(The Present Continuous Tense)
Present Continuous , . , , to see , to know , to like , to want . Present Continuous .
Present Continuous to be Present Indefinite Participle I ( ) .
: Mr. Bell is reading a letter.
. Participle I -ing :
speak + -ing = speaking. -, -ing :
come + -ing = coming. , , :
sit + -ing = sitting.
Present Continuous not, to be.
: I am not reading a book now.
Present Continuous to be , Participle 1 .
: Is Mr. Bell reading a telex?
5. (The Past Continuous Tense)
Past Continuous , . :
1) .
2) , .
Past Continuous to be (was, were) Present Participle .
: Igor was waiting for the British businessmen at 7 oclock.
Past Continuous to be (was, were) , Participle I .
: Were you looking through the latest letters yesterday at nine?
not, to be .
: The director was not looking through the catalogues at two yesterday.
7. (The Future Continuous Tense)
, . :
1) :
I will be working at the laboratory at 8 oclock tomorrow morning. 8 .
2) , Present Indefinite.
When you come to see me, I will be working at the laboratory. , .
The Future Continuous Tense .
|
|
|
The Future Continuous Tense will, be Participle I: will be + -ing.
: I will be passing my examination at 3 oclock tomorrow.
will, , be Participle I .
: Who will be passing his examination at 3 oclock tomorrow?
not, will.
: will not be passing his examination at 2 clock tomorrow.
8. (The Present Perfect Tense)
, . Present Perfect . Present Perfect .
Present Perfect to have Present Indefinite Participle II ( ) :
to have + Participle II.
: I have just read the offer from Sam and Co.
.
1) Participle II -ed, -d to.
- , -d: to translate translated.
y i, : to study studied, to stay stayed
: to stop stopped.
2) Participle II . :
to begin begun, to drink drunk.
3) to have has 3- : has just read the telegram from this company.
4) Present Perfect : ) already, yet, lately, just, ever, never; ) , today, this week, this month, this year.
have (has), , Participle II , .
: Has he known her for many years? ?
Have you ever been to London? - ?
not, have (has). : I have not seen you since spring.
9. (The Past Perfect Tense)
Past Perfect , . by :
Richard and his wife were late for the performance. When they got to the theatre, the play had already started. . , .
Past Perfect to have Past Indefinite Participle II : had + + Participle II:
|
|
|
When did you finish your work yesterday?
I had finished it by 5 oclock.
to have Past Indefinite, , Participle II , :
What business matters had you discussed before you signed the contract?
not, to have Past Indefinite.
: I couldnt watch the nine clock news on television because I hadnt finished my article by that time.
10. (The Future Perfect Tense)
, , . :
1) by (by 6 clock 6 , by that time ..)
We will have finished this article by 6 clock tomorrow. 6 .
2) , , .
You will have finished your work before the bell rings. , .
Future Perfect will have, Participle II : shall / will have + Participle II.
: I shall have written the letter by seven clock.
will, , have, Participle II .
: Will you have written this article by 6 clock?
not, will.
They will not have finished this work by 4 oclock tomorrow.
UNIT 7
(THE PASSIVE VOICE)
() , , , . - . , , by.
The radio was invented by Popov in 1895. 1895 .
.
1) , (to look at, to listen to, to speak about, to talk about, to send for), .
: The doctor was sent for a few minutes ago.
2) , to grow, to take place, to take part, to appear .
Indefinite to be Participle II .
: You often go to the theatre, Lena. Who gets tickets for you?
They are usually booked by my father.
.
Is TV equipment exported to many countries?
Yes, it is.
not . :
The goods were not delivered on time because the plant was heavy with orders.
The machines will not be tested next week because they are not ready for tests.
UNIT 8
(SEQUENCE OF TENSES)
(INDIRECT SPEECH)
, , : .
|
|
|
1 , , .
) - (Present Indefinite Present Continuous .)
says (that) he works (is working).
, .
) - (Past Indefinite Past Continuous).
says (that) he worked (was working).
, .
) - (Future Indefinite Future Continuous).
says (that) he will work (will be working).
, .
2 , .
) - (Past Indefinite Past Continuous), .
said (that) he worked (was working).
, .
) - (Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous) .
said (that) he had worked (had been working).
, .
) Future Indefinite in the Past (would + Indefinite Infinitive) Future Continuous in the Past (would + Continuous Infinitive), .
said (that) he would work (would be working).
, .
(Direct Speech) (Indirect Speech)
, , :
1 . , that (), .
2 , .
3 , .
4 :
this (these) ==> that (those)
now ==> then
today ==> that day
yesterday ==> the day before
tomorrow => the next day
ago ==> before
here ==> there
She said, "We are leaving today."
She said that they were leaving that day.
He said, "I will read it tomorrow."
He said that he would read it the next day.
He said, "I came for the lesson in time."
He said that he had come for the lesson in time.
He said, "They didn't know the rule."
He said that they hadn't known the rule.
He said, "She has to translate this text."
He said that she had to translate that text.
He said, "They'll be able to read it."
He said that they would be able to read it.
, ( ).
1 (, ) if whether ( ).
2 (, who, where, how much, how long ..)
|
|
|
3 , , .. .
, .
asked me, "Where do you live?"
He asked me where I lived.
He asked me, "Have you written the paper?"
He asked me if (whether) I had written the paper.
John asked, "Are you ready?"
John asked if (whether) I was ready.
"How long will it take you to write this essay?" asked Mary.
Mary asked how long it would take me to write that essay.
The tourist asked, "Where could I buy some postcards?"
The tourist wanted to know where he could buy some postcards.
He asked, "Who is the writer?"
He asked who the writer was.
, :
1 .
not.
2 , , .
She said to him, "Come at 5 o'clock."
She told him to come at 5 o'clock.
He said to me, "Don't go there."
He told me mot to go there.
John said, "Can you help me?"
John asked me to help.
UNIT 9
(MODAL VERBS)
, , , .. , .
, , .
1. can " ", " " :
Can you speak English?
Yes. I can speak English.
2. must " " :
I cannot speak to you now. I must go home.
Must you go now?
Yes, I must.
3. may " " . may can:
May I go to the cinema?
No, you must not. The film is not for children.
You can watch TV at home.
can, may, must :
1. Present Simple -s 3- .
2. to do. not can cannot.
3. .
4. to.
5. (Future Simple), must
(Past Simple).
Present Past Future
can could
must
may might
6. can, may, must .
Can May Must
to be able (to)
()
to be allowed (to)
to have (to) ( )
to be (to) ( , ,
..)
, Future Past, .
, , to.
They were to be at the conference. () .
She was not allowed to stay there. .
7. .
8. must need ( neednt) .
9. should , . should "", " ", "".
You should help him. .
10. would , , :
|
|
|
UNIT 10
(ADVERBIAL CLAUSES)
. , .
1. (Object Clauses)
. whom ? what ? that, if, whether, who, what, which, when, where, how .
I am sure that he is not at home now. , .
I am glad you have come. , ( ).
2. (Attributive Clauses)
, what, which ? -
-: who
(whom ), whose , , which, that , when ,
where , , why . who, whom, whose , , which , that , .
Here are the letters that I received yesterday. , .
The man whom you saw yesterday is our director. , , .
, .
This is the office we work in. , .
