She saw a smiling girl. I was really impressed.
| Forms of the Infinitive | ||
| Active Voice | Passive Voice | |
| Indefinite | to teach | to be taught |
| Continuous | to be teaching | ___________ |
| Perfect | to have taught | to have been taught |
| Perfect Continuous | to have been teaching | ___________ |
Task 73. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the infinitive given in brackets:
1. She is exhausted. She must _____________ (work) all day.
2. He seems to ____________ (speak) English perfectly. I cant hear any mistakes.
3. Patrick claims to __________ (see) the robbery. Hes going to _________ (witness) in court.
4. I dont know the people living next to us. Our neighbours house must _____________ (sell) recently.
5. He seems to _____________ (revise) the material all night. He is likely to __________ (pass) the exam.
6. Ben pretends to _________ (sleep) but he may ________ (overhear) us.
7. I would like to_________ (ask) you one question that may ______ (sound) strange.
8. Rob appears to _________ (split) up with his wife. He seems to _______ (be) so desperate.
9. You should ________ (go) to bed earlier last night. You may ________ (fall) asleep at your class.
10. Our washing machine need to ________ (repair).
Infinitives can be of two types:
full infinitive (used with the particle to):
Barbara has recently decided to apply for a new job.
bare infinitive (used without the particle to):
You had better book a room beforehand.
Bare infinitive is used in the following cases:
1) after most modal verbs (except have to, be to, ought to):
I could drive when I was 12.
2) after the verbs let and make ():
My parents let me watch TV till midnight.
They made me sign the contract.
But: I was made to sign the contract. (Passive Voice)
3) after the verbs see, hear, watch, notice, feel:
I saw her come into the house.
But: She was seen to come into the house. (Passive Voice)
4) after had better and would rather:
I would rather go to bed earlier tonight.
You had better keep silent.
5) after phrases cannot but, do nothing but:
I cant but agree with you.
He does nothing but argue each time.
6) after Why/Why not:
Why go there today?
Why not have a break?
7) after the verb help that can be used either with bare or full infinitive:
The dean helped me (to) fill in the form.
Task 74. Correct mistakes in the following sentences if necessary:
1. My daughter usually helps me to wash up in the evening.
2. I cant but to give you a piece of advice.
3. He was made keep silent.
4. You may go now. The lesson is over.
5. You always have carry your identification card with you.
6. Why watch this film? We have already watched it twice.
7. He had better to call his relatives. They may be worrying.
8. The robber must have been noticed break into Mr. McGregors house. His neighbours must have called the police.
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9. Id rather stay indoors in such bad weather.
10. Let me drive your car. I have wanted drive it since you bought it.
Task 75. Translate into English using either full or bare infinitive:
| 1. . | |
| 2. . . . | |
| 3. ? , . | |
| 4. ? ? , . | |
| 5. , . . | |
| 6. , . . . | |
| 7. , - , . | |
| 8. . . | |
| 9. . , - . | |
| 10. ! . |
| Forms of the ing-form | ||
| Active Voice | Passive Voice | |
| Indefinite | teaching | being taught |
| Perfect | having taught | having been taught |
Task 76. Fill in the gaps with the correct ing-form of the verb given in brackets:
1. Before ________ (leave) Chris checked all the locks in the house.
2. Mary insisted on _______ (call) if anything happened.
3. I entered without ________ (knock) on the door.
4. The door opened without ___________ (knock) on.
5. In my childhood I loved ________ (tell) fairy tales by granny.
6. Do you remember _________ (mention) the fact to anyone?
7. He bitterly regretted _________ (say) that. She seemed so upset.
8. I imagined her _________ (dance) with me.
9. They deny _________ (take) part in the show.
10. The boy confessed ________ (give) some money by a stranger.
| to-infinitive | ing -form |
| 1) to express purpose: Ill go out to buy some bread. | 1) as a subject Swimming is my favourite kind of sports. |
| 2) after the following verbs: agree attempt refuse claim decide manage expect deserve advise arrange hope want fail plan ask learn tell promise, etc. She has decided to move to LA. | 2) after the following verbs: admit avoid appreciate consider deny enjoy fancy finish keep mind practice prevent quit give up risk, etc. suggest discuss I consider going abroad for a month. |
| 3) after the following pronouns: something anyone nothing anywhere somewhere nowhere, etc. I have nowhere to live. | 3) after the verb go for physical activities: go swimming go dancing go skiing go cycling go shopping go mountaineering, etc. Lets go skiing on Sunday. |
| 4) after too and enough to express a result: Mike is too young to live alone. Mike is old enough to live alone. | 4) after the verbs like, love, prefer, hate, enjoy to express general preference: I enjoy watching the stars at night. |
| 5) after the following adjectives: happy anxious glad eager reluctant willing lucky fortunate clever sorry I am glad to see you. They are eager to help. | 5) after the following expressions: its no use cant help its useless cant stand its no good whats the use of have difficulty (trouble) in Its no use waiting any longer. |
| 6) after the construction be the first/second, etc.: George was the first to come. | 6) after phrasal verbs: be afraid of punish for accuse of insist on be fond of look forward to think of thank for be proud of be used to be tired of be surprised at forgive for spend time on apologize for prevent from, etc. Thank you for coming. I look forward to hearingfrom him. |
| 7) after the verbs ask, learn, find out, want to know, decide, explain + question words who, what, where, how, etc.: Lets find out where to stay in this town. | 7) after the verbs spend, waste, lose (money, time): He spent a lot of time doing nothing. |
| 8) to talk about an unpleasant unexpected event: He returned home only to find out that it was empty. | 8) after the verbs hear, notice, see, watch, feel to express an action in progress: I watched Stephen playing the piano. He was watched playing the piano. ! But to describe a finished action the infinitive is used: I saw him come out of the house. He was seen to come out of the house. |
| 9) after would + like/love/prefer: Id prefer to stay at home tonight. | |
| 10) in expressions to tell the truth to begin with to conclude to cut a long story short to be honest to put it plainly to sum up to put it mildly, etc. To tell the truth, I have no idea where he can be. | |
| 11) in the construction for + smb/smth + to-inf + do: For him to perform that task was easy. | |
| 12) after the construction it + be + adjective + of noun/pronoun: It was kind of him to offer his help. | |
| 13) after the construction so + adjective + as: Will you be so kind as to help me? |
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Task 77. Fill in the gaps with the active or passive forms of the infinitive or ing-form of the verbs given in brackets:
1. He refused ________ (accept) our proposal.
2. She suggested _________ (analyze) the situation together.
3. Give up _________ (smoke)! Its bad for your health.
4. My son learnt _______ (swim) when he was four.
5. I think well go _______ (ski) on holidays.
6. The actor didnt mind ________ (ask) some private questions.
7. Dont you realize that you have wasted time __________ (persuade) him to join the expedition?
8. _______ (play) rugby is my favourite leisure activity.
9. I hope _______ (get) to my destination before the sunset.
10. Im really tired of __________ (explain) you what happened.
11. Unfortunately, I failed ________ (get) tickets.
12. Will you call Jane _______ (invite) her to our wedding anniversary?
13. Miriam was the second __________ (congratulate) me on my first day at university.
14. How did he manage ________ (escape)?
15. He was lucky ________ (get) off with a little scratch on his knee.
16. Daniel promised _________ (not give) away the secret.
17. I couldnt help _________ (laugh) when I saw his dirty face.
18. We arranged _________ (meet) at the café on the corner.
19. He wants __________ (leave) alone.
20. I cant stand _________ (disturb) when Im trying to concentrate.
Task 78. Answer the questions given below:
1. What are you strong enough to carry?
2. What is your teacher too old to do?
3. What is your best friend too shy to do?
4. What is the person sitting next to you tall enough to do?
5. What are you crazy enough to do?
6. What is the person sitting in front of you too nervous to do?
7. What are you hungry enough to eat?
8. What is your friend too young to do?
Task 79. Complete the sentences expressing your general and specific preference. Use either infinitive or gerund:
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1. Most of all I enjoy ________________________________________________.
2. Tomorrow I would like _____________________________________________.
3. I prefer __________________________________________________every day.
4. Id love _____________________________________________________ now.
5. I like __________________________________________________ very much.
6. I hate __________________________________________________ most of all.
7. I would prefer _______________________________________________ today.
8. I love ___________________________________________________________.
Task 80. Disprove the following gossips about you using modal verbs:
The gossip: You were seen to buy a new Nissan for cash a week ago.
You: They cant have seen me. They must be mistaken. I dont have enough cash to buy a car. People might have seen my elder brother, Jim, who was really going to buy one.
1. You were noticed stealing an organ from the organ hall last night.
____________________________________________________________________
2. You were seen cutting the fur of your neighbours Persian cat in the morning.
____________________________________________________________________
3. People saw you carrying a man to the police station last week.
____________________________________________________________________
4. You neighbour heard you sing in the shower last evening.
____________________________________________________________________
5. You were heard arguing with the rector on the phone.
____________________________________________________________________
6. You were noticed to buy a ticket to Brazil yesterday.
____________________________________________________________________
7. People heard you to give away your friends secret the day before yesterday.
____________________________________________________________________
B: Imagine that yesterday you were secretly following your teacher.Write down what you saw using either infinitive or gerund of the verbs given below:
1. come out
__________________________________________________________________.
2. hurry
__________________________________________________________________.
3. meet
__________________________________________________________________.
4. speak
__________________________________________________________________.
5. lose temper
__________________________________________________________________.
6. shout
__________________________________________________________________.
7. run away
__________________________________________________________________.
8. hide
__________________________________________________________________.
9. laugh
__________________________________________________________________.
10. come back
__________________________________________________________________.
11. apologize
__________________________________________________________________.
Task 81. Translate the sentences into English using either infinitive or ing-form:
| 1. , , . | |
| 2. , . , , . | |
| 3. . | |
| 4. , , . | |
| 5. , , - . | |
| 6. . , . | |
| 7. . | |
| 8. , . , , . | |
| 9. . . . | |
| 10. , . , . |
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| Verbs used with the to-infinitive or the ing-form with a change in meaning | |
| the ing-form | to-infinitive |
| go on | |
| = continue He went on reading until noon. | = start When I came in he stopped laughing and went on to read. |
| stop | |
| = give up He stopped smoking at the age of 32. | = stop to do smth. else He stopped to smoke and look around. |
| remember | |
| =recall Daniel remembers havinga good time in this country two years ago. | = not to forget Did you remember to lock the door when you were leaving? |
| forget | |
| = not recall Cant you recognize this place? Did you forget visiting it with me several years ago? | = not remember I forgot to lock the door, so I have to return. |
| mean | |
| = involve Being a teacher means working a lot. | = intend I didnt mean to offend you. |
| try | |
| =experiment Why dont you try putting more salt into the soup? | =attempt I tried to open the door but I couldnt. |
| be sorry, regret | |
| = say sorry for (regret about) a past action Im sorry for shoutingat you yesterday. I regret shouting at you yesterday. | = say sorry for (regret about) a present action Im sorry to inform you about it now. I regret to inform you about it now. |
| be afraid | |
| = have a phobia Im afraid of flying. | = not to want to do smth. in a certain situation Im afraid to take this exam. What if I dont pass? |
| prefer | |
| = general preference I prefer spendingmy free time with friends. | = specific preference I prefer to spend this day off with my sister. |
| like | |
| = general preference We like watching comedies. | = think that smth. is good to do I like to do sports twice a week because it keeps me fit. |
Verbs used with the to-infinitive or the ing-form without a change in meaning:
begin, start, continue, intend:
He began laughing / to laugh.
advise, allow, permit, recommend, encourage
The doctor advised me to stay in bed for several days. (with an object)
I was advised to stay in bed for several days. (Passive Voice)
The doctor advised staying in bed. (no object or Passive Voice)
need, require, want
You need to clean your room.
Your room needs cleaning.
Your room needs to be cleaned.
Task 82. Choose the correct variant:
1. When you come to the traffic lights, stop there.
a) Remember to stop at the traffic lights.
b) Remember stopping at the traffic lights.
c) Both variants are correct.
2. We are planning to go to France next month.
a) We intend to go there.
b) We intend going there.
c) Both variants are correct.
3. The anecdote was so funny that we burst out laughing.
a) We started laughing.
b) We started to laugh.
c) Both variants are correct.
4. If your mobile phone doesnt work, why dont you charge it?
a) Try to charge it.
b) Try charging it.
c) Both variants are correct.
5. Im sorry for accusing you.
a) I regret accusing you.
b) I regret to accuse you.
c) Both variants are correct.
6. I was going to write a letter but couldnt find the necessary words.
a) I tried writing a letter.
b) I tried to write a letter.
c) Both variants are correct.
7. I didnt want to hurt you.
a) I didnt mean hurting you.
b) I didnt mean to hurt you.
c) Both variants are correct.
8. Our kitchen machine is broken. We should have it fixed.
a) Our kitchen machine needs fixing.
b) Our kitchen machine needs to be fixed.
c) Both variants are correct.
9. He said I couldnt park there.
a) He didnt allow me parking there.
b) He didnt allow me to park there.
c) Both variants are correct.
10. I dont want to write this test. I fear lest I should fail.
a) Im afraid to write this test.
b) Im afraid of writing this test.
c) Both variants are correct.
Task 83. Fill in the gaps with either infinitive or gerund using the verbs in brackets:
1. Ill never forget ________ (sail) down the river last year.
2. He didnt come because I forgot ______ (tell) him.
3. Try _______ (do) more exercise. It may help.
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4. We tried _______ (start) the car but it wouldnt.
5. I cant find the book though I remember _______ (buy) it.
6. I didnt remember ________ (turn) off the iron, so I had to come back.
7. I would prefer ________ (buy) a cake instead of baking one.
8. He preferred ________ (walk) in the park late in the evening when there was no one around.
9. Im sorry for ________ (be) late. Have I missed anything important?
10. Im sorry ________ (tell) you but we have no vacancy to be filled.
11. I didnt mean ______ (break) your cup. Ill buy you another one.
12. You have offered me a promotion. Does it mean _________ (move) to Boston?
13. Im afraid of _______ (swim), so I never go to the sea on holiday.
14. Im afraid ________ (swim). My leg is aching so much.
15. Go on _______ (read). We want to hear the end of the story.
16. We spoke a little but when the music started playing he went on _________ (dance).
17. Stop _______ (pretend) to be grown-up. You are a teenager!
18. Lets stop ________ (buy) some milk on our way home.
19. She liked _______ (make) up different stories. She was a creative girl.
20. I like ________ (clear) up when everyone is out.
21. They dont allow ________ (smoke) inside.
22. They dont allow me _______ (smoke).
23. I was not allowed ________ (smoke).
24. Our cactuses need ________ (water).
25. They started ________ (sing) when they heard the first notes.
| Participles | |
| Participle I (V + ing) | Participle II (V + ed) |
| It describes what smb/smth. is The book is amazing. | It describes how somebody feels. He was amazed. |
Participles are also used in the following cases:
1) instead of the subject and predicate of the attributive subordinate clause:
The man speaking to Mr. Corner is my uncle. = The man who is speaking
I tried a new shampoo advertised on TV. = I tried a new shampoo which is advertised on TV.
2) to express reason:
Feeling shy, Clare didnt dare to ask for help.
Having quarreled with his girlfriend, Pete felt remorse.
3) to express time:
(While) walking in the park I came across Miss Freeman.
Hearing his steps on the stairs, I hid behind the door.
Having found a part-time job, Lesley started to save money to go to Paris.
When asked a lot of questions Joshua doesnt know what to say.
Being addressed by lots of journalists, the actor didnt lose his self-control.
4) not to repeat the Past/Present Continuous in sentences with two or more simultaneous actions:
She was looking through a magazine lying in bed.= She was reading a book and she was lying
You are always finding faults with me making me guilty. = You are always finding faults with me and you are always making
Task 84. Choose the correct variant:
1. The horror film I watched yesterday was frightened/frightening.
2. I find diving very exciting/excited.
3. I was impressed/impressing by Veroniques painting.
4. He isnt interested/interesting in photographing.
5. Did the fireworks seem amazing/amazed to you?
6. I felt embarrassing/embarrassed and didnt know how to start.
7. The scenery from the mountain top is fascinated/fascinating.
8. Im annoying/annoyed by your habit of always losing everything.
9. Jane was encouraging/encouraged when the teacher praised her.
10. The soup is disgusting/disgusted. Who cooked it?
Task 85. Paraphrase the sentences using participles:
1. He fell asleep when he was sitting in the armchair under the tree.
__________________________________________________________________.
2. She stared at Jacks wife who was standing in the centre of the room.
__________________________________________________________________.
3. She left the shop and went to her car which had been parked nearby.
__________________________________________________________________.
4. When he had come downstairs 5 minutes later he couldnt find a vacant seat.
__________________________________________________________________.
5. Clare didnt come to us because she felt ill.
__________________________________________________________________.
6. They were looking at each other and they were smiling.
__________________________________________________________________.
7. John lit a cigarette when he was waiting for the waiter to bring him some ice.
__________________________________________________________________.
8. He didnt have skills, so he couldnt reach any results.
__________________________________________________________________.
9. When he drove to the city centre he stopped and called Molly.
__________________________________________________________________.
10. The dog that is barking outside is driving me mad.
__________________________________________________________________.
11. Danny felt sorry when he was accused of stealing the money.
__________________________________________________________________.
12. Lesley moved to Toronto two years ago but he hasnt made any friends yet.
__________________________________________________________________.
13. Lord of the Rings which is directed by Peter Jackson impressed me so much.
__________________________________________________________________.
14. When Michael finished his homework he called Alex.
__________________________________________________________________.
15. Mr. Truman was murmuring something to himself while he was thinking of the possible consequences of the argument.
__________________________________________________________________.
Task 86. Translate into English using non-finite forms of the verb:
| 1. , . | |
| 2. . . | |
| 3. , . | |
| 4. , . - . | |
| 5. , . | |
| 6. . | |
| 7. , . | |
| 8. , . | |
| 9. , , . | |
| 10. , - . . |
