. :
1. ,
-,
-es, : potato potatoes, hero heroes.
: metro metros, photo photos ..
2. , -f -fe, -es f v: a wife wives, a shelf shelves.
3. , , -es, i. : a company companies, a city cities, a duty duties. Ho: a day days, a boy boys.
: a man men, a woman women, a child children, a tooth teeth, a foot feet, a mouse mice, a goose geese, a phenomenon phenomena.
(Case)
(the Common Case) (the Possessive Case).
, , :
The secretary asks the director. .
The director asks the secretary. .
, whose.
s (-s) :
brothers name
directors things
, -s:
the engineers room, the managers letters.
. -s, , (the womens children).
. , ( ).
: Moscow University
evening school
UNIT 2
(ARTICLES)
, . , , , , : a man , a young man .
: .
1. (The Indefinite Article)
: an.
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, , an , :
a bus;
an offer.
, , .
Today I have seen a beautiful car. .
2. (The Definite Article)
the.
, , .
Where is the cable? ?
The cable is on the table. . ( , ).
. , :
1) , (the best season , the most interesting film );
2) , (the second lesson , the fifth page );
3) , (the sun , the moon , the earth ..);
4) (the Thames , the Volga ), (the Black Sea ), (the Indian Ocean );
5) (the United States , the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Crimea , the Caucasus );
6) (the Alps , the Ural Mountains ).
UNIT 3
(THE ADJECTIVE)
, , : ? ? ?
, , (a large letter , a large family , a large table ).
(a difficult problem) (This problem is difficult).
(Degrees of Comparison)
: (positive degree), (comparative degree) (superlative degree).
, -, -, -er, -ow, -er, -est:
long longer longest
large larger largest
hot hotter hottest
. 1. -, :
large larger largest.
2. , -r -est : hot hotter hottest.
3. , i -r -est: early earlier earliest. : gray grayer grayest.
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( , -1, -, -r, -ow, more ( ) most.
interesting more interesting most interesting
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
difficult more difficult most difficult
N.B. ( ):
good better best
bad worse worst
many, much more most
little, few less least
UNIT 4
(THE PRONOUN)
, , .
The story is interesting. It is interesting.
The man is very clever. He is very clever.
1. (The Personal Pronouns)
, , , .
: .
. , .
It is a textbook. It is my textbook.
The teacher is in the room. Our teacher is in the room.
2. (The Possessive Pronouns)
, , , . .
:
mine.
, , , .
, , .
? ? ?
. 1 mine
. 2 your yours
. 3 his his
. 3 her hers
. 3 its its
. 1 our ours
. 2 your yours
. 3 their theirs
3. (The Demonstrative Pronouns)
this , , these , .
that , , those , : that day , those days .
, , that those.
: The rivers of Russia are much longer than those of England. .
4. (The Interrogative Pronouns)
: who , whom , , whose , what , which . , .. . what , :
What is on the first floor of your office? ? ( ).
What do you see on the shelf? ? ( ).
who :
Who works usually on Sundays? ?
who whom :
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Whom do you want to send there? ?
whose :
Whose laboratory is this? ?
which , :
Which shop is yours? ?
5. some any (The Indefinite Pronouns).
n (The Negative Pronoun)
some -, -, :
I want to buy some interesting novels. .
Give me some pen. - .
Some .
Some , some . , .
Why did you not ask me to give you some more paper? ?
any -, -, - , , . any , .
Did you get any news from this firm? - ?
She has not any news. .
You may take any of my copies. .
no , , - :
I have no information about it. .
There are no computers in this room. .
no .
UNIT 5
. , , , .
()
anti- antimonopoly
be- belittle
- cooperation
counter- counterbalance
de- devaluation
- payment
dis- disadvantage
in- indirect
il- illegal
im- impossible
ir- irregular
en- enclose
extra- extraordinary
inter- Interaction
mis- misunderstand
out- output
over- overpay
post- postgraduate
pre- predetermine
under- underestimate
re- rewrite
sub- subdivision
super- supermarket
u1tra- ultramodern
trans- transoceanic
(pleasant , unpleasant ).
, : , , , ..
-ate to originate
-en to threaten
-ise, to advertise
-ize to organize
.
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UNIT 6
(THE ACTIVE VOICE)
1. (The Present Indefinite Tense)
The Simple Present Tense The Present Indefinite Tense .
to, 3- -s (- es).
: 1. -, -s, -sh, -ch, -, 3- -es: to go goes, to do does, to finish finishes, to discuss discusses.
2. - , 3- -es, i:
to study studies.
: to stay stays.
Present Indefinite do ( 3- does) not. : dont, doesnt.
I dont like to buy clothes myself.
Present Indefinite do (does), .
, , .
: 1) Do you read letters in the morning? Yes, I do.
2) Does your manager read letters in the morning? Yes, he does.
2. (The Past Indefinite Tense)
The Simple Past Tense The Past Indefinite Tense , , .
:
yesterday ;
the day before yesterday ;
yesterday morning (afternoon, evening) (, -);
last () ;
last week (month, year) ago (, ) ;
the other day ;
in 1969 1969 .
, , :
Did you have a nice weekend?
No, I didnt. The weather was not good and I stayed at home.
. 1) Past Indefinite .
2) Participle II.
.
Past Indefinite did not.
: The manager did not look through the mail yesterday morning.
Past Indefinite did, , 1- .
: Did he stay at home last morning?
. to be Past Indefinite was 1- 3- were 2- . .
: Was the General Director in his office yesterday?
No, he wasnt. He was in the conference room.
3. (The Future Indefinite Tense)
The Future Indefinite Tense , .
Future Indefinite Tense will to.
: We will go there by train tomorrow.
Future Indefinite will not, (will not = wont).
: We will not go there by bus tomorrow.
Future Indefinite : will .
: When willvwe see you?