneva's reputation as the world's leading market place for jewellery and small precious objects was confirmed during sales held in the week of May 16 - 20.
Among the highlights was the sale of two long-lost Faberge eggs, one of them tor 1.2 million Swiss francs ($860,638), and Sotheby's sale tor 13 million Swiss francs of jewellery owned by the late Helene Beaumont
5 QUEEN OPENS CROWN JEWEL SHOWCASE
LONDON (Reuters) - Queen Elizabeth II made a rare trip to the Tower of London on Thursday to open a new showcase for the crown jewels, Britain's biggest tourist attraction.
"I am delighted to be here today on a visit which recalls for me my own Coronation Day." she said before heading into the new Jewel House
She last came to see the nine crowns, two orbs, sceptres, maces and other treasures when she opened the old jewel house in 1967 in a bunker at the tower that soon proved unable to cope with the crowds. The new, larger home, inside a vault in a former barracks, has steel doors, bullet proof glass cases and numerous hidden security devices. It is designed to receive up to 20,000 people a day. More than 2 million people a year are expected to pay $ 12 each for a visit. (2002).
6
QUEEN ELIZABETH'S VISIT SCHEDULED FOR OCTOBER
LONDON - Britain's Queen Elizabeth II will travel to Russia in October, the first visit to the country by a reigning British monarch, Buckingham Palace said Friday.
A palace spokeswoman said the dates for the scheduled trip by the Queen and her husband the Duke of Edinburgh have been set as Oct. 17 to 20. Details have not been finalized.
Prince Charles made a highly publicized tour-day trip to the country's second city of St. Petersburg in May.
That was seen as paving the way tor the Queen's visit to Russia, whose last monarch Tsar Nicholas II. a relation of the British royal family, was executed with his family in 1918.
Buckingham Palace said no reigning British monarch had ever visited Russia, although King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra dined with Tsar Nicholas II on the imperial yacht in June 1908 in the then Russian waters off Tallinn, now the capital of Estonia.
The visit is being described by the Fleet Street as the most important royal visit since the Queen travelled to China in 1986.
The royal family, dogged by image problems since the rift in 1992 between Charles and Diana and later on her tragic death, has used several lengthy foreign visits to stress the monarchy's serious diplomatic role
* * *
That was probably one of the reasons why Britain's Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh in June 2003 invited V. Putin, the president of Russia to London.
V Putin was the first Russian head of state in 80 years (after Nicolas II) to be personally invited to Great Britain by the British Crown.
Moscow Times
2003
VII. 7 .
7
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VIII. 8, 9, 10. (10 - 12 ) ().
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16 (-)
origin . , ,
original . ,
originally adv.
literally adv.
figuratively adv
disturbances .. pi. ,
to cause disturbances
syn unrest n.
to confess (smth wrong that one has -,
done)
to confess ones shortcomings ( -
)
standard n. ,
project . ,
to match ,
to be welt (ill) matched ()
to be alien to smb (smth) , -., -.
superstitious .
to flee (fled) ,
mosaic .
triumphal
triumphal arch (~ procession, (,
- wreath) )
triumphant : ,
triumphant army (victory)
to capture (a town) ()
Capture , ()
bas-relief
to dedicate to -. -.
Expulsion
Restorer
restoration
to go on a hunger strike
rumour
to extend ,
excavation
" God'sfool"
syn. Holy fool
British subject
in memory of...
proclamation
the whole of Russia ()
all Russia ()
Cathedral or Christ the Saviour
tourist
Tourist centre (~ routs, paths) (~ , )
the town platform
to alter ,
(river) bed
earthen ,
underground
to go underground ,
aesthetic
mayor
I. ***.
1 KITAY-GOROD
The origin of the district's name is obscure although historians agree that it does not mean literally China It may come from the old word kita. meaning the wattle used in earthen walls once erected around this suburb (wattle - ).
One of the oldest parts of Moscow, the Kitay-Gorod was first settled in the 12C -13CIn the 1510s a 2.5 km long brick wall connected to the Kremlin was built
around it: the wall survived until the Soviet era. Nobles and merchants used to live here in the center of Russian trade.
Red Square takes up a great expanse of some 73,000 sq.m. The square was first opened up at the end of the 15C; since the I7C it has been called Krasnaya Plost -
chad, the original meaning of which was "Beautiful Square".
* * *
The red brick Historical Museum, to the designs of Sherwood (1878 - 83) stands at the northern end of the square. The site was the original location of Moscow University, established as the first university of Russia.
A product of Pseudo-Russian school of architecture, the building borrowed decorative details from a range of ill-matched sources, and the mechanical symmetry of its facade with twin towers contrasted with the anarchic splendour of St. Basil's Cathedral at the far end of the square. Sherwood wanted to use multi-coloured tiles here but had to settle for some sombre red brick.
* * *
The other face of the square is occupied by a really wonderful, almost unique building - the church of St. Basil, the "Stone Flower" of Red Square, surrounded by a wrought-iron fence. For many people this building with its celebrated cluster of multi-coloured onion domes epitomizes "Russia". Lermontov described the domes as being "scattered all over the building without symmetry or order like the off shoots of an old tree climbing over its bared roots." (" , , , ". . .)
Closer inspection, however, reveals the regularity of the design. The Tsar originally wanted a Cathedral with eight chapels. The main chapel was to have been surrounded by seven others to represent the number of attempts made by his army to capture Kazan. The architect(s), however, insisted that for the sake of symmetry there must be nine chapels, and so the basic ground plan resembles an eight-point star with eight domed chapels - four large and four small. These are grouped alternately around the central chapel and connected by a covered gallery. The building was originally red brick with white details, and only in 1670 did it assume its present appearance while red prevails as the main colour, the gables are picked out in bright green and white. Most spectacularly, the domes were decorated with ribs in various patterns and colours. By comparison the interior is simple.
* * *
The monument to Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky. now just next to
St. Basil's, stood originally in the middle of Red Square. Moscow's first monumental sculpture, it commemorates the two heroes of the early I7C. The main inscription reads "To citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky from a grateful Russia."
Bas-reliefs on the plinth depict the citizens of Nizhniy Novgorod collecting funds for the patriotic struggle and the expulsion of the Poles. Although Ivan Martos, the author of the monument, lived two centuries after the described events, the subject matter was not alien to him. He also said farewell to his sons who went to fight the invading Napoleon's army in 1812. The bas-relief facing the square shows a man bidding his sons farewell as they leave to join the people's army.
The face of the father is the sculptor's self-portrait.
* * *
The round structure between St. Basil's and GUM marks the Lobnoye Mesto. where state pronouncements were read. Executions took place on wooden scaffolding erected nearby. The noted architect M.F. Kozakov designed the present version of the LobnoyeMesto in the 1780s.
II. 2 , III IV.
2
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.
demolish, to invade a country, fortifications, to improve the town's defences, to erect a statue to smb's memory, explosion, picturesque, to create a lofty cathedral, crenellated walls, richly decorated, the dome of a church, Yurodiviy Vasily, to explode, to fill in a deep moat, execution, to commission, to bury a river in a conduit, under the Alexander gardens, chapel, monumental sculpture, to build smthon people's money, to restore, restoration, during thereign of Ivan III, under Ivan IV, to set up a monument, noted architect, fortified area, to burn down a town to the ground, build smth under the superintendence of Italian architects, a strong wooden wall built round the Kremlin, for added protection, raid on, enclosed by a brick wall, historical document. Holy Fool, executions, to depose smb. magnificent, to knock down. Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, the Kitay-gorod, take up a vast territory, to dig a deep moat, to adorn oneself with, to dedicate to smth. to carry out mass executions, bas-refiefs, to date back to. noted architect, Holy Fool.
***
Wise men learn more from fools than fools from wise men.
(Marcus Parcius, 149 )
IV. .
, , .., , IV, . ; , , , , 10 , , , , ( ), , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , -
, -, (), (), , 12 , , .
No man can be wise on a hungry stomach.
V. (. ).
1. They were charged by the police with causing a disturbance.
2. - The original owner of the house was a Frenchman.
- Oh, yes! I can guess that.
3. - I hope the noise doesn't disturb you.
- But it does.
4. Ambition and vanity are alien to him ( ).
5. He confessed leaving the cigarette on the chair.
6. She confessed (that) she'd eaten all the cakes.
7. A unicorn is an imaginary horse-like animal with one horn growing from its
forehead It's a mythical symbol of purity.
8. Literally means exactly as stated For instance: I took what he said literally, but
afterwards it became clear that he really meant something else.
9. He is up to his eyes in paperwork - figuratively speaking, of course.
10. The spectators fled in panic when the bull got loose.
11. 'God's Fool is an idiot believed to possess divine gift of prophecy.
12. Superstition is a belief which is not based on reason or tact but on old ideas
about luck, magic, etc.
13. It's common superstition that black cats are unlucky
!4. Proclamation is an official public statement.
15. The whole article was based on rumour.
16. Rumour has it (= people are saying) that Jean is getting married again.
17. He dedicated his first book to his mother.
18. To excavate is to make a hole by digging or to uncover something under the
earth by digging
19. The excavation of the buried city took a long time
20. - Do you know what archaeologist excavated the ancient city of Troy?
- It was Heinrich Schliemann, a German archaeologist who discovered the site of ancient Troy.
21. A platform is a place where speakers can express their views publicly.
VI. ***
3
The huge Red Square was first opened up at the end of the 15C; since the 17C it has been called Krasnaya Plostchad, the original meaning ot which was "Beautiful Square."
Not only did the square develop as one of the commercial centers of Moscow, it was also the scene of popular disturbances and manifestations and of state procla-mations and repression Here in 1550 the young Ivan IV confessed his shortcomings to the people, but at the same place were perpetrated some of the worst excesses of his Oprichina.
* * *
During the "Time of Troubles" the body of the murdered "False Dmitry" was displayed in Red Square, and here Vasily Shuysky was both proclaimed Tsar and deposed The late-17th century was also a time of social unrest, and as an object lesson to Cossack rebels, Stephan Rasin, who led a peasant revolt, was drawn along the street, now named Ul. Rasina, and quartered in Red Square in 1671. The final to this grim era came in 1698when Peter I carried out a mass execution of the Streltsy who had revolted while he was visiting Western Europe, the scene was depicted in a
painting by Surikov.
* * *
Although Red Square was still used for religious and state processions in the 18C and I9C it had lost its political importance, and by 1914 it was used as a market during the weekend before Easier. The year 1917 marked the return of the Square to the center of Russian history. Red Square has become world famous (or the great popular demonstrations and military parades held on May Day and on 7 November, the anniversary of the Revolution. Particularly significant was the parade of 7 November 1941 when tanks rumbled through the Square and then directly off to the front line Four years after tins, on 24 June 1945, a great victory parade took place in which Soviet servicemen who arrived horn all the fronts symbolically threw down on the pavement wet with pouring rain hundreds of captured Nazi standards including the
one that had been Hitler's.
***
Various proposals to alter the square fortunately remained unrealised. There was a pre-revolutionary project to rout an elevated railway through Red Square, and later the visionary Russian architect Leonidov suggested putting up here a 50-storey monumental building in the form of a huge factory chimney.
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Q: Just off the Kremlin we saw a handsome structure painted blue, with a very fine Gothic facade Is it a private house?
A: Certainly not. The house was the printing-office of the Holy Synod (Pechatny Dvor). It was built in the 15th century. The present building was almost entirely reconstructed, but the original architectural features were carefully reproduced.
In the library is preserved the very first book - "Acts of Apostles" - that was ever printed in Russia
Q: Who is the founder of Russian printing?
A: The historic work was printed by a deacon named Ivan Fedorov. It is printed in large type, clear and good. Ivan Fedorov died in poverty, forgotten by his generation in the town ofLviv.
Q: Why did he forsake Moscow1?
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A: The press was attacked and burnt by a superstitious mob and Fedorov was forced to flee first to Lithuania and later to Lviv.
And now let's go and see the statue erected to his memory I believe the monument by S.M. Volnukhin (1909) is one of the most attractive in Moscow The statue. as you see, is set high on a bank. The date on the base, 19 April 1563. was when the printing of the "Apostle" began in the nearby Pechatny Dvor.
1983 marked the 400th anniversary of Ivan Fedorov's death, which on UNESCO's decision was commemorated world-wide.
There's another building not tar tram here which may be interesting tor you to see, Let's go there.
Over its main entrance you may see a figure of a lion and a unicorn. Since the walls of the building are green whereas the lion and the unicorn are white, they stand out well.
Q: Why the lion and why the unicorn of all the figures here, in Russia?
A: I have never been able to get any true account why they were placed here. I asked professor Zabelin, who is an authority on ancient Moscow, and his suggestion was that the building originally belonged to the Romanov family and they must have put their family crest, the lion, and then added the unicorn to make it look more symmetrical
Q: For the sake of symmetry' It's rather difficultto swallow this version.
A: I agree with you.
You might be also interested to see the 400-room Metropol Hotel built by a British subject - architect Wilcott It represents a fine example of the style modern and is still regarded as one of the best in Moscow. The decoration includes mosaic by Vru-bel "Printsessa Gryoza."
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Q: Have you got any historical monuments erected which remind you of the Russian triumphant victory over the Napoleon army?
A: We certainly have because the Fatherland War of 1812 was one of the great episodes in Russian history Among the memorials to this struggle are a huge circular panorama-painting of the battle at Borodino and Triumphal arches in St. Petersburg and Moscow The enormous and most lofty Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, which dominated Moscow until its demolition in the 1930s, was another monument to this war, built on people's money.
Well, it we go to Razin street now we'll see the Old English Inn, dating back 400 years ago. The building was granted by Ivan the Terrible to English merchants who actively traded with Russia. Travellers and diplomats stayed there besides merchants. Some of them left notes ofhistorical value describing their lite in Moscow. The inn itself is typically British.
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