1. Five kilos of sugar_______ enough to make some jam.
2. Romeo and Juliet _________ by Shakespeare.
3. Neither Michael nor his friends________ responsible for the accident.
4. Peter as well as his sister __________ at Cambridge University.
5. My new pair of jeans ________ by a dog. I can’t put it on now.
6. Lord of the Flies ________ the book we have to read this summer.
7. What they are doing in their free time never ____________ me.
8. Everyone __________ interested in the tea ceremony when visiting China.
9. Diabetes __________ a more wide-spread disease.
10. Students ___________ an opportunity to go on exchange to GB.
11. Both granny and granddad __________ to continue working.
12. She is the woman who ____________ around the world by yacht for 3 months already.
13. Learning Chinese ___________ to be difficult at first sight.
14. The number of unemployed people in the country ______________ bigger.
15. There ___________ much kindness in their hearts.
Task 4. Correct mistakes in the following sentences if necessary:
1. His papers are always in order.
2. Two weeks are too long to wait for the answer.
3. There are three dark hair on the couch.
4. There is heavy rains in the Philippines every year.
5. Where are our kitchen scales? I want to weigh the sugar.
6. There is several species of fish in the aquarium.
7. Men is stronger than women.
8. Not only Tom’s parents but also Tom are going to Miami on holiday.
9. The conductor and the orchestra has had very little time to rehearse.
10. One of the houses which are on the corner date back to the eighteenth century.
Task 5. Translate into English:
| 1. Пятнадцати долларов мало для покупки всех продуктов. | |
| 2. Мои новые солнцезащитные очки из новой коллекции. | |
| 3. Все члены моей семьи очень упрямые. Каждый считает, что он прав и не принимает во внимание мнение других. | |
| 4. Или Вам, или вашим родителям недавно прислали письмо. Вы прочли его? | |
| 5. Исследования показывают, что подобные явления наблюдали еще в 16 веке. | |
| 6. Два года, которые Рей прожил в Мексике, очень сильно его изменили. | |
| 7. Ни один из приведенных примеров не подходит к данному правилу. | |
| 8. Все советы, которые ты мне даешь, очень полезны. | |
| 9. Что нас беспокоит, так это постепенное снижение качества продукции вашей фабрики. | |
| 10. Возникло множество проблем, которые мы должны решить в скором будущем. | |
| 11. Держать домашних животных на улице в такой холод – бесчеловечно. | |
| 12. Экономика – сложный предмет для студентов, которые плохо разбираются в математике. | |
| 13. Население Земли возрастает с каждым годом. | |
| 14. Компания заявляет, что доходы от продажи медицинских препаратов используются для покупки необходимого оборудования. | |
| 15. Все знают, что собрание начинается ровно в 5? |
Emphasis
When we want to emphasize a particular part of a sentence in spoken or written English we can use the following emphatic constructions:
1. It is/was … who/which/that….
It was Mark who broke the window yesterday.
2. That is/was + question word….
That is what I want.
That was how she became popular.
3. Question word + is/was it + that …?
When is it that you are going to leave?
Who was it that gave you this watch?
4. Question word + subject + verb + is/was….
What I want is an apology.
Where he lives is not your business.
What Sarah does is (to) design clothes.
5. All (that) + subject + verb + is/was….
All Jane cares about is money.
6. Question word + ever…?
Whoever told you this?
Wherever did you see her?
7. Do/does/did + bare infinitive (in Present Simple, Past Simple and Imperative)
I do believe you.
She does believe you.
He did ask me about your daughter.
Do wait for me here!
Task 6. Rewrite the sentences using emphatic constructions. Start with the words given:
1. This country needs a stronger government.
What _____________________________________________________________.
2. I need a day off.
All _______________________________________________________________.
3. When did you buy a car?
When _____________________________________________________________.
4. Ann decorated the Christmas tree.
It ________________________________________________________________.
5. He is living here at the moment.
That ______________________________________________________________.
6. I realize the importance of all happening.
I _________________________________________________________________.
7. I have never seen this dress. When did you buy it?
Whenever _________________________________________________________.
8. You are never on time for work.
It ________________________________________________________________.
9. He wants to be left alone.
All _______________________________________________________________.
10. Sandra teaches children.
What _____________________________________________________________.
Task 7. Rewrite the sentences emphasizing the words in bold:
1. Who gave you such an expensive ring?
_________________________________________________________________.
2. At that moment Catherine felt the happiest person in the world.
_________________________________________________________________.
3. I don’t speak Italian. I speak English.
_________________________________________________________________.
4. She promised to always support me.
_________________________________________________________________.
5. Alice wants to tell us some good news.
_________________________________________________________________.
6. Tim Burton directed Frankenweenie.
_________________________________________________________________.
7. The Panama Canal joins the Pacific and the Atlantic.
_________________________________________________________________.
8. Jogging keeps me fit.
_________________________________________________________________.
9. Where have you been all this time?
_________________________________________________________________.
10. Tell everything, or I won’t talk to you!
_________________________________________________________________.
Task 8. Make the following sentences emphatic in three different ways:
1. The local bakery makes the tastiest cakes in Edinburgh.
a) _______________________________________________________________.
b) _______________________________________________________________.
c) _______________________________________________________________.
2. You should learn poems to improve your memory.
a) _______________________________________________________________.
b) _______________________________________________________________.
c) _______________________________________________________________.
3. Jacob didn’t come to the wedding because of feeling not quite well.
a) _______________________________________________________________.
b) _______________________________________________________________.
c) _______________________________________________________________.
4. Has Steve fixed the radiator?
a) _______________________________________________________________.
b) _______________________________________________________________.
c) _______________________________________________________________.
5. I want a cup of hot coffee and a fresh chocolate croissant.
a) _______________________________________________________________.
b) _______________________________________________________________.
c) _______________________________________________________________.
Task 9. Read and translate the proverbs into Russian. Say whether you agree with them or not and give reasons using emphatic constructions:
The proverb: A guilty conscience needs no accuser.
You say: I absolutely agree with the proverb because how a guilty person will always feel is really bad. It is his fault that will not leave him in peace and that will torture him until he admits being guilty. I do believe all that such a person should do is apologize.
1) Better refuse at once than promise long.
2) All truths are not to be told.
3) He is not poor that has little, but he that desires much.
4) Nothing must be done hastily but killing of fleas.
5) The voice of one man is the voice of no one.
6) If you cannot have the best, make the best of what you have.
7) The end justifies the means.
8) A joke never gains an enemy but often loses a friend.
9) A Jack of all trades is master of none.
10) Don’t cross the bridges before you come to them.
Task 10. Translate into English:
| 1. Что бы мне действительно хотелось, так это немного отдохнуть. | |
| 2. Я действительно верю своему сыну. Это не он разбил окно. – Кто же тогда это сделал? | |
| 3. Она много работала над собой. Именно так она стала успешной. | |
| 4. Именно Кейси обратила внимание на эту деталь в деле. Кто же подсказал ей это? | |
| 5. Все, что нужно моему брату, - это компьютерные игры. Виртуальный мир – это то место, в котором он живет. | |
| 6. И когда же вы собираетесь покупать квартиру? – Еще не знаю. Но я очень хочу это сделать. | |
| 7. И когда же ты ее видел? – Месяц назад. То, что она мне рассказала, тебя шокирует. | |
| 8. Выйти на сцену было моей мечтой. Все, что я хотел, - это слава. | |
| 9. То, как я себя чувствую, так это ужасно. – Все, что тебе нужно, - выходной. | |
| 10. Обязательно дождись моего звонка. Как раз после полудня я обо всем узнаю. |
Inversion
Inversion is putting the whole predicate or its part before the subject. Therefore, we can distinguish between two types of inversion:
· full inversion (the predicate precedes the subject):
Here comes my bus.
· partial inversion (only part of the predicate (an auxiliary verb, a modal verb, the verb 'to be') is placed before the subject:
Seldom have I eaten at such a luxurious restaurant.
Under no circumstances should you ask them for help.
Is David at home?
Partial inversion is used in the following cases:
1) in questions: Where did you buy this jacket?
2) in if-clauses when should, had, were are used at the beginning of a clause instead of 'if':
Were I you, I would answer in a different way.
Had I accepted that proposal, I would be working in NY now.
Should you meet him, give him my regards.
3) after the following words and expressions:
Seldom Not till/until
Rarely On no occasion
Barely In no way
Scarcely... when Under no circumstances
Hardly... when On no account
No sooner... than Only in this way
Not only... but also Only by
Little Only then
Nowhere (else) Not since
Never (before) Not even once
Rarely do we use home phones nowadays.
Scarcely had they come in when somebody knocked on the door.
If a sentence begins with only if, only when, only after, only by, not till/until, not since we use inversion in the main clause:
Only if you graduate from the university, will you have a chance to find a good job.
4) after so, such, to such a degree:
S o kind and beautiful is she that everyone adores her.
Such a bright student was he that he was offered a job before graduating.
5) with so, neither/nor, as to say that something equally applies to somebody/something else:
I love horror films. - So do I.
I haven't received any letters from Janice yet. - Neither/Nor have I.
Stephanie was quite a talented pianist, as was her mother / and so was her mother.
Full inversion is used in the following cases:
1) after adverbs of place:
Here comes my bus.
There runs a policeman.
In the armchair sat an old woman.
If the subject is a pronoun, there is no inversion:
Here he comes.
2) in Direct Speech if the subject is a noun:
'I have called a taxi,' said the receptionist.
But: 'I have called a taxi,' she said.
Task 11. Define whether the following statements are true or false. If the statement is false, correct it:
| True/False | |
| 1. Inversion is putting an auxiliary or full verb before or after the subject. | |
| 2. There are two types of inversion in English. | |
| 3. After only by, only if, only after, not untilwe use inversion in the subordinate clause. | |
| 4. To emphasize an event that quickly follows another we use the construction Hardly… when. | |
| 5. If the subject is expressed by a pronoun, the word order is inverted. | |
| 6. To emphasize agreement in responses you can use echoing phrases with neitherand so. | |
| 7. Partial inversion is used in sentences starting with adverbs of place. | |
| 8. We can use had, should, were instead of if in conditional subordinate clauses. |
Task 12. Paraphrase the sentences starting with the words in bold:
1. Jack was so tired that he went to bed straight away.
__________________________________________________________________.
2. If you should meet him, tell him my regards.
__________________________________________________________________.
3. She remembered her promise only after she saw her friend.
__________________________________________________________________.
4. We rarely see him these days.
__________________________________________________________________.
5. My father’s car was parked outside.
__________________________________________________________________.
6. If I were you, I would speak to them again.
__________________________________________________________________.
7. They knew little about those events.
__________________________________________________________________.
8. I have never been to this place.
__________________________________________________________________.
9. We could improve the situation only by signing the contract.
__________________________________________________________________.
10. Mike was such a good child that everybody loved him like their own son.
__________________________________________________________________.
Task 13. Paraphrase the sentences using the words in brackets:
1. She is a popular actress, everyone knows her.
____________________________________________________________. (such)
2. You should change your attitude to studying. You’ll get interested in it.
__________________________________________________________. (only by)
3. I haven’t seen such a magnificent painting anywhere else.
_____________________________________________________. (nowhere else)
4. The Watsons entered the room. They heard a knock on the door.
________________________________________________________. (no sooner)
5. You shouldn’t speak to strangers, my darling.
__________________________________________________________. (account)
6. I got very terrified, that’s why I screamed.
______________________________________________________________. (so)
7. I haven’t laughed so since I was a child.
_________________________________________________________. (not since)
8. Bill had no idea that Stella was injured.
____________________________________________________________. (know)
9. Had he said sorry, I would have forgiven him.
_______________________________________________________________. (if)
10. Aunt Mary doesn’t visit her nephew often.
___________________________________________________________. (rarely)
Task 14. Respond to the sentences below:
1. I have never been to Italy. – Neither _________. But I think soon we’ll go there.
2. I didn’t win the game. – Neither ________. I’m so upset.
3. We are going to buy a lot of Christmas presents. – So ________. Let’s do it together.
4. I think we will accept his proposal. – So _______. Our company will make some profit.
5. Not even once have I seen him since then. – Neither ________. I think he has changed.
6. I’m not working today. – Neither _______. Today is my day off.
7. I can’t speak German. – Neither _______. But my English is perfect.
8. I’ve got a stomachache. – So _________. We should go to the doctor.
9. I’m not strong enough to lift this box. – Neither ________. Let’s ask for help.
10. I like this hotel so much. – So ________. We are lucky that we’re staying here.
Task 15. Translate into English using inversion:
| 1. Не успели мы войти в дом, как зазвонил телефон. | |
| 2. Если бы я оказался там вместо тебя, я бы поступил так же. Ни в коем случае мы не должны вести себя иначе в подобных ситуациях. | |
| 3. Никогда прежде он не выезжал дальше своего родного города. | |
| 4. Таким несчастным он выглядел, что все думали, случилось что-то непоправимое. | |
| 5. Только если ты все тщательно обдумаешь, ты сможешь сделать правильный выбор. | |
| 6. Ни в коем случае не провожай меня. Я доберусь сама. А вот и мой автобус. | |
| 7. Я сдала экзамен! – И я тоже! | |
| 8. Очень редко я допускаю ошибки. – Все-таки на вашем месте я бы просмотрела перевод еще раз. | |
| 9. Мало он знает о жизни обычного человека. Его родители не только дарят ему дорогие подарки, но и всячески потакают его капризам. | |
| 10. Только если я найду новую работу, мы сможем позволить себе этот дом. |
Task 16. A: Read the tips on how to be happy. Did you know them before? Do they seem useful? Express your opinion using inversion and emphatic constructions:
The tip: Use your time rationally. Happy people control their lives.
You say: What surprised me is that we should control our time to be happy. Under no circumstances should we waste our time because later we’ll lack it to do what we need. Not only will it make us nervous, but it can also cause depression and tiredness.
1. Seem happy even if you don’t feel it. Your smile will attract others.
2. Do regular exercise. Sports will save you from depression.
3. Get a pet. Animals can calm people down.
4. Develop your soul. Spiritual food will help you to get rid of depression.
5. Get out of town. The countryside will give you fresh air and relaxation.
6. Enjoy every happy moment. Happiness consists of little positive things.
B: Will you follow the tips given above in future? Give your groupmates your own advice on how to be happy if you have any.
Task 17. A: Rewrite the tale using emphatic constructions and inversion. Compare your version of the tale with your groupmates’ ones:
LITTLE RED RIDING HOOD
Once upon a time, there was a little girl who lived in a village near the forest. Whenever she went out, the little girl wore a red riding cloak, so everyone in the village called her Little Red Riding Hood.
One morning, Little Red Riding Hood asked her mother if she could go to visit her grandmother. ‘Of course, but remember,’ her mother cautioned, ‘don't dawdle along the way and please don't talk to strangers!’
‘Don't worry, mommy,’ said Little Red Riding Hood, ‘I'll be careful.’
But when Little Red Riding Hood noticed some lovely flowers in the woods, she forgot her promise to her mother. She was enjoying the warm summer day so much, that she didn't notice a wolf approaching out of the forest behind her...
‘What are you doing out here, little girl?’ the wolf asked in a voice as friendly as he could master.
‘I'm on my way to see my Grandma,’ Little Red Riding Hood replied.
Then she realized how late she was and quickly excused herself, rushing down the path to her Grandma's house. The wolf, in the meantime, took a shortcut. He arrived at Grandma's and knocked lightly at the door.
‘Oh thank goodness, dear! Come in, come in! I was worried that something had happened to you in the forest,’ said Grandma thinking that the knock was her granddaughter’s.
Poor Granny did not have time to say another word, before the wolf gobbled her up! The wolf let out a satisfied burp, and then poked through Granny's wardrobe to find a nightgown that he liked. A few minutes later, Red Riding Hood knocked on the door. The wolf jumped into bed and pulled the covers over his nose. ‘Who is it?’ he called in a cracky voice.
‘It's me, Little Red Riding Hood.’
‘Oh, how lovely! Come in, my dear,’ croaked the wolf.
When Little Red Riding Hood entered the little cottage, she could scarcely recognize her Grandmother.
‘Grandmother! Your voice sounds so odd.’
‘Oh, I just have touch of a cold,’ squeaked the wolf adding a cough at the end to prove the point.
‘But Grandmother! What big ears you have,’ said Little Red Riding Hood.
‘The better to hear you with, my dear,’ replied the wolf.
‘But Grandmother! What big eyes you have,’ said Little Red Riding Hood.
‘The better to see you with, my dear,’ replied the wolf.
‘But Grandmother! What big teeth you have,’ said Little Red Riding Hood her voice quivering slightly.
‘The better to eat you with, my dear!’ roared the wolf. He leapt out of the bed and began to chase the little girl.
Little Red Riding Hood realized that the person in the bed was a hungry wolf. She ran across the room and through the door shouting, ‘Help! Wolf!’ as loudly as she could.
A woodsman who was chopping logs nearby heard her cry and ran towards the cottage. He grabbed the wolf and made him spit out the poor Grandmother.
‘Oh Grandma, I was so scared!’ sobbed Little Red Riding Hood, ‘I'll never speak to strangers or dawdle in the forest again.’
‘There, there, child. You've learned an important lesson. Thank goodness you shouted loudly enough for this kind woodsman to hear you!’
The woodsman knocked out the wolf and carried him deep into the forest where he wouldn't bother people any longer.
Little Red Riding Hood and her Grandmother had a nice lunch and a long chat.
B: Write your own tale of 250-300 words using inversion and emphatic constrictions:
______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
II. Tenses
Present Tenses
Task 18. Fill in the table with the missed forms of the present tenses (S – subject, V - verb):
| Present Simple | Present Continuous |
| +S + V1 (-s/es) - S + do(es)n’t + V1 ? _________________ | +S + am/is/are + Ving - _________________ ?Am/is/are + S + Ving |
| Present Perfect | Present Perfect Continuous |
| + _________________ - S + haven’t/hasn’t + V3 ? _________________ | + S + have/has been + Ving - _____________________ ? Have/has + S + been + Ving |
Task 19. Identify the tenses in the following sentences:
Tense
1. The Moon goes round the Earth. _________________
2. Every year she visits her grandparents in Scotland. _________________
3. I’m flying to California next Monday. _________________
4. Johnny has ridden a camel. _________________
5. Dad is trying to fix the shelf at the moment. _________________
6. I’ ve been learning English for 6 years. _________________
7. You are always shouting at me! _________________
8. We haven’t had breakfast today. _________________
9. Do you hear me? _________________
10. Her eyes are red. She’ s been crying. _________________
11. It’ s getting colder day by day. _________________
12. Stephen has known me for ages. _________________
13. Our son has broken a window in the neighbours’ house. _________________
14. My train leaves at 7 a.m. _________________
15. This road leads to Sheffield. _________________
16. Jack’ s living at his aunt’s this month. _________________
17. When Sam comes he’ll open the door if he takes the key. _________________
18. I’ m reading an interesting book this week. _________________
Task 20. Match the sentences from Task 2 with the correct descriptions of the use of tenses below:
a) actions taking place at the moment of speaking (with action verbs); b) actions started in the past and continuing up to the present (with stative verbs); c) permanent situations; d) life experience; e) facts, truth, laws of nature; f) changing or developing situations; g) expressing anger, criticism, irritation; h) repeated actions; i) actions happened at an unstated past time and are connected to the present; j) actions going on around now; k) plans for the future; l) timetables, programmes; m) actions started in the past and continuing up to the present (with action verbs); n) action that happened within a time period which is not over; o) temporary states, situations; p) actions started in the past and lasted for some time with visible results in the present; q) actions taking place at the moment of speaking (with stative verbs);
r) in clauses of time and condition.
Task 21: Fill in the table with the descriptions of their use from Task 3:
| Present Simple |
| · · · · · · |
| Present Continuous |
| · · · · · · |
| Present Perfect |
| · · · · |
| Present Perfect Continuous |
| · · |
Task 22. Put the verbs in brackets either into Present Simple or Present Continuous:
1. He _________ (run) a large company.
2. I _________ (look) for a place to live, so at the moment I ________ (stay) at my friend’s.
3. Dirk _____ constantly_________ (lose) his things!
4. I __________ (get) tired of your constant complaints.
5. As soon as he __________ (call) we’ll start packing.
6. The bus _________ (leave) at 2 p.m. Hurry up!
7. They _________ (meet) on Tuesday in the café on the corner.
8. The police _______still__________ (look) for the criminal.
9. The cake _________ (smell) perfect.
10. Every weekend we ___________ (go) to the country.
Task 23. Look at the picture and tell your groupmates about these people’s life. Use the following adverbs:
usually every day at the weekends now at the moment
Task 24. Put the verbs in brackets either into Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous:
1. I _________ (ride) a camel twice.
2. How long ______ you __________ (learn) English?
3. The broken lorry ________ (block) the road, so now I’m in a traffic jam.
4. This summer we __________ (visit) our grandparents.
5. She _________ (know) me since we were at school.
6. Mum is so exhausted. She _______________ (work) in the garden.
7. I ___________ (have) this dog for 2 years. He _________ (become) my friend.
8. I don’t know the answer. You _________ (get) me here.
9. Correct all the mistakes you _________ (make).
10. He ___________ (wear) the same sweater for a week already.
Task 25. A: Work in pairs. Ask your partner the following questions. Write down his/her answer:
Answer
1. How long have you been going to the same hairdresser? ______________
2. Do you have any bad habit? If yes, how long have you had it? ______________
3. Do you have a pet? If yes, how long have you had it? ______________
4. How long have you known your best friend? ______________
5. How long have you been living in the same place? ______________
6. What hobby do you have? How long have you been doing it? ______________
7. How long have you been learning English? ______________
8. How long have you had the same cellphone? ______________
9. Do you have a girlfriend/boyfriend? How long have you been ______________
dating with him/her? ______________
10. How long have you been wearing the same watch? ______________
B: Analyze the answers in your group and find out who has been doing smth. the longest.
Task 26. Underline the correct form of the verb:
1. I have never been/never was in Germany. I hope/am hoping I’ll go there in summer.
2. She has cried/has been crying. Her eyes are red.
3. The plane takes off/is taking off at 10.25 a.m. You have/are having 5 minutes to pack your suitcase.
4. You are always leaving/always leave your things everywhere. I get/have got tired of it.
5. He is recovering/recovers. He has been/is in hospital for a week already.
6. I haven’t seen/haven’t been seeing you for 15 years. You changed/have changed a lot.
7. Every summer they go/are going to Turkey. But this summer they go/are going to Thailand.
8. If anyone comes/will come, ask them to wait.
9. Water freezes/is freezing at 0 degrees Celsius. If the water is freezing/freezes, take it inside.
10. I have always loved /have always been loving this town.
Task 27. Imagine that you are one of the following fairytale characters. Say what you do
- every day;
- what you are doing now;
- what you have been doing for the last 2 hours (days, weeks);
- what you have done recently.
Your groupmates should guess who you are:
1. Cinderella
2. Little Red Riding Hood
3. Santa Claus
4. Big Bad Wolf
5. Three Little Pigs
6. Batman
7. Frodo Baggins
8. Alice in Wonderland
9. Sleeping Beauty
10. Harry Potter
Task 28. Translate into English using present tenses:
| 1. Он выглядит очень хорошо, потому что каждый день занимается спортом. | |
| 2. С каждым днем становится все холоднее. Я с нетерпением жду поездки в Египет. Мы улетаем туда в следующий понедельник. | |
| 3. В этом году городские власти строят новую детскую больницу. Надеюсь, когда она откроется, все дети пройдут в ней курс лечения. | |
| 4. Кейт болтает по телефону уже полчаса. Она постоянно сплетничает со своими подругами! | |
| 5. Семья Тейлоров купила новую яхту. В этом году они проведут свой отпуск на море. | |
| 6. Как только он появится, я задам ему этот вопрос. Ответ на него меня интересует уже два дня. | |
| 7. Поезд прибывает в 7.30. Если мы не выйдем через 10 минут, мы опоздаем. – Да, я как раз звоню в службу такси. | |
| 8. Я знаю ее целую вечность. Мы понимаем друг друга с полуслова. | |
| 9. Я чувствую себя великолепно! Никогда раньше во мне не было столько сил и энергии. | |
| 10. Куда ведет эта дорога? – Понятия не имею. |
Past Tenses
Task 29. Fill in the table with the missed forms of the past tenses:
| Past Simple | Past Continuous |
| +_________________ - S + didn’t + V1 ? _________________ | +____________________ - S + wasn’t/weren’t + Ving ?____________________ |
| Past Perfect | Past Perfect Continuous |
| + _________________ - S + hadn’t + V3 ? _________________ | + S + had been + Ving - _____________________ ? _____________________ |
Task 30. Fill in the table with your own exemplary sentences for the following cases of use of the past tenses:
| Past Simple |
| · A finished action in the past: e.g. · Succession of past actions: e.g. · Simple facts in the past: e.g. · Past habits and states: e.g. · With ‘where’, ‘when’ and ‘how’ to ask about details of past actions: e.g. |
| Past Continuous |
| · An action which was in progress at a stated time in the past: e.g. · Two or more simultaneous past actions: e.g. · An action which was in progress when another action interrupted it: e.g. · Background information: e.g. · Changing or developing situation in the past: e.g. · Criticism of repeated actions in the past with ‘always’ and ‘constantly’: e.g. |
| Past Perfect |
| · An action which happened before a stated time in the past: e.g. · An action which happened before another past action: e.g. · An action which finished in the past with a visible result (in the past): e.g. |
| Past Perfect Continuous |
| · An action which started in the past and continued up to some moment in the past or into it: e.g. · An action which continued up to some moment with a visible result in the past: e.g. |
Task 31. Put the verbs in brackets either into Past Simple or Past Continuous:
1. What _____________ you (do) at 6 p.m. yesterday?
2. Mr. Morris still __________ (sleep) when a late phone call _______ (wake) him up.
3. When Clare __________(arrive) at the theatre, some people __________ (queue) at the box-office.
4. He gradually ___________ (get) older. But he _________ (not want) to be old.
5. How he __________ (manage) to survive?
6. Last Sunday Kathy ________ (take) her father’s car and __________ (drive) to the country.
7. Mum, I _______ (be) a good child? – Yes, but you constantly __________(cry)!
8. When I _______ (go) to school I ________ (live) with my grandparents.
9. While Jeremy _________ (cook) his brother ___________(clean) the room.
10. The sun _________ (shine), a warm wind ________ (blow) when we __________ (start) our journey.
Task 32. Read about one of Jessica’s day. Put the actions in the order of happening on the timeline given below:
1. By the time she played tennis, Jessica had already paid her bills.
2. By the time she spoke to her friend on the phone, she had already had her hair cut.
3. Jessica had already eaten lunch by the time she washed her motorbike.
4. Jessica had already played tennis by the time she ate lunch.
5. By the time Jessica took a shower, she had already had her hair cut and played tennis.
6. By the time Jessica went to the museum, she had already spoken to her friend on the phone.
7. By the time Jessica ate lunch, she had already gone to the museum.
8. Jessica had already played tennis by the time she had her hair cut.
9. By the time Jessica watched TV, she had already paid her bills.
10. Jessica had already watched TV by the time she played tennis.
11. By the time Jessica went to the museum, she had already watched TV.
12. By the time Jessica took a shower, she had already paid her bills.
13. Jessica had already played tennis by the time she spoke to her friend.
14. By the time she washed her motorbike, she had already paid the bills.
15. By the time Jessica had a shower, she had already watched TV.
16. Jessica had already visited the museum by the time she washed her motorbike.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 now
Task 33. Match the result with its cause and fill in the gaps with Past Perfect Continuous using the verbs in brackets:
Result Cause
1. The grass was wet. a) She _______ (cry).
2. Her eyes were red. b) He ________ (dig) in the garden.
3. I saw an open book on the table. c) It _______ (rain) all night.
4. Dad was very tired. d) She _______ (run).
5. The radio was on. e) He _______ (read).
6. His feet were aching. f) They ________ (have) tea.
7. The teapot was hot. g) Granny _______ (listen) to it.
Task 34. Underline the correct form of the verb. Sometimes two variants are possible:
1. We had been living/lived/had lived in the house for 2 years before we built/was building/ had built this extension.
2. Marco had won/won/was winning the marathon. He had trained/had been training/trained a lot.
3. When I showed/had shown/show him my ticket I had moved/moved/was moving to another seat.
4. They had covered/had been covering/covered 6 miles when they decided/had decided/were deciding to have a rest.
5. John was fixing/had fixed/had been fixing the car when Tina had come/came/was coming into the garage.
6. She knocked/had knocked/was knocking on the door. Then she came/had come/was coming inside.
7. By the time it started/had started/was starting raining she had already returned/already returned/ had already been returning home.
8. He was/had been so puzzled. Never before had he got/did he get/had he been getting into such a strange story.
9. They had dated/had been dating/dated for 6 months before they got/had got/were getting married.
10. It had been/was time to retire. Mrs. Clark had taught/had been teaching/taught for 35 years.
Task 35. Translate into English using Past tenses:
| 1. Когда ты вчера вернулся домой? – Я вернулся в одиннадцать, когда ты уже заснул. | |
| 2. Я готовился вчера к экзамену, поэтому не смог прийти к тебе в гости. | |
| 3. Когда я разыскал их адрес, они уже переехали. | |
| 4. Стивен чувствовал усталость. Он проработал весь день без перерыва. | |
| 5. Отец постепенно выздоравливал. К нему возвращались силы и бодрость. | |
| 6. Она вышла из дому и заперла дверь. В этот момент она точно знала, что обратного пути нет. | |
| 7. Мы были счастливы. Нам удалось заключить выгодную сделку. | |
| 8. Когда ты позвонил, мы как раз обедали. | |
| 9. Люси разговаривала с дочерью в машине, когда подвозила ее в школу. | |
| 10. На прошлой неделе мы с друзьями ездили загород. Мы решили устроить небольшой пикник. |
Future Tenses
Task 36. Fill in the table with the missed forms of the future tenses:
| Future Simple | Future Continuous |
| +S + will + V1 - _________________ ?Will + S + V1 | +____________________ - S + won’t be + Ving ?____________________ |
| Future Perfect | Future Perfect Continuous |
| + _________________ - _________________ ? Will + S + have + V3 | + S + will + have been + Ving - _____________________ ? _____________________ |
Task 37. Analyze the exemplary sentences and fill in the table with the descriptions of the use of future tenses:
| Future Simple |
| · e.g. Mary will be 21 next Monday. · e.g. We will buy a summer cottage, plant some trees there and we’ll invite our friends to spend their holidays with us. · e.g. Probably we won’t have time to finish our work. · e.g. My bag is so heavy. – I will help you. |
| Future Continuous |
| · e.g. This time next week we will be flying over the Mediterranean. · e.g. I’ll be meeting Jack on Wednesday, so I can give him your message. · e.g. Will you be using the computer for long? I need it to type my report. |
| Future Perfect |
| · e.g. She will have phoned all the guests by midday. · e.g. By the end of this month I will have owned this house for 15 years. |
| Future Perfect Continuous |
| · e.g. By the end of this year Mrs. Stewart will have been teaching at this school for 25 years. |
Task 38. What will you do if you find yourself in the situations given below? In your answer use the expressions maybe, I think, perhaps, I’m sure and Future Simple:
1. You have run out of money. You can’t take a taxi to go home.
2. You’ve got lost in the forest. You are alone.
3. Your car has broken. You can’t fix it yourself.
4. You forgot to congratulate your friend on his/her birthday. You think he/she took offence.
5. You don’t understand some grammar topic. Tomorrow you have your module test.
6. You’ve quarreled with your friend but you are feeling sorry about it.
7. A stray dog is going to attack you. You have nothing to protect yourself.
8. You can’t get to your apartment. The door won’t unlock.
Task 39. A: Read the ideas expressed by futurologists. Open the brackets with the correct form of the verb using Future Simple or Future Perfect:
1. In the 22nd century we_______ (live) in skyscrapers. There________(be) too many people in cities.
2. There_________(be) no cars. We ______ (use) helicopters. We _______(not have) to walk at all.
3. By the end of the 21st century we _________ (learn) how to control the weather.
4. In 30-40 years people_______(learn) to synthesize food. No one _______ (die) from hunger.
5. By the beginning of the 23d century people___________(colonize) the Moon and some other planets. There_________ (be) plants and factories on other planets.
6. When we _______ (cut) down all our forests we________(run) short of natural fuel. By 2050 scientists__________(discover) new sources of energy.
8. People_________(live) much longer. Many dangerous diseases __________ (disappear).
9. Computers__________ (teach) children instead of adults.
B: Answer the following questions:
1. Do these ideas seem optimistic or pessimistic to you?
2. Do you think the people of tomorrow will be happier than we are? Why?
3. What advice can you give to future generations?
Task 40. Put the verbs in brackets in Future Continuous, Future Perfect or Future Perfect Continuous:
1. I ___________ (not finish) baking the cake until you come. I ____________ (make) it for an hour and a half by then.
2. By the end of next week Moira _____________ (write) her first book for 3 months. She thinks she _____________ (write) 150 pages of it by August.
3. _______________ (use) the printer for long? – No, why? – I need it to print my report.
4. Don’t call us at 2 p.m. We ___________ (have) lunch.
5. By Monday we ___________ (know) each other for five years. You _____________ (finish) your work by 7? I suggest going out and celebrate.
6. Have you decided what to do tomorrow? – Not yet, but I think Sue ______________ (clean) the windows while I am planting cherry trees in the garden.
7. Billy ___________ (prepare) for the interview the whole day. The day after tomorrow he is going to apply for a job.
8. This time next week we __________ already (travel) around Europe and we____________ (fly) to NY.
9. My arm ___________ (ache) for a week by tomorrow.
10. I ___________ (see) Jane on Friday, so I can inform her about the meeting.
Task 41. Construct 10 sentences about your future using the adverbial modifiers of time given in brackets:
1. _____________________________________________________. (tomorrow)
2. ____________________________________________________. (by next year)
3. _______________________________________________________. (by 2020)
4. _______________________________________________________. (in May)
5. ______________________________________________. (this time next week)
6. _________________________________________________. (from 5 to 7 p.m.)
7. __________________________________________________________. (soon)
8. _____________________________________________________. (in a minute)
9. _________________________________________________________. (at 7.30)
10. ____________________________________________________. (for 3 years)
Task 42. A: Study different means of expressing future:
| to be going to | · intentions (He is going to work with his father after leaving school). · predictions for the nearest future based on evidence (There are a lot of clouds in the sky. It is going to rain). |
| to be about to | · predictions for the nearest future based on evidence (Look! The train is about to leave!) |
| to be to | · official or personal arrangement (We are to meet at 7 p.m. The Prime Minister is to visit Germany next Tuesday). |
| Present Simple | · timetables, programmes (The bus arrives at 8.30 a.m.) |
| Present Continuous | · plans, personal arrangements (He is flying to Paris tomorrow). |
B: Translate into English using the means of expressing future given above:
| 1. Я собираюсь купить новый компьютер. Мой ноутбук часто ломается, скоро он вовсе выйдет из строя. | |
| 2. Мы встречаемся на вокзале в 5.45 вечера. Наш поезд отправляется ровно в 6. | |
| 3. Тише! Спектакль вот-вот начнется. | |
| 4. Сегодня вечером мы с друзьями идем в кинотеатр. Мы договорились встретится в 7. – А в котором часу начинается фильм? | |
| 5. Не спорь с отцом. Он сейчас разозлится. |
Task 43. Translate into English using future tenses:
| 1. К первому июля студенты уже сдадут все экзамены. | |
| 2. Я думаю, что ты забудешь обо всем к тому времени. | |
| 3. У Джонни завтра День рождения. – О, тогда я загляну к нему вечером. | |
| 4. Что вы будете делать в это время в субботу? – Как всегда, буду готовить ужин. | |
| 5. Я уверена, что Джо будет прыгать от счастья, когда тебя встретит. | |
| 6. Завтра будет холодно. – Правда? Я возьму с собой плащ. | |
| 7. На следующей неделе будет уже три года, как я здесь работаю. | |
| 8. Мы будем рекламировать этот шампунь в течение месяца, прежде чем он появится на рынке. | |
| 9. Я обязательно помогу тебе. Я уверена, что все будет хорошо. | |
| 10. Ты еще долго будешь смотреть телевизор? Я бы хотела посмотреть свой любимый фильм. |
