, , , . 500 3000 , .
* * *
- to survive
- to teach law (as a university discipline);
- accounting (a degree in accounting)
- the cost is between.. and...
1 5
9 . . 8 , - 2,5.
. , , . - 60 100
.
* * *
- economic department,
- competition - (to compete with eight competitors);
- entrance examination,
- social science.
, , , , , . , , "".
***
employer,
degrees of proved worth
-
- , , :
- - (, , ,
):
- ( , ,
, ):
- .
.V , - .
- - - , , . . . , , , , , . . , , . , , , .
, - , , , , . , - , , , .
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. - . . " ", , (, ) ( , ) Few, if any, countries have a perfectly clean record in their treatment of exports and imports.
1. , , ,
2. , ! -
, , . . , , :
Cape Kennedy -
:
Cape May - - Cape Verde Islands - Kara Strait - Montenegro - Beijing -
, . :
(. .) - . The Philippines lies (sing.) in South-East Asia.
, , , , "s", . The Netherlands is of often Called Holland. The United Arab Emirates is a Monarchy.
The United States of America is a Republic of 50 states. The Algiers; Athens. Brussels: Naples: Wales is.
( ), () ( ). , , , , , , , . , , ( ). "Just call me Andy", Mr. Takani
, . , : Mobute sese seko kuku Mgbengu wa za Banga. The all powerful worrier, who because of his endurance and inflexible will to win will go from conquest to conquest leaving fire in his wake.
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, - , , , - .
iv
8 ( )
to found (, ..)
founder .
century . ,
in the tenth century ()
in 45 . . (before Christ) 45 (
)
in the 7th century A. D. 7 ( -
(Anno Domini, Lat.) )
Christianity . ; ,
Orthodox Church
to rule -.;
ruler .
ruling . ,
to invade ...
to invade a country
invader . ;
invasion (of a country) ( )
power n ; ,
powerful . , ,
syn. forceful . , , ()
feeble . , ()
Chronicle .
authentic Chronicle ; ;
to reign ;
during (in) the reign of Ivan III III
(the third)
s yn. under Ivan III
Signing .
the reigning dynasty
ally n.
tested, loyal ally ,
history n. I) ( )
2) ( )
historian .
historic .. (. .59)
historical . ( . . .59)
wood (.) ()
a walk in the wood (s)
wood . (.) ( )
made or wood
wooden .
forest . ();
to erect , ,
to erect a statue, a monument, , ; -
cathedral, a church ,
to conquer I) ,
to conquer a country; a new ,
territory, a people , ;
2)
to conquer the enemy
conqueror . ,
conquest . ,
to dominate v. ,
to dominate a country
domination
to loot v.
syn. to plunder
looting n. , ( -
syn. sack n )
major . , ,
architect n. , ,
architecture n 1) , .
2)
noted (celebrated) ()
craftsman
Gothic (Byzantine, Russian, Ara- (, , -
bian) )
predecessor n
to succeed ,
successor (to smb) (-.)
successive . ,
to superintend
to superintend the work
superintendence . ,
under the superintendence of
syn. to supervise ,
fortress
to lay (the foundation of) a fortress
(lay, laid)
fortified .
yoke
to throw off the yoke
saviour . ,
the Church of St. Saviours on the Wood
Saviour Tower
Alexander gardens (pl.) (.)
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the Cathedral of the Assumption
1. historic . - :
: a historic battle, a historic discovery, a historic meeting, a historic event.
2. historical a. - 1) , ,
: The Battle at Kulikovo (1380) was historical event (it really hap
pened) and also a historic event (it had an important influence on Russian history); 2)
: ( , , ..): w. comb a
historical film, play, novel, etc
3. garden
, : Botanical gardens in
Moscow; Alexander gardens near the Kremlin, : She is out in the her garden,
mowing the lawn.
I. .
The first Russian state, founded in the 9th century, was centered on the city of Kiev. At the end of the first millennium this state reached its peak, and in 988 Grand Prince Vladimir made Christianity, in its Greek Orthodox form, the official relig-
ion. Kievan Russia, however, was short-lived because of conflict within the ruling family and invasion by nomads from the East.
The center of power was moved from Kiev to the town of Vladimir The first reference in the Chronicles to Moscow concern the year 1147, during the reign of Sus- dalian Prince Yury Dolgonikiy "Come to me, brother, to Moscva". Little did Prince Yury Dolgomkiy think*, that when he wrote this invitation to his tested ally Prince Sviatoslav Olegovich in 1147, that he was writing an historical document. However, it has became so, lor this is the earliest authentic document which mentions Moscow.
* .
***
Before then the place where the Kremlin now stands was called Kuchkovo, after the Kuchki family, who owned the land on the high and steep hill Prince Dolgonikiy acquired the land, laid the foundation of a fortress, built a church and a strong wooden wall round the hill, lodged in a small garrison, and renamed it Moscva.
The first church was called the church of St. Saviour's on the Wood because when it was built all the ground now occupied by the Kremlin was a virgin forest (bor) - hence the name Borovitskiy Hill.
The steep Borovitskiy Hill washed on two sides by the deep and navigable Moscva and Neglinnaya rivers made a convenient naturally fortified place to settle in
On the 800th anniversary of this historic event (1947) the statue to Prince Yury Dolgorukiy was erected in Moscow.
In 1237 came the conquest of Russia by Mongols and their Tartar allies, who were to dominate* the country for more than two centimes - until 1480. The hordes of Khan Batiy invaded Moscow, looted and burnt down the town. The Kremlin and all the buildings within were reduced to ashes.
Despite the sack of Moscow in 1237 - 38 things settled down and the town grew in importance again
Several factors aided Moscow's rise to primacy The city occupied a centra! geographical position and was close to the major trade routes It was also fortunate for Moscow that Metropolitan Peter (1308 - 26), the head of the Russian Orthodox church forsook Vladimir, the church capital and moved to Moscow where the firs' stone building, the Cathedral of the Assumption was built under the superintendence of foreign architects, as the Russians at that time understood little about building with brick and stone
The metropolitan died in the town and made it a holy place. His successors
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settledin Moscow rather than remaining in Vladimir.
The 15th century saw the Unification of more and more of the Russian lands un-w the principality of Moscow. During this century Russia finally threw off the Tartar yoke, which had oppressed the country for more than 250 years.
II. , :
. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .
(proverb)
. Authentic document, millennium, to found, to erect a statue to somebody, the Cathedral of the Assumption, normands, to dominate a country, looting. Saviour Tower, chronicals, to walk in the woods, conquest, a thick forest.
Don't halloo till you out of the wood.
III. (. ):
1. 1147
.
2. -
.
- ?
3.
4. , .
5. 1237 -
.
6- - , ?
-, .
'- - ?
- .
8. . 9. ? 10. ? 11. . 2. , , , 250 .
13. 300 . IV.
, , 1147 \- , , . (crossing)
: " , , ".
, , , 1147 . .
, , , . , - - . - - , - - , - .
V. .
. "do" :
1. neglected all the recommendations. 2. He knew little about it then. 3. Be careful. 4 He foresaw the danger. 5. Only then he realized it 6 He owned them a lot of money. 7. The event influenced the further development of Moscow, 8. She had cold. 9. Forget it.
. , , .
I. The hill is not so high and steep now because the earth has settled down since then. 2. The storm has settled down at last. 3. Let's wait for the dust to settle on. 4 They moved to a new flat and it didn't take them long to settle in 5 You want green. 1 want blue. What shall we settle on? 6. Since the fortress had been built things somehow settled down despite numerous fires 7 The whole of Moscow was burnt down 8. Would you speak up
***
A Frenchman once called on an English friend and the maid who opened the door
said- "He is not up yet. Come back m halt an hour, please "
When he came back the maid was setting up the table for breakfast and said. "I'm sorry, he is not down yet"
"Well," the Frenchman said in surprise, "it" he is not up and he is not down, where
is he?'"
. "to be + ": 1. The contact with the more westernized city of Kiev was to have an important cultural impact on Moscow. 2. The white stone wall was to remain the boundary of the town until the 17th century. 3. The Romanov dynasty was to rule Russia tor more than 300 years.
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do. . "to be + "
1. do.
"do",
:
If he does give these figures he'll be criticized. - , .
They do deserve this award. - .
They did exaggerate the danger. - .
We did have a good time - .
"do" :
Do change your mind - . .
Do be sensible - .
2. .
, "".
.
, , :
Keep your voice down - He .
I've bought a house but shan't settle in till the autumn. - , -
I am through with my work.-
"to be" '
Is Mr. Brown in?- - '
No, he is out. - , . (, .)
is away at present - .
:
The children are not up yet. - .
The prices are up again. -
Our time is up - .
.
Her silence pressed him on. - .
Since the war things have settled down. - .
3. "to be + ". . "Tartar influence was to survive tor another century" , ( ).
was to became a famous writer. - ( ) .
9
(. )
castle . ,
My home is my castle. - .
crenellated walls
to adorn (with) (-.)
adornment(s) . ()
syn. to decorate
syn. decoration .
richly adorned (decorated)
gold
solid gold
golden a; syn gold .
gilt
to coat smth with gilt
gilded .
magnificent ,.
splendid
handsome
picturesque
massive
superb ,
dome ..
The dome of a church
to set domes on drums
to besiege (, )
siege .
to seize ()
ruins ., pi ,
to lay a town in ruins (to lay,
laid, laid)
interior n. -.
exterior . -.
to order
to blow up
syn. to explode
explosion .
to damage ,
to damage smth. badly
life (sing.), lives pl., .
They risk their lives (pl) , ( )
moat . ( )
to fill in a moat
to bury a river in a conduit ( )
to revenge
to crack
to cache ,
cache . -,
to bless ,
blessing .
execution .
feast v., . , , ,
to acquaint oneself with -.
tradition .
by tradition
traditionalist
masterpiece
design v., , ; ,
,
slit window
fresco .
frescoes pl.
to create frescoes
repository (tor icons) ()
be attributed to smb. , ,
to depict ,
vessels (pl.) .
superb silver vessels ( )
gift n. (make a gift) ()
syn. present .
to present smb with - -.
presentation n
connoisseur n
well n. ;
to display ,
on (at) display n.
to summon smb (a mob) - () -
-.
to knock down , ()
to destroy, to demolish ,
to construct (to build, to rebuild, , (, ,
to restore, to create) )
construction . ,
fortifications ., pi
fortress .
fortified area
to survive ; ,
to claim smth (.
)
claim n ,
to commission , ;
Alarm Tower
Taynitsky Tower
the Arsenal
the Tsar Tower
the Granovitaya Palace
the Cathedral of the Annunciation the Cathedral of the Assumption
I
Westminster'Abbey
( ), ,
2. St. Paul's (Cathedral)
. (Church of England); : . . (Christopher Wren) 1675 - 1710 (Great Fire)
Sir Christopher Wren said
"I'm going to dine with some men
If anybody calls
Say I'm designing St. Paul's"
3. Tower of London = the Tower
, . .
Tower of London is only a tower in name. In fact it's the oldest fortress in Great Britain built in the 11th century to guard the river approach to London. Within its walls is written the history of Great Britain It was the royal Palace and state prison, the fortress and home of English monarchs. Even today the English say "Who holds the Tower, holds Britain".
I. : , , . -
.
The Kremlin, Moscow's castle was the kernel from which the great city developed. The churches and palaces here have long been of the greatest historical and cultural importance.
Much of what Lermontov wrote about the Kremlin in 1833 remains true today: "What can compare to the Kremlin which, having ringed itself with crenellated walls and adorned itself with the golden domes of the cathedrals, sits on a high hill like the crown of Sovereignty on the brow of an awesome ruler? No," he concluded, "neither the Kremlin, nor its crenellated walls, nor its dark passages, nor its splendid palaces can be described. They must be seen, they must be seen. One must feel all that they say to the heart and imagination*."
And some four decades later an English professor of history Sir Horsey who came to Russia with a group of tourists, his colleagues, wrote: "I have shown over the Kremlin numerous people who have travelled all over Europe, if not over the world, and they unite in saying that it is unique.
To compare it with England, it represents Westminster Abbey. St. Paul's, the Tower of London and the contents of the Tower of London rolled into one."
The modern Kremlin dates from the end of the 15C and the beginning of the 16C, a time of remarkable building activity which coincided with the unification of Russia under Ivan III (I462- 1505).
The century which followed added little to the Kremlin. The great fire of 1547 was quite the worst of a series that ravaged the Kremlin and at the beginning of the 17C came the Time of Troubles. In the last stages the Poles were besieged inside the Kremlin; they surrendered the ruins of the fortress in October 1612. The remainder of the 17C was more stable, however, and the building of the Kremlin was resumed. The next great event in the history of the Kremlin was its occupation by the French in 1812. The building and palaces were looted. When he heard that the cross at the top of the Belfry was of solid gold, Napoleon had it taken down. However it proved to be of gilded iron.
The handsome Cathedral of the Assumption (converted to a stable) was stripped of 5,300 kg of silver and 259 kg of gold. Much of the silver, however, was recaptured by the Cossacks who later presented the Cathedral with a 46-branch silver and bronze Chandelier known as the Harvest. This is the central chandelier of the 12 now illuminating the interior.
When he decided to leave Moscow Napoleon ordered the Kremlin be blown up*. Fortunately on the appointed night of October a heavy downpour and the prompt arrival of Russian troops prevented many of the planned explosions, but three towers, part of the wall and much of the Arsenal were destroyed.
The French troops also plundered St. Basil's but failed to carry out Napoleon's instructions to blow it up. The Cathedral was nevertheless badly damaged and was restored only in 1817. The magnificent Novo Dievichy Monastery, or, as we should say, "the New Nunnery for Girls," built by the Great Duke Vasily, the father of Ivan IV almost perished too in 1812, as Napoleon had it undermined, and had the mines fired*. It was only saved by the heroism of the nuns, who rushed up* at the peril of their lives and extinguished the fuses.
During these years the Kremlin lost part of its defences; the Neglinaya River was buried in a conduit under the New Alexander Gardens, and the moat in Red Square was filled in
I
1- -
-
( ).
, (-
, " " . ), , , , , :
" , , , , , ?.. , , , . ... , ... , !". .
2. , ,
, -
:
When he entered the room, the teacher saw... " , .."
3. Order (v.>. ""
"order", , -
, :
.
ordered us (them, him, everybody, etc.) to stay.
, , : . ordered the prisoner to be interrogated.
4. .
:
I had him write a letter last night; I got him write a letter last night.
He had the wall built round the Kremlin.
, , . , . . (I), (he): (: , )
, II (built). . : , , -- . Tsar Ivan III had the stone wall built round the Kremlin " 111 " " III
" (, . ). , .
II. .
A.
:
1. At the turn of the 15 century Ivan III had the old wooden walls of the Kremlin
knocked down, and new stone ones constructed.
2. Feodor, son of Ivan the Terrible, had the walls of the palace decorated with
frescoes in the old Byzantine style.
3. Old Nikita Romanov made up his mind that everybody who came to see him
should bow, and had the door into the study made less than five feet high, so that it
was impossible to enter in his presence except in bowing attitude
. .
1. ? 2. ? 3. , ? 4. 15 . 5. , . 6. ? 7. ? 8. .
B. -:
Major Russian Rulers:
Vladimir (980 - 1015); Yury Dolgorukiy (1149 - 1157); Alexander Nevsky (1252 -63); Ivan Kalita (1328 -40); Dmitry Donskoy (1359 -89); Ivan III (1462 -1505) (Ivan the third). Ivan (IV) the Terrible (1533 -1584); ris Godunov (1598 -1605); Mikhail Romanov (1613 - 1645); Aleksey (1645 - 1676); Peter the First, Peter the Great (1682- 1725)
III. , :
A. Castle, churches, palaces, cathedrals and monasteries, to be of historical and cultural importance, golden domes, crenellated walls, to adorn with something. Unification of Russia. Under Ivan III, at the beginning of the 17C, to be besieged, to surrender, fortress, to loot, to set on tire, solid gold, coated with, gilt, to be damaged, magnificent.
All that glitters is not gold.
. , , , , , .
* * *
, .
IV. : , :
: The greatest builder in the Kremlin was Ivan III Towers, fortifications and magnificent cathedrals of the Modern Kremlin date from his reign. He had six towers built within 15 years. The massive round tower you see over there is called Baklemishevskaya. It was built on the South-eastern corner of the Kremlin because it was often the first part of the fortress attacked
.: But last time I was here the guide called it the Moskvoretskaya Tower.
G.: He might. And we are both right This tower is frequently referred to nowa days as Moskvoretskaya because of its proximity to the Moskvoretsky Bridge. Many Kremlin towers have two names The tall round Sviblova Tower you also see from here is more often called Vodovzvodnaya which means Pump Tower, after a machine installed by Christopher Galloway, a British master in 1663 to carry water though lead pipes from the Moskva River to the Kremlin palaces and gardens. Next comes Taynitsky Tower which is the oldest Antonio Friazin supervised its construction as far back as 1485.
.: Do I understand right that cache means taynik in Russian?
G.: You do. There was a secret well or taynik hidden inside it for use in sieges Its gate was the most direct route from the cathedrals to the river, and the religions procession for the Blessing of the Waters passed through here
To the left next to the Saviour Tower the little Tsar Tower is perched on the wall It's the youngest and smallest in the Kremlin. The pyramids with gilded streamers. and the fanciful weathercock on top of the peaked roof give it the semblance of a fairy-tale palace. The Tower dates from 1680 but there is a legend that earlier Ivan the Terrible stood at this place on the wall to watch executions in Red Square.
Higher up is the Alarm Tower whose bell warned of fires. Catherine II ordered the bell's tongue removed after it had been used to summon a mob during the Plague Riot of 1771. Now the tongue is kept in the Armoury
.: So it can't be called the Alarm Tower anymore with its tongue so mercilessly removed
G.: It's history. Let it stay And now we come to the massive and handsome Cathedral of the Assumption with its five gilded domes. The Cathedral was erected on
the site of a very small Cathedral of the Assumption founded by Grand Duke Ivan Kalita in 1326.
.: I heard the new Cathedral is called Uspensky Sobor. Why'
G.: One of the most important feasts in the Orthodox Church is that of Uspenia or Assumption into heaven of the Virgin Mary, hence the name.
.: Was the new Cathedral designed and built by Russian architects''
G.: No. According to the Chronicles Ivan III enlisted the services of an Italian architect known as Aristotle Fioravanti. The Italian arrived in 1475. bringing from the West new engineering techniques and new architectural forms.
.: But the Cathedral looks typically Russian to me.
G.: It certainly does. During the winter of 1475-76. having already laid the foundations some 4 m deep, Fioravanti set on a visit to the ancient Russian cities of Novgorod, Suzdal and Vladimir to acquaint himself with the Russian architectural tradition. The tour was on the instruction of the Tsar himself, who had told his new architect to study the Cathedral of the Assumption at Vladimir in particular.
.: Why at Vladimir in particular?
G.: It was probably to show that Moscow intended to continue the tradition of this ancient Russian city which was the church capital before Metropolitan Peter forsook it.
.: How long did it take to create such a masterpiece?
G.: The creation of the Cathedral took only four years, and its design combined features of the Vladimir Cathedral with some features of West European architecture Fioravanti adapted to the tradition so well that two centuries later the traditionalist Patriarch Nikon told architects to use this cathedral as a model.
G.: The Cathedral of the Assumption was the scene of many important events. It was here that Ivan III publicly destroyed the Charter under which the Russian princes paid taxes to the Tartar Khans, and thus he symbolically brought to an end the Tartar yoke.
The Cathedral, as you see, is really magnificent. It is crowned with fine helmet-shaped golden domes, the central one is. by tradition, larger than the others. The domes are set on massive drums with slit windows.
.: And what about the interior?
G.: The interior is certainly worth seeing. It is noted tor its lightness and spaciousness, quite untypical of contemporary Russian churches. The frescoes were created by a group of painters led by the celebrated Dionysius A few frescoes from that period survived. The walls were coated with guilt and the paintings added later This method gave them the appearance of a magnificent old illuminated book, as Lady Londendery from your country noted.
.: I am most curious about the celebrated Russian icons there.
G.: Your curiosity will be fully satisfied. As Moscow consolidated its supremacy the Cathedral of the Assumption became the repository for the finest icons in Russia.
The cathedral even preserves an icon painted by the great Andrei Rublev (1430). You probably know that 600th birthday of the great artist was observed in I960 throughout the world and that year was proclaimed the Year of Andrei Rublev by UNESCO.
.: Sorry. Never heard about it
G.: When you enter the Cathedral you'll see on the southern wall an icon of the life of Metropolitan Peter which is attributed to Dyonysius. Peter, important both as a religious and political figure, paved the way, as I have already mentioned, for the removal of the Metropolitan's residence from Vladimir to Moscow.
The Throne of Monomakh stands nearby, a splendid example of wood carving. The 12 carvings on the Throne depict the campaigns of Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh and the presentation to him of the crown of Monomakh by the Byzantine Emperor Con-stantine IX Monomacnus The legend of the presentation of the crown was used in the I5C- I6C to support Moscow's claim to be the "Third Rome" and the heir to Byzantine.
.: And shall I see the famous crown of Monomakh here?
G.: No, the crown can be seen in the Armoury Palace. It's made of eight triangular gold plates and is decorated with precious stones and trimmed with sable.
G.: Just out between the Cathedral of the Assumption and the Cathedral of the Annunciation you'll see the rectangular Granovitaya Palace which is no doubt worth seeing too.
Feodor, son of Ivan IV. had the halls of its largest ball decorated with fine frescoes in the old Byzantine church - painting style.
When a state function was to be held in the hall all the shelves there were decorated with silver vessels of all sorts. These were gifts made by foreign monarchs to the Russian Tsars and Emperors When the state function was over the magnificent vessels were lodged in the Armoury again.
.: I heard that the old English silver vessels presented to the Russian Tsar are really superb. 1 have been assured by connoisseurs who know our English silver collections that we in England have nothing which can be compared to your display in the Kremlin.
G.: It might be so. There's one more curiosity in the hall. High up in the wall you may see a semicircular window which looked into the hall from the women's rooms According to the old Russian custom, which probably had been affected by contact with Tartars, women could not be present openly at men's debates. As the ladies
were curious, the window was built to enable them to see and hear, while they themselves remained invisible.
V. (. ).
1. There was a secret well (a cache) installed inside the Tainitsky Tower to be
used in sieges.
2. - Who supervised the construction of this picturesque Tower?
- [ only know it was some celebrated Italian architect who did it.
3. The religious processions for the blessing of the Waters used to pass through
the Tainitsky Tower gate.
4. - What is the famous Crown of Monomakh decorated with?
- With most precious stones, I believe.
5. The Granovitaya Palace has a rectangular form
6. There are some superb silver English vessels on display there - gifts to Rus
sian Tsars and Emperors.
7. Ivan IV is said to have watched executions in Red Square standing on the
Kremlin wall here.
8. During the Plague Riot the Alarm Tower bell summoned the Moscow rebel
lious mob to the Kremlin.
9 Grand Prince Ivan Kalita was the first to have a small Cathedral of the Assumption built here.
10. The Kremlin towers have withstood many trials over their long history.
11. In 1812 when Moscow was occupied by Napoleon, the Nikolskaya Tower,
part of the Kremlin wall and much of the Arsenal were ruined by an explosion. The
damage was repaired after Napoleon and his army were defeated and driven out of
Russia.
12. A well was sunk in the basement of the Uglovaya Arsenalnaya Tower to sup
ply its defenders with fresh water in case of a long siege. The well with pure fresh
water is still there.
13. The Alarm Tower once had a bell that announced important events The last time it
rolled was in 1771 when the so called Plague Riot began in Moscow.
14. The youngest and smallest tower in the Kremlin is called the Tsar Tower With its gilded streamers, peaked roof and fanciful weathercock it looks as a fairy tale palace
15. When he heard that the cross at the top of the Belfry was of solid gold, Napo-leon had it taken down.
10
(. )
to be well preserved
ant. to dilapidate , ;
to commission ,
to be commissioned by smb -.
commission .
on smb's commission -.
to carry out a commission
stonemason n
elaborate . ,
lofty . ,
murals . ( -
syn. frescoes . )
luxury .
luxurious .
unlike smth/smb ...
sketch . v. , ;
canvas . (),
staff ., staffs pl.
to appeal , , ,
revolting . ( -
(syn. Nasty) )
remorse
anguish . ,
bishop .
persecution ,
massacre v. . ;
monk .
descendant .
descent
gentry . ( ,
)
Oliver Cromwell
contemporary . ,
to suggest
suggestion
to make a suggestion
Cathedral of the Annunciation
Order of the Garter.
" " - ; , , 24 . III 1348 . . III , , , , , : "Honni soit que mal nense" (" , "), .
