, , . , , . . , , .
, ( ) , . , . n , () /. , . , , . K 2 21. - - .
, . , . , . ( ) , . , , , , .
, . , , , , PCI, AGP, USB.
, , . BIOS, . , , .
2.4.2. (CPU).
CPU (Central Processing Unit) , , , , .. . , . , . , Hypertransport, . , .
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. - , , . . , , . - , - . . , , - , . , , .. , , , ( ). , , .. 16- B = 64 kB, 32- B = 4 GB, 64- 16 . , . ( ) ( ), , 1 . 32-, 64-.
-, , . - . - ().
, . 2 4 . , ( ) ( ). , .
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, ( ). , . .
. . , (.. ) , , . , . . , , . , n , n , , i- i- . , 1- 1- 1- ( 1- ), 1- 2- . 2- 2- 1- . 2- . 3- 1- 1- 3- , 2- 2- 2- , 3- 3- 1- .. , ( n ), . , -, .
, ( ) .
Hyperthreading (, ) . 2 . , , 2- . , ( ), , . , , Hyperthreading . , Hyperthreading .
. , .. . 2 . (, DOS). , -, .
, () . .. , , . , , .
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( ) . . , . . , - (1 = 10-6 ). (1 = 10-9 ). 50 90 , .
- - Intel. 20 8086, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium-MMX, Pentium-2, Pentium-3, Pentium-4, Pentium-D, Core Solo, Core Duo ( ). Pentium-2 , () Celeron. , Xeon .
Intel, AMD. 64- Athlon64, 64- Athlon64 X2, Opteron, Sempron.
. , Apple PowerPC Motorola, Apple IBM.
4.2.3. (RAM).
, ( ) RAM (Random Access Memory, ) , . , . , , .
, .
, . . .
(-), .
- - , , . - : SIMM (30 72 , ), DIMM(168, 184, 200 240 ), SODIMM (72, 144, 168 200 , ), MicroDIMM (60 , ), RIMM (168, 184 242 , Rambus).
() , 1 , .. 2- : 0 () 1 (), . 2 .
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1) . , 6-7 . 0 1 , .
2) . . , , .
, .
1) SRAM (Static RAM) , , . -, .
2) DRAM (Dynamic RAM) . . , , , - , . , , .
. , . : SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM), DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM), DDR2 SDRAM, RDRAM (Rambus DRAM). 3 . DDR 2 SDRAM ( ) 2- , DDR2 DDR. RDRAM , Rambus, RIMM. RDRAM .
, , . ( !), . , , , . , ,- . , . , Microsoft Office (MS Word, MS Excel, MS Power Point, MS Access) Windows XP 256 MB . , 1 GB .
, , , . , , .
( ), .. , / . , , , . , , PC-4200 (4200 M/), PC-6000 (6000 M/).
2.5. . .
, , . , .. , , .
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.
.
1. .
2. .
, HDD (Hard Disk Driver) , . . . IDE(ATA), Serial ATA(SATA) SCSI. IDE(Integrated Drive Electronics) SATA(Serial Advanced Technology Attachment). SATA IDE . , SATA , IDE . SCSI , . , .
, (GB). 40 GB 500 GB .
, RAID-, RAID-. RAID- , , RAID , .. , .
. USB-2 FireWire. .
, , . .
4 .
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
. . / ( / ). , (). ( 1) ( 0). , , , 1 . . (5400, 7200, 10000, 12000 15000 , 5400 rpm, 7200 rpm ..), .
, . . ( ). , , , . . , ( , , .. ). () . , SRAM.
, . , .. , , . ( !) . HDD : , .
HDD FDD, ZIP, JAZ, .
FDD (Floppy Disk Driver) 3,5 (3,5 = 8,4 ) 1,44 . FDD , , . FDD . , - ( , ).
ZIP JAZ FDD, ( 100 1), -.
. : , n- , n-1 . - , , . , 40 800 . (200 800 ) - , .
. .
1) CD ( Compact Disk). / . CD ROM (CD Read Only Memory ), CD-R (CD-Recordable, ), CD-RW (CD- ReWritable, ). , , , 2- . , ( ) ( ) . 1 .
CD .
CD ROM () 1 , . () ( ).
CD-R CD-RW , ( 1 ) . CD-R , . CD-RW , 2 1-, 2-, 1- 2- . RW- . , CD-RW CD-ROM
( ) 10000 /. , , , , , , . , .
CD- 5,25 ( 13 ). 600-800 . , . CD ( ) 150 /. , 50 150 / ×50 = 7,5 /. CD 52, ( CD-R CD-RW) 8.