6 The shop doesn't sell new books. It on\y sells old.........
a) of them b) ones c) some d) them
7 Is ............ a post office near here, please?
a) here b) it c) there d) this
8 The two girls often wear..........................clothes.
a) each other b) each other's c) themselves d) themselves'
9 Have you had enough to eat, or would you like something?
a) another b) else c) new d) other
Ex. 3. Put in some, any or no.
1. She helped me borrow... more money.
2. There is hardly... a place in this house where we can talk alone.
3.... boy at the school had ever taken a scholarship to the university.
4. It meant real hardship to my mother unless I earned... money at once.
5. My mother hoped that perhaps the school had. funds to give me a grant.
6. It was unlikely that... of the guests would take particular notice of it.
7. They understood each other without. words.
8. There isnt... boot-polish in this tin.
9. You have. fine flowers in your garden.
LISTENING
Before you listen
Discuss the following with your partner.
1. How is DNA useful to different people in different occupations?
2. Talk about: archaeologists, doctors, the police
Ex. 1. Listen to a talk. Then complete the information about DNA.
1. Each strand has about.. billion letters of coding.
2. We inherit the information from our .
3. DNA will be useful in the future for care.
4. The Y chromosome comes from our..
5. Archaeologists use DNA found in people's.
6. The police get information from DNA found at a .
WRITING
SENDING A FAX
Ex. 1. Janet Cooper wants to go to Spain on holiday with her family. She decides to fax the receptionist at the Hotel Plaza in Alicante to see if they have the accommodation she requires. Look at the information on this page, and fill in the first part of Janets fax. She will get all the information on one page. The code for Spain from the UK is 00 34.
HOTEL PLAZA
 This luxury hotel is situated on the waters edge of one of the most beautiful beaches in Spain.
For reservations and enquiries:
phone (6)527 21 56 FAX (6)527 15 02
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Ex. 2. Write out the words of Janets fax message in the correct order.
| Janet and Peter Cooper 8 Fast Lane Chesswood Herts WD5 8QR tel 01923 284908 fax 01923 285446 4 June Dear Lynette It was lovely to see... Love, Ganet |
| FAX TRANSMISSION From ________________________ To ________________________ For the attention of ________________________ Message _________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Yours faithfully Janet Couper | Page 1 of ________________________ Date ________________________ To fax no ________________________ From fax no ________________________ a) rooms hotel I to some would like reserve at your b) in 28 July We on Alicante are arriving c) ten hope stay to We for nights leaving 7 August on d) and husband like room I My double balcony a would with preferably a e) require Our a two teenage daughters twin room f) are all en-suite that We understand your bedrooms g) you this confirm Could? h) a sea view possible Is have it rooms to with? i) available if me let you Please for know have dates these rooms j) grateful if I be would also me you could tell room each price the of k) from I forward look you to hearing |
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UNIT 5
THE VARIETY OF LIFE
VOCABULARY
PLANTS AND ANIMALS. SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCE
Ex. l. Read and memorize the following words:
inhabit v , , respect 1) 2) ingest v , liquid waste , ; eliminate v .), vapour , solution male , female , responce n
Ex. 2. Translate the following international words:
cross v, absorb v, primary a, filter n, mechanism n, absolutely transport n, stimuli n, emotion n, unique a, gravity n, cybernetics,sensor n, practice n, hydrosystem n, instrument n
Ex. 3. Read the following verbs with the suffix -ize and give the Russian for them:
to organize, to specialize, to acclimatize, to fertilize, to oxidize, utilize, to parasitize, to evaporize, to hypothesize.
Ex. 4. Read and translate the words with the same root. Guess their meaning.
a vapour n nap evaporate v, evaporation n, evaporative v, evaporator n, evaporize v; evaporable a
Ex. 5. Match the pairs of synonyms from a) and b). Use a dictionary if necessary. Write them down and memorize:
a) perform v, eliminate v, evidence n, current n, observe v, assess v, elaborate v, basic a, involve v, convert v, utilized v;
b) release v, accomplish w, work out v, determine v, flow n, main a, use v, change v, include v, watch v, proof n.
Ex. 6. Match the pairs of antonyms. Use a dictionary if necessary. Write them down and memorize:
a) physical a, negative a, similar a, loss n, utilize v, liquid a, artificial a, rule n, male n, exhale v
b) inhale v, female n, exception n, mental a, natural a, solid a, waste v, positive a, gain n, different a.
Ex. 7. Read and memorize the following terms:
chlorophyll, carbohydrate, autotrophic, fungi - pl. fungus, _ hydrolysis, ammonium, urea, urine, pollen, ovule, holozoic, holophytic, saprozoic.
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Ex. 9. Read and remember the names of
a)basic life functions of organisms:
nutrition n , digestion n , excretion n , respiration n , reproduction , sensation n ;
c) senses:
touch , sight , smell , taste , hearing .
READING
TEXT
PLANTS AND ANIMALS LIFE FUNCTIONS
1. What is the basic difference between plants and animals?
More than a million different kinds of plants and animals inhabit the earth. Plants and animals differ greatly in appearance, size, shape, colour. These differences are clearly seen if you compare grasses, trees, flowers, on the one hand, and various insects, birds, fishes, men, on the other hand. The basic difference between plants and animals lies in the unit of structure and function the cell. Plant cells have a cell wall which is actually non-living in chemical nature. Animal cells do not have that. But in spite of1 the difference all living organisms are similar in many respects. Plants and animals perform several common functions. These are called life functions. One way of studying animals and:. ants is to begin with their life functions.
2. What are the main types of nutrition?
Three main types of nutrition are known for living organisms, Holozoic nutrition is demonstrated by most animals which ingest plants or other animals through a mouth or oral opening and in this way obtain he energy that they require.
Saprozoic nutrition is characteristic of those organisms that have no oral opening, but absorb liquid food directly into their cells from the environment or from some other organism which they parasitize.
Holophytic nutrition, known as photosynthesis, is demonstrated by those green plants that contain chlorophyll. These living plants have the ability to use chlorophyll in the presence of light to combine water and carbon dioxide into simple and complex carbohydrates which they utilize as food.
3. What substances accelerate the chemical reactions during the process of digestion?
Digestion is a process in living organisms where in complex food materials are converted to simpler compounds. The simplification of these compounds is accomplished by the chemical addition of water, in order for this process to occur at low temperatures, special substances called enzymes accelerate the chemical reactions. Once the simple compounds have been formed by hydrolysis, the food is oxidized (combined with oxygen) to obtain energy, and waste products are subsequently created. This oxidative process occurs within the protoplasm of the pros.
4. Are the waste products eliminated in plants and animals in the same way?
The waste products that are produced by digestion in plants are water and carbon dioxide. These are eliminated directly from the cell into the environment as water vapour and gas, respectively, without the need of special excretory organs. In addition to carbon dioxide and water, animals produce a waste known as urea which is an ammonium compound containing nitrogen. Special organs are utilized to remove this waste from the body. In complex animals such as man, urea leaves the body as urine, a form of dilute urea plus other waste salts. Although we eliminate part of the carbon dioxide and water as gas and water vapour when we exhale, other water is used in the filtering mechanism of our kidneys and is eliminated as part of the urine. Thus the process of digestion occurs in plants and animals in essentially the same manner, except that different foods may be utilized by each, and the waste are eliminated in different ways.
5. Why is respiration closely connected to digestion?
Respiration is the exchange of the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide in living organisms. This is closely related to the process of digestion, because oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is eliminated. Carbon dioxide is poisonous to animals, and therefore is a waste product. In plants carbon dioxide is needed in photosynthesis to produce food, and subsequently oxygen becomes a waste product. Both plants and animals require oxygen in the process of digestion. Animals are absolutely dependent on plants for oxygen, as well as for the basic compounds which yield the energy in the food cycles of which plants and animals are a part.
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6. What is fertilization?
Reproduction in plants and animals is similar in some respects, yet different in others. Some one-celled plants and animals reproduce simply by division of the cell so that a new organism is formed. Other plants and animals grow a bud, a group of specialized cells which eventually separate from the parent body to become a separate organism. Some plants such as ferns and fungi produce tiny specialized cells, each of which grows to be a new plant. Still other plants and animals produce specialized cells, two of which fuse one from the male organism and the other from the female to form the new individual. In both plants and animals the fusion process of these two specialized cells is called fertilization. In animals various means are used to bring these two specialized cells the male sperm and the female egg or ovum together. In plants, because they are incapable of movement from one place to another, the manner of bringing these two specialized cells together is accomplished in a variety of unique ways. The transfer of the pollen (the male cell) to the ovule (the female cell) is accomplished by wind or insects and sometimes by birds and other animals. In some cases gravity plays a part, and in aquatic plants the pollen may be carried by water currents. In any case, the transfer of the pollen is known as pollination.
7. What senses does the nervous system of animals involve?
Plants and animals respond to stimuli, although plants do not possess nervous system like that of most animals. Some evidence is available to demonstrate that plants have emotions and react negatively or positively to noise stimuli. Some plants demonstrate sleep movements wherein their leaves roll up when the temperature changes or when they are touched. In Mimosa the leaves may respond to a stimulus such touch within a few seconds. The response is not from a nervous reaction, but from a condition known as turgor, which is a loss or gain of water in certain cells.
In animals the nervous system may be most complex, involving the senses of touch, sight, smell, taste, and hearing.
COMPREHENSION
Ex. 1. Match the word and its definition making use of the text:
| Respiration | is | the process of fusion of two specialized male and female cells |
| Pollination | the exchange of the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide in living organisms. | |
| Fertilization | the transfer of the pollen. | |
| Digestion | an example of halophytic nutrition. | |
| Photosynthesis | the process of converting complex food materials into simpler compounds. |
Ex. 2. Translate the Sentences into Russian
1. Plants and animals differ greatly in appearance, size, shape, colour.
2. Photosynthesis, is demonstrated by those green plants that contain chlorophyll.
3. The waste products that are produced by digestion in plants are water and carbon dioxide.
4. Both plants and animals require oxygen in the process of digestion.
5. Reproduction in plants and animals is similar in some respects, yet different in others.
6. In animals the nervous system may be most complex, involving the senses of touch, sight, smell, taste, and hearing.
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Ex. 3. Find the key sentence in each paragraph of the text.
Ex. 4.State the general idea of each part.
GRAMMAR
Ex. 1. Complete the tables and mark the stress on each word. Guess the noun formed from them.
| Verb | Noun |
| educate improve jog govern spell hesitate arrange |
| Adjective | Noun |
| stupid dark weak similar punctual sad popular |
Ex. 2. Write an adjective (or adjectives) formed from these nouns or verbs.
| danger cWpuos | care | |||||
| attract | thought | |||||
| create | politics | |||||
| cloud | enjoy | |||||
| suit | pain |
Ex. 3. How many of these words can form opposites with the suffix -less?
| wonderful | useful | careful | beautiful | awful |
LISTENING
Listen to the discussion between a teacher and some students about extinction. Then listen again and fill in the gaps in the sentences.
1. The Tasmanian tiger looked like a dog with a.. head.
2. It was called a tiger because it had on ...... its body.
3. The................. who arrived in Tasmania killed it.
4. The Tasmanian tiger was a very animal.
5. The last one died in................ - in a zoo.
6. The Tasmanian tiger was declared extinct in.
WRITING
You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen friend, Ben.
Ive just been to the zoo. What lovely animals are there! Bears, tigers and even sharks! When I look at them in the zoo I can hardly imagine that they could be dangerous or eat other animals
What do you think is better for animals to live in the zoo or in the wild, why? What animals are common in your region? Have you ever seen any animal in the wild?
Write him a letter and answer his 3 questions.
Write 100120 words. Remember the rules of letter writing.
UNIT 6
EVOLUTION
VOCABULARY
Ex. 1. Memorize the following words:
care v 1), (), () offer convince v relate v -. be related to , float v , descend v descendant n rule v , gradual a heredity n afford , , raise v , transmit v breed (bred, bred) v , origin n evidence n put forward v (, ) to cope with v -. to admit v , .
Ex. 2. Read and translate the following international words. Mind the part of speech:
naturalist n, experiment n, post n, career n, scorpion n, amphibian n, reptile n, argument n, climate] n, race n, 'tendency n, universal a, critical, academy n, expedition n, colleague n, alpine a, plateau n, sensational a, 'tropical a, subtropical a, relief n
Ex. 3. Translate the following a) words with the same root, b) word combinations, c) sentences:
a) nature n, natural a, unnatural a, naturally adv, naturalist n, naturalize v;
b) wild nature, human nature, the forces of nature, the balance of nature, the nature of things, a return to nature, nature conservation, a young naturalists station;
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natural
) 1. It is interesting to watch animals living in their natural state. 2. It is natural for a bird to fly. 3. Ch. Darwin developed the theory of evolution and natural selection. 4. Young Darwin liked to read books of the great naturalists. 5. Gerald Durrell is a well-known English naturalist and writer. 6. Her hair curls naturally. 7. She speaks and behaves naturally. 8. He laughs unnaturally. 9. Naturalize means acclimatize an animal or plant into another (part of a) country. 10. There are many young naturalists stations in our republic.
Ex.4. Form the nouns from the following verbs according to the model. Translate the derivatives:
Model: inform + -ation -
select v , distribute v , attract v , preserve v , found , contribute v , describe v , represent v , adapt v , produce v , explain v .
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Ex.5. Match the pairs of synonyms from a) and b). Use a dictionary if necessary. Write them down and memorize.
a) evolution n, species n, environment n, trait n, heredity n, origin n, descends, afford v, raise v, rule v, graduate v, cause v, influence v, naturalize v, collect v, transmit v, develop v, put forward v;
b) descent n, inheritance n, surrounding n, development n, kind n, strain n, rear, to be able v, govern v, induce v, affect v, hand down v, gather v, acclimatize v, bring forward v, originate v, finish v, evolve v.
READING
TEXT
CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882)
Charles Darwin was one of the most influential and prolific scientists of the nineteenth century. He has been written about so extensively by twentieth-century historians that a "Darwin industry" of secondary literature has arisen. His grandfather was the celebrated author Erasmus and his father Robert practised medicine very successfully in Shrewsbury. Darwin also studied medicine at Edinburgh from 1825-27, but finding his studies uncongenial, transferred to Cambridge to train as a clergyman. Adam Sedgwick and John Henslow (who suggested the Beagle Voyage) were early scientific influences on Darwin. To the dismay of his father, many of Darwin's activities at Cambridge clearly fell into the category of extra-curricular, including rat-catching, shooting, and beetle collecting: "I will give a proof of my zeal: one day, on tearing off some old bark, I saw two rare beetles and seized one in each hand; then I saw a third and new kind, which I could not bear to lose, so that I popped the one which I held in my right hand into my mouth. Alas it ejected some intensely acrid fluid, which burnt my tongue so that I was forced to spit the beetle out, which was lost, as well as the third one".
Darwin served as a naturalist aboard H.M.S. Beaglefrom 1831-36, visiting South America and the Pacific islands. Darwin collected specimens and observed variations in related species of birds and animals. He read the first edition of Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology on the voyage and became convinced of the immensity of geologic time, a time period which would allow natural selection to take place. Upon his return, he married his cousin Emma Wedgwood and published several volumes describing the scientific findings of the Beagle voyage, including The Zoology of the Voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle (1839-43), Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Countries Visited by H.M.S. Beagle (1839), Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands Visited During the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, Together With Some Brief Notices of the Geology of Australia and the Cape of Good Hope (1844), and Geological Observations on South America (1846). Darwin also advanced his original theory of the structure and distribution of Coral Reefs (1842), arguing that atolls developed by the deposition of polyp skeletons on gradually subsiding underlying strata, rather than on submerged volcanic craters at a fixed depth, as Lyell had proposed. He then spent eight years classifying the subclass Cirripedia, or the barnacles. At this time, Darwin began to suffer from the mysterious recurrent illnessperhaps Chagas' disease, hypochondria, overwork, or a neurological disorderwhich forced him into a reclusive life at Downe in Kent. He eventually sought relief in hydrotherapathy.
Through observation of the similarities between extinct and related living species in South America, Darwin began to question the orthodox position that species had remained unchanged since first placed on earth by God. In 1837, Darwin started the first of a series of Transmutation Notebooks on the species question which later evolved into the 1842 and 1844 drafts of an essay which Darwin called "my big book" on species, later to be rewritten as The Origin of Species, with the first two chapters eventually forming The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Variation (1868). Darwin's reading of Thomas Malthus's Essay on Population demonstrated to him that population growth would always outstrip food supply, inevitably resulting in competition for limited resources. Those individuals possessing the traits, produced by random variation, which best allowed the organism to survive would pass these traits to their offspring, ensuring the survival of these traits and thereby slowly modifying the species to the extent that intermediate varieties would supplant or exterminate the parent type. For this process, Darwin adopted Herbert Spencer's phrase "survival of the fittest," although the fit should not be seen as qualitatively "better" than other individuals, but simply as those which are naturally selected by the environment to leave more offspring. As Robert Young has shown, Darwin was led to the idea of natural selection by the example of artificial selection of domestic animals in which breeders selected animals for specific desirable traits. In Darwin's scheme, nature simply acts as an unconscious and more perfect selector. Darwin investigated artificial selection in his The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication (1868); he also bred pigeons himself, joined breeding societies, and like his cousin Francis Galton, circulated questionnaires to plant and animal breeders.
In 1858, the English naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace sent Darwin an essay from Malaysia entitled "On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type" (see the Wallace selections below). Darwin immediately recognized his own views on species transmutation in Wallace's work. Subsequently, Joseph Hooker and Charles Lyell arranged a meeting of the Linnean society at which Wallace's and Darwin's ideas were jointly presented. A year later, Darwin published his Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. The book sold out instantly and at the 1860 Oxford meeting of the BAAS, Thomas Huxley defended Darwin's views against Bishop Samuel Wilberforce and the theologians who were shocked by the implication (not stated by Darwin) that man and apes shared a common origin and that Paley's natural theology with its purposeful creator was no longer tenable. Darwin eventually applied his evolutionary views to mankind in The Descent of Man (1871), stating clearly that man had evolved from lower life forms. It must be pointed out that Darwin had no clear conception of how characters were transmitted from parent to offspring, as knowledge of genetic inheritance had to wait until the twentieth century with the rediscovery of the work of Gregor Mendel. By 1900, Darwin's theories were being disputed from a number of quarters and his pangenesis theory of blending inheritance had to be abandoned in the twentieth century in favour of particulate inheritance by genes.
Darwin's Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex introduced the concept of sexual selectionan intra-species mechanism operating between males and femaleswhich like natural selection modified species over time and produced sexual dimorphism, to the extent, as Darwin points out, that sometimes males and females of the same species had been assigned to different genera by various naturalists. The topic of sexual selection has recently been of great interest, and Nancy Etcoff's Survival of the Prettiest (1999) provides a bibliography of scientific and popular writings on the evolutionary role of beauty and the factors believed to be involved in mate selection in humans and animals, Carl Jay Bajema has in addition compiled an anthology of pre-1900 essays on Evolution by Sexual Selection Theory Prior to 1900 (1984) which supplements Bernard Campbell's edition of modern essays entitled Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man, 18711971 (l972).
