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Oliver Cromwell (1599- 1658).




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1899

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4. Lady () - ,
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Countess of Grey ( Viscount) Lady Grey Lady Jane
(Grey)

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National gallery.

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7. Tate gallery.

. 16 19 - 20 ., .

8. King Henry VIII ( VIII), 1509 . 1547 .

9. The Tudors - (1485- 1 603 .)

Tudor ("Bloody "), - 1553 - 1558.


I. I 2 :

1

On the western side of Cathedral Square stands the nine-domed Cathedral of the Annunciation The church was founded by Grand Prince Vasily (son of Dmitry Don-skoy) in 1397, but by 1480s this budding had been dilapidated

Ivan 1, having completed the Cathedral of the Assumption, commissioned a group of stonemasons from Pskov - some of the finest craftsmen in Russia - to re construct the church.

The evolution of the Annunciation Cathedral was more complex than that of other Kremlin churches. The fire of 1547 seriously damaged the building and during the reconstruction of 1562 - 64 Ivan IV (who preferred elaborate churches) ordered four single-domed chapels to be added, one to each corner. Two further false domes were added to the western part of the original root to bring the grand total to nine, and the gallery was enclosed. Most remarkably, the domes, root and the top of the apses were covered with gold sheet, thus earning the Cathedral the name "gold topped." The gold apparently came from Novgorod, which was fully subjugated during Ivan's reign.

Ivan IV married for the fourth time in 1572. Under Orthodox law he was denied access to the Cathedral by the main entrance, and so he had an additional staircase. porch and chapel built on the south-eastern side.

The Tsar entered the building by the porch known as "Grosnensky" (lit. Temble's) and remained behind a grille during the service.

The frescoes of the narrow but lofty Cathedral of the Annunciation were painted in 1508 by a "brotherhood" of icon painters from a monastery led by the monk Feodosius (1470) - son of the noted Dionisius (painter of the Cathedral of the Assumption). The floor of the Cathedral is a warm-toned reddish-brown jasper said to have been a gift from the Shah EOT Persia and originally used in Rostov Cathedral. Together with the glowing murals and superb silver-gilt trained iconostasis it creates an impression of extraordinary luxury and richness in this most Russian of Cathedrals.

***

The rectangular Granovitaya Palace is just between the Cathedral of the Annunciation and the Cathedral of the Assumption. It was designed along Ual-


ian lines. The name which might be translated as Faceted Palace, comes from the rusticated stone facing of the eastern side. The Italian influence would be m ore striking had the original Venetian windows not been replaced Osip Start-sev added the present beautiful window details in 1682. The roof also had been changed.

The so-called Red Staircase runs along the southern wall of the Palace From the ceremonial rooms on the first floor of the Palace the Tsars and Emperors would proceed down the great stairs to weddings and coronations in the Cathedral of the Assumption. Artamon Matveyev and several members of the Naryshkin family were thrown from the top of the stairs onto the pikes of the streltsy during the revolt of 1682. A century and a half later Napoleon watched the burning of Moscow from here. The historic stairs, restored today, were replaced in the 1930s by a two-storey dining-room annexed to the Great Kremlin Palace.

2

In the 1 6 century came the dramatic reign of Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible, 1533 - 84), grandson of Ivan III and the first ruler to be crowned "Tsar," the title, which for so long had been the attribute of the Attar Khans. Ivan raised further the international status of Moscow; he fought a successful war against the Volga Tartars (St. Basil's Cathedral commemorates the capture of Kazan). and in these years the Russian conquest of Siberia was begun Russia became more open to the West with the arrival of the first English merchants in the 1550s. The house where they lived (in Ul. Rasina) has been restored now. Printing in Moscow was believed to have started with the publication of the "Apostle" in 1563, and there is a statue in Moscow of Ivan Fyodorov, the first known printer. Despite these changes, the later part of Ivan's reign was a sombre period, especially during the so-called "Oprichnina" (1565 - 72), a reign of terror against the nobles and boyars. Ivan IV was entombed in Michael Archangel church where he long remained a fearful spectacle to the memory of those who passed by or heard his name spoken of.

1 2

1. with , "" - , "thanks to"

"as a result of":

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With the completion of the stone Kremlin, Moscow's defences were improved.

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"stumblingly made her way to the door", , :

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Frost was succeeded by a rapid thaw

3. "Used to do smth" "would do smth" = :

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. On Sundays, when 1 was a child, we used to get up early and go fishing.

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3

G.: Not far from here, on the other side of the river, is our celebrated Tretiakov gallery. Have you been there already?

.: I have. Two times. And I am going to take my colleagues there tomorrow. Can't complain, but no guide has yet mentioned why the Gallery is called Tretiakov?

G.: You should have asked them. Originally the gallery was the private collection of M.P. Tretiakov, a Moscow millionaire. He presented it to the town of Moscow.

. -. 1985.


and he as well as his brother left a large sum of money tor the upkeep of the gallery and also tor buying new pictures

.: I admired lots of pictures there. I believe they almost all belong to the brushes of Russian painters unlike the pictures in our National gallery And what will espe- cially appeal to my colleagues, I think, is a large series of Indian pictures and sketches by Vereshtchagin

G.: Small wonder. Vereshtchagin lived several years in India, and his Indian

sketches are very typical, and appeal strongly to anyone who has ever been to India

* * *

.: I have been to India many times and I especially like his large paintings of the Snows in India They are truly magnificent

G.: Yes, but unfortunately they are not in the Tretiakov gallery now I believe a picture in quite another style must have demanded your attention as well. I mean Re-pin's celebrated canvas Ivan the Terrible and His Son". Ivan had lost temper with his son and in fury hurled the iron-tipped staff at his sons head The point entered by the temple and inflicted a terrible wound, from which the young man died. The artist represented Ivan supporting his son on the ground in his summer palace at Kolomna, trying vainly to stop the terrible rash of blood.

* * *

.: Yes, the blood is everywhere. I find it a most revolting picture. However, it's a historicalscene, and the face of Ivan is well worth a study the horror, anguish a nd remorse are wonderfully depicted, and yet the face also expresses fanaticism and fury

G.: There is no blood in the picture which I saw in the Tate Gallery in London. but I find the historical scene depicted there no less revolting. I mean the scene of Lady Jane Grey's execution. In the picture we see a very young, a very beautiful girl who is to be beheaded next moment What was the girl guilty of?

.: She was not guilty of anything. It was just conflict between two religions. Lady Jane Grey, a seventeen year old. the great grand-daughter of Henry VII. had been the Queen of England tor nine days only During her nine-day reign England rallied to Mar) Tudor who on marrying Philip of Spam (1554) restored in England papal supremacy of the Roman catholic church The persecution of Protestants immediately followed includ - ing the burning of three bishops and the execution of Lady Jane, a Protestant

Mary Tudor, whose nickname was Bloody Mary, had reigned in England for four years British history has never forgiven her tor extraordinary cruelty and merciless-ness.

* * *


G .: Russian history also finds it difficult to forgive Ivan the Terrible tor giving birth to Oprichina. when people were killed for the sake of killing, when almost all Novgorod was massacred. By the way, I don't think you know that England was the first country to open up commercial business with Moscow and it happened dur-ing the reign of Ivan IV

.: Well, that's news to me. Tell me more, please

G.: In 1553 the British Queen Elizabeth I sent an expedition under Richard Chancellor and Sir Hugh Willoughly to Moscow Ivan was so impressed by their accounts of the greatness of England that he sent over Russian Ambassador Picemsky to Eng-land. The Ambassador returned to Russia with the Order EOT the Garter tor Ivan IV who was so pleased that he ga\e the English the monopoly of Russian trade. The Order is preserved in the Kremlin Armoury and you may see it

♦ * *

Well, in 1582 Ivan sent another Ambassador to England with a letter to his good friend" Queen Elizabeth requesting her to please send him out a bride from her tam-lly and waited three impatient weeks tor an answer The Queen suggested at last Lady Mary Hastings, daughter of the Earl of Huntington. who was of royal blood However. Ivan died suddenly in 1584 before the marriage negotiations were com-pleted. and Lady Mary Hastings escaped being his eighth wife

.: All is well that ends well.

G.: You are quite right Because Ivan IV had the knack to easily and mercilessly get rid of his wives

.: Just as our King Henry VIII who wouldn't take No" from a woman He divorced his first wife and remarried. His second wife gave birth to a daughter, the fu-ture Queen Elizabeth I. and was beheaded, the third had a son and soon died, the fourth was divorced, the fifth beheaded, the sixth survived, but she had a very narrow escape

G.: Yes History repeats itself

* * *

.: But nevertheless, a well-known British historian Sir Horsey writes about Ivan IV that he was a powerful leader, full of ready wisdom and that he did as much to raise the fortunes of his country as Oliver Cromwell did for England

G.: Sir Horsey is probably right Ivan raised the international status of Moscow. He fought a successful war against the Volgar Tartars and had St. Basil's Cathedral built to commemorate his army's seizure of the Tartars stronghold of Kasan. During his reign Siberia was conquered and added to his dominions, and he built and restored several churches in the Kremlin. But even it there had been nothing built in the Kremlin during his reign. St. Basil's Cathedral would have made up tor all other deficiencies.


.: Why so?

G.: For most people this building with its celebrated cluster of multi-coloured onion domes symbolizes Russia You probably know that the church was first called Pokrovsky Sobor, but later the remains of Holy Fool Basil were transferred to the Sobor. An additional chapel was added to the Cathedral over his grave and since then it has been popularly known by his name.

.: Who was the architect of this most magnificent Cathedral7 G.: For many years the church was thought to be the work of two architects. Pos-nik and Barma. But recent research suggests that there was only one - Posnik Yakovlev, nicknamed "Barma" (mumbler). According to legend Ivan IV had the ar-chitect(s) blinded so that he (they) might never again create a church of such splendour.

* * *

.: By the way, I am a Scotsman. Do you happen to know if the Scotsmen played any part in the history of Russia?

G.: They certainly did. Peter I brought back with him quite a number of Scotish gentry to help him in reorganizing the Russian army and then kept them in the country by never giving them any money with which they might leave. However, many of them seem to have married Russian heiresses and we find their successors and descendants now through Russian landed gentry, often with their names so altered in their Russian guise that it is difficult to recognize them.

* * *

.: That's probably why the English historians write that the celebrated Russian poet Lermontoff was of Scotish descent, and of the ancient family of Learmont. They even allege that when he wrote his well-known verses, while in exile in the Caucasus, saying how he longed to see his native land and breathe its air, Lermontoff was dreaming of Scotland and not of Russia.

G.: That's rich! Lermontov is Russian all through whatever his descent might be.

.: I fully agree! Lermontov is Russian all through. But his ancestor, the most famous Scottish bard was Thomas Lermont who was born, lived and died in Scotland and through whom we are related with you. And that's fine, is it not?


11

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tent roof ()

secular a. , ,

barracks (is, are) ,

chimes . , ,

to play chimes ( , )

syn. to chime

sacred . ,

sacred duty (memory) ( -.)

accurate .

accurate clock, watch,

translation

exact sciences

punctual person ()

to depose ,

to change one's mind , ,

to give an impulse to smth -.

*

The Kutafya Tower

The Trinity Tower

The Arsenal

The Saviour Tower


I. |

1

The Kremlin was built as a fortress and the towers and waits are of great interest The white Kutafya Tower in front of the Trinity gate is the last survivor of a number of watch-towers protecting the outer ends of the Kremlin bridges It dates from the early 16C. but the decorative parapet_which gives it a unique appearance was added in the I7C A brick bridge was built across the Neglinnaya River here in 1516 by Alevisio Novi The bridge leads to the Trinity Tower which is 80m high and the tallest in the Kremlin A tall tent roof rises from the rectangular brick mass of the base The Trinity gale leads to the precincts of the Kremlin. Napoleon entered through here in 1812 Right beyond the gate stands the giant Palace of Congresses built in l960-61 by a team of architects led by M.V. Posokhm

The palace, in the International Modern Style, makes extensive use of glass in fa-cade. The building with its great hall capable of sitting 6,000 people was to serve two major functions. First, it was to provide a long needed hall far major political meetings- secondly - anther stage tor the opera and ballet companies of the Bolshoy Theater

Construction necessitated the demolition of a number of old Kremlin service buildings The most notable were the former barracks of the Tsarist Yekatennoslav Regiment, built originally in 1806 - 1812 by Yegotov as the old Armoury Palace also destroyed was part of Kavalerskiy building by Kazakov.

The area to the left of the Trinity Gate was at one time full of houses of boyars churchmen and monasteries, haphazardly arranged. They were gradually demolished and then, at the beginning of the 18C. Peter the Great began the construction of the Arsenal here. The successful outcome of the Great Northern War must have meant that an arsenal was not so urgently needed and work was discontinued and completed only in 1 736

This is one of Moscow's few surviving secular buildings from this period Ranged along the south facade of the Arsenal are Russian artillery pieces from the 16C and the 1 7C and the barrels of some 800 guns captured dining the Napole-onic wars. A plague is hung to the left of the entrance commemorating members of the Kremlin garrison killed during German raids in the second world war

. ( )

I. He must have misunderstood our desire to help him.


2. These barracks were to have been demolished according to the architects' de

Signs

3. Let's forgive him He must be sorry now tor what he told us

4 The desire to better oneself is always welcome here

5. I don't think he is the strongest, perhaps the cunningest

6. There's nothing sacred tor him

7. This style of secular architectural design is characteristic of him
8. She must have changed her mind again

9. Lady Jane, a seventeen year old. was to be executed next morning She was the great granddaughter of Henry IV who was murdered in the Tower

10. The Kremlin and all the buildings within were reduced to ashes many a time in

the 12C.

1 ] The crowd was thinning now

12. In intense pain, half-drowned, he surfaced at last.

13. Today Moscow shops in "yarmarkas" mostly.
14. I see a new barracks is being built here.

III.

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21. Ivan IV was excommunicated and thus was unable to enter a church.

22. Peter I kept the Scotch in Russia by never giving them any money with which
they might leave for home.

23. He wasn't born in New York.

24. I don't go to the cinema to learn things.

25. We haven't come to disturb you.

26. He didn't paint it very badly, did he?

27 No guide has ever mentioned why the Gallery is called Tate

28. She wasn't guilty of anything.

29. I have never heard anything about the massacre in Novgorod by Oprichniks.

30. I don't suppose I have ever seen it.

31. You know I don't go there very often

32. Nobody tells me anything. Why'?

33. I don't believe he notices what be eats. It's revolting

34. The city has increased enormously in size since then, but no further fortifications were ever erected.

IV. 2 .

The handsome yellow triangular building opposite the Arsenal was built for the Senate (more exactly tor its Moscow branch, the main Senate building being in St. Petersburg). Built to the plans of Kozakov between 1776 and 1790, and one of the first commission of that noted architect, the Senate is among Moscow's finest buildings: Kazakov himself believed it to be his best work. The Nikolskaya Tower, at the tar end of the Arsenal was built by Pietro Solario in 1490. The forces of Minin and Pozharsky broke into the Polish-occupied Kremlin through Nikolskay gate here in 1612. A monument by Vasnetsov in the shape of a Russian cross once stood just inside the gate

The Saviour Tower, perhaps the most handsome of the Kremlin Towers, was built by Pietro Solario. The super-structure with its tent roof was added in 1625, it included clock made by the Englishman Christopher Galloway. The present clock


was installed under Nicholas I and its chimes played "The Preobiazhensky March". All who entered the Kremlin by this gate had to remove their hats because they passed under the sacred icon of Saviour from which the gate and the tower derived their names.

After being badly damaged by a shell during the October revolution the clock chimes were altered to play "The International". The clock, repaired by Nikolai Berens, a titter working in the Kremlin, is connected by an underground cable to the reference clock of the Moscow Astronomy Institute and is the most accurate of all the tower clocks in the country.

V. 2 { } , ).

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Napoleon entered through here in 1812. He wanted to better himself. He hush-hushed the discussion I can't do the impossible.

2. "be + ".
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The train is to cross the bridge at 11:15(... )

"be" , ( ).

The plane was to have taken oft at 7:30.

(It didn't. The take off was delayed).

3. "must" ( : You must do it at once.), 1 . must " ", "", " ":

Where is he? He must be in the library. He always works there at this time " , ", :

How old is he? Well, we went to school together. So he must be my age.

must , - , :

The delegation must have arrived yesterday. ", , ".

must . must


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must have misunderstood my remark. ", , ".

Doctor, did you say my husband must take this medicine in cold water"?

3. , -

Nobody ever knows anything here. " " wasn't born here. " ".

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I don't think we have been to the theatre for two or three years ", "

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?"

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wasn't born here " ".

: fail, unless, never.

tailed to come. " ". I'll come unless I get ill. " , ".

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- Now, little girl, would it he proper to say "You can't teach me noth
ing?"

- Yes, m, it would.

- Oh, perhaps you will tell me why.
- 'Cause you can't.


12 ( )

landmark ,

to dominate

octagonal .

Rectangular

worship n , ,

to withstand (withstood) ,

at the toot of... -.

to weigh ;

to weigh a pound, a ton etc.

weight .

to cast ( )

to shatter ,

pit .

pedestal .

to mount on a pedestal

granite pedestal

bell n.

to strike a bell

Ivan the Great Bell Tower

belfry

the Filaret Annexe

Tsar Bell -

Tsar Cannon -

I. 2 , :

1

On the eastern side of Cathedral square stood the beautiful church of St. Nicholas, built by Alevisio Novi in 1506. The church was demolished in one night in 1817


by Alexander I who wanted to create a square to parade his troops but feared popular outrage at the church's destruction.

The building which stood opposite the St. Nicolas church survived - the lofty Ivan the Great Bell Tower.

This white building with its two golden domes is one of Moscow's great land-marks. The Italian architect Bon Fryazin created a tower in the form of two octagonal tiers crowned with a dome on a circular drum: this served not only as a place of worship but also as a strategic watch-tower.

The Bell Tower was increased to its final height of SI m by the ill-fated Boris Godunov in 1600. Around the top of the drum gold letters spell out the following in- scription: "By the will of the Holy Trinity, by the command of the Great Lord, Tsar and Grand Prince Boris Godunov, autocrat of all Russia, and of his son, the Orhto-dox Great Lord Fyodor Bonsovich (1589 - 1605), Tsarevichand Prince of All Russia, this church was completed and gilded in the second year of their reign" The extension of the Bell Tower was partly intended to provide work at a time of great economic cri-sis. It was built tor the church of Ivan Stratilatus, hence its name.

The gilded onion dome surmounted what was for many years the tallest structure in Russia. It could be seen from a distance of 30km and dominated the skyline of old Moscow The admiration of contemporaries was aroused not only by the height of the tower, but also by its striking beauty, its balanced proportions, and its perfection of form.

In 1532 - 43 Belfry was added to the Bell Tower. The final part, known as the Filaret Annexe dates from1624. The rectangular tent roofed annexe takes its name from the man who commissioned it, Patriarch Filaret In 1812, when the French let! the Kremlin, they attempted to blow up the whole building, but fortunately only the Fularet's Annexe was badly damaged. Napoleon's solders also tore down the great cross and left a crack in the Bell Tower which withstood the blast

II. 2 ( - ).

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3

At the foot of the Bell Tower is the Tsar Bell. At 201,900kg it is the world's largest bell (in comparison, London's Big Ben weighs ] 3, 700 kg). On the bell which measures 6.15 m in height and 6.6 m in diameter, are portrayed Tsar Aleksey Mik-haylovich and Empress Anna Ivanovna.

The first, 130,000 kg version was created in 1665, during Aleksey's reign; according to some sources, part of metal used came from Novgorod VechiBell. The great bell was actually rung, although it took 19 years from the time it was cast to discover a means of raising it to its special belfry and then in the fire of 1701 it tell to earth and shattered. Thirty years later Empress Anna decided to use the remains for a new and much larger bell. This was completed in1735, thework of masters Ivan and Mikhail Motorin. A new bell tower would have been required (as the bell was too large tor the existing belfry) and the raising of the bell would have presented enormous engineering problems, but in tact a century was_to pass before the Tsar Bell left the pit in which it had been cast. In 1737 fire again swept the Kremlin, and when water was poured on the still hot bell it cracked and an 11,500 kg piece broke oft.

It was finally unearthed in1836. at the instigation of the French architect Monferrand (who designed St. Isaac's Cathedral inSt. Petersburg), mounted on a granite pedestal and has been on display ever since.


The Tsar Cannon which also stands near the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great is older than the Tsar Bell, being cast in 1586 by Andrey Chokhov. On the barrel is a portrait of reigning Tsar Feodor. son of Ivan IV One of the largest cannons ever made, it weighs some 39,000 kg and has a barrel 5.3 m long and a bore of 890m. The cannon balk lying near the cannon are purely decorative and were made in the 19C The Tsar Cannon was designed to be part of the Kremlin Defenses and to tire grape shot and not cannon balls. The Tsar Cannon has probably never been fired ( grapeshot - ).

IV. , - .

A. At the foot of. weigh a ton. cast a bell, pit, raise a bell to a belfry, mount a bell on a pedestal, cast a cannon, granite pedestal, play chimes, bell chimes, a cross, damage blow up. lofty, shatter, strike a bell, crack (v., n.)

A hard nut to crack.

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VIII. ( )

1. 2 . 3. , 11- . 4 . 5. . 6. ? 7. , .

Driving a foreign car does not allow you to drive on the right hand side of the road.

OMMH

to order, to allow, to tell, to advise, to ask, to inform, to remind :

She told me that you told her the secret I told you not to tell her!

The mean thing! I told her not to tell you I told her.

Well, don't tell her I told you she told me!

I'd like to remind you that Jones gave his wife a mink coat. 98


13 ( I - )

fact-finding trip (mission, etc) ()

( .)

to commemorate (to give honour ( ...)

to the memory of, esp. by a public

ceremony)

to celebrate , (, -

)

the Dutch

Dutch cheese

to go Dutch -.

The Hague (the only city used .

with the definite article)

item ( )

e.g. The list contains twelve items

to recruit , (, -

)

expertise , , -

( -. )

syn. know-how

Entity ,

canal ()

channel

the English Channel -

through diplomatic channels

to forge smth I. -. ,

( ); 2. ,

European Union

rotating .

to be aware of ,

to argue ,

argument n. , ,

whereabouts (is/are)

99


The Netherlands - (. . 5) Its capital is Amsterdam and The Hague is the seat of government. The Netherlands is most often called Holland which is its central province. Just like Great Britain, which is also often called England - the central part of the country.

I. 1





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