.
2 , . , .
. ( ) , .
. .
FAT (File Allocations Table) , 1977. FAT HDD, FDD . FAT . , , (), . . . . 5 - (1- 1- ), FAT-, FAT-, , . 4 .
, BIOS . , BIOS , .
FAT- . FAT , , , , (). , . , , . , FAT- . FAT- FAT-. .
( ) ( ) FAT-, . , () : , , (, , , ).
FAT DOS, , /. , . . DOS 16- , , , FAT 16- . , 216 ( 64000 .). . FAT- , . , FAT 2 .
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FAT (FDD).
VFAT (Virtual FAT), Windows 95/98 - FAT, UNICODE ( 2 ). VFAT , FAT. VFAT 255 , , , , . . VFAT : . 8.3 ( 8 , , 3- ).
FAT32 - 32- , VFAT, . FAT32 2 . FAT32 Windows 95 OSR 2. FAT32 , , . FAT32 32 , 232 = 4 . . FAT32 4 , 512 . FAT32 , . . , , FAT32 , . . FAT32 Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows 2000 Windows XP.
NTFS (New Technology File System) - Windows 2000 Windows XP.
NTFS - MFT (Master File Table). FAT ,
NTFS 64- , 264 , 64 . FAT , . NTFS 16 (264 ).
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NTFS (log file), .
NTFS , , , . NTFS 255 , , VFAT.. NTFS 5.0 , .
UFS (Unix File System) UNIX. UNIX, , UFS, 32- 64- USF. , UFS ( ) . USF , , . UFS . UFS 14- , UFS ( 255 ).
, NTFS USF.
HPFS (High Performance File System) OS/2. NTFS. .
Linux ext, Linux ext2, Linux ext3 (extended file system) Linux. . ext3 .
XFS 64- , Silicon Graphics Linux ( 2.4.25) . FreeBSD. RAID- .
Mac Mac OS X HFS (Hierarchical File System), HFS Plus. 64- Xsan.
, , ( ) ( ) , , . ( , ). , ( ). , , , 20 30% . NTFS. , , .. . . Windows , .
, ( ). , , XFS.
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3.3.2. .
. , , . , , . .
, (, ). , . , , , ( ), - . , .
( ) , . ( ).
. , c:, d:, e: .. , , . . Windows \, UNIX / (, ). , c:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe , cmd.exe System32, Windows, , , c: ( c:). c:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe cmd.exe.
, . , , , . : txt , doc MS Word, mp3 .. , .
3.4. . Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP.
, . , , -, , -, , .
(GUI Graphic User Interface), . . . 2 . , , . , .
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, , -. . -, .
GUI Windows.
GUI . GUI . , - , , . (), . , (, ) . , . . . , , ( ). ( ) , . ( , , ..).
GUI , , ( ) .
( ) , .. , .. , (RU , EN ). , , , Ctrl+Alt+Delete . , . , .
(Start), , Windows, , .
. , , GUI, . ( , ; ), , ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ). . . , . , . , , , .
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. , . . , , () .
- (, ). .
- , . . , , , , , .
. . ( ), , , . .
. ( ) , . . , ( )
Windows 4.
3.5. , .
. , , (, , ). , .. ? , .
. , . . , 33 33 , 70 . () , .. . - () . .
, (), ( ) ( ) , .
3.4.1. .
( ):
ASCII ( )
UNICODE ( ).
, , 0 255 (256 ). , . , . ( 0 127) ( 128 255). ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange).
ASCII . | |||||||
16 ► | 32 | 48 0 | 64 @ | 80 P | 96 ` | 112 p | |
1 ☺ | 17 ◄ | 33! | 49 1 | 65 A | 81 Q | 97 a | 113 q |
2 ☻ | 18 ↕ | 34 | 50 2 | 66 B | 82 R | 98 b | 114 r |
3 ♥ | 19 ‼ | 35 # | 51 3 | 67 C | 83 S | 99 c | 115 s |
4 ♦ | 20 | 36 $ | 52 4 | 68 D | 84 T | 100 d | 116 t |
5 ♣ | 21 | 37 % | 53 5 | 69 E | 85 U | 101 e | 117 u |
6 ♠ | 22 ▬ | 38 & | 54 6 | 70 F | 86 V | 102 f | 118 v |
7 | 23 ↨ | 39 ' | 55 7 | 71 G | 87 W | 103 g | 119 w |
8 ◘ | 24 ↑ | 40 ( | 56 8 | 72 H | 88 X | 104 h | 120 x |
9 ○ | 25 ↓ | 41) | 57 9 | 73 I | 89 Y | 105 i | 121 y |
10 ◙ | 26 → | 42 * | 58: | 74 J | 90 Z | 106 j | 122 z |
11 ♂ | 27 ← | 43 + | 59; | 75 K | 91 [ | 107 k | 123 { |
12 ♀ | 28 ∟ | 44, | 60 < | 76 L | 92 \ | 108 l | 124 | |
13 ♪ | 29 ↔ | 45 - | 61 = | 77 M | 93 ] | 109 m | 125 } |
14 ♫ | 30 ▲ | 46. | 62 > | 78 N | 94 ^ | 110 n | 126 ~ |
15 ☼ | 31 ▼ | 47 / | 63? | 79 O | 95 _ | 111 o |
, - . 32 ( 0 31) . . , Microsoft Word 20 . . 32 126 ( 127 ). , , 1 49, .. 1, 49 110001 (49 =(110001)2).
Alt . Num ( Num/Lock).
ASCII , . , , , . ASCII , . , .
? ( 128 255), . . 128 . ( ) - . , 128 . , , . , . , 3 - - (866), -8 Windows (1251). , , ( ).
. , (.. ) ? . . . , , , , .. , , .
ASCII . Unicode.
Unicode . 16 , 65,536 , , , . Unicode 29000 , . / . , Unicode 6000 , . , 127 Uncode ASCII, . Unicode http://www.unicode.org/.