Ex. 3. Match the pairs of synonyms:
a) despite adv, variation n, destroy v, sanctuary n, ensure v, decrease v, waste v, devour v, protection n, to violate a law, upset v.
b) squander v, reduce v, eat v, change n, devastate v, in spite of adv, to break a law, preserve n, provide v, defence n, disturb v.
Ex. 4. Match the pairs of antonyms:
a) significant a, compatible a, pure a, permissible a, valuable a, appear v, to preserve natural balance;
b) invaluable a, impermissible a, disappear v, impure a, to upset natural balance, insignificant a, incompatible a.
Ex. 5. Read the following phrases. Mind the stress and the rhythm. Translate the phrases into Russian:
a) 'qualitative 'changes, biological requirements, untouched by civilization, 'tropical 'rain 'forests, 'climate variations, to up'set the 'balance, the 'principles of 'using 'nature, the 'capitalist relations of production, a 'nongovernmental organization, 'rational utilization of 'natural recourses;
b) to disappear from the 'face of the 'earth, to 'save from extinction, the 'natural preserve 'staff, the 'course of the environmental protection, to 'run the 'forestry;
Ex. 6. Read the definitions of the following notions. Learn them by heart, be able to use them in a talk.
6. Environment. The active items of the surroundings of an organism that affect the organism. Factors in the environment include temperature, humidity, the presence of other organizes and the presence of physical objects; all these can have an effect on the behavior and existence of the organism.
7. Ecology is the study of the relationship of plants and animals to their surroundings; the plants and animals are mainly considered in communities, and all surroundings, both inanimate and animate, are included in the study.
8. Pollution. The process of making an environment unhealthy or impure.
9. Pollution. The presence in soil, water or air of substances harmful to health, or objectionable to human beings or animals.
10. Contamination. The presence in any substance (particularly food or water) of causative agents of disease.
READING
TEXT
POLLUTION OF THE ENVIROMENT
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. It can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants.
Pollution started from prehistoric times when man created the first fires. It became a popular issue after World War II, due to radioactive fallout from atomic warfare and testing.
Growing evidence of local and global pollution and an increasingly informed public over time have given rise to environmentalism and the environmental movement, which generally seek to limit human impact on the environment.
|
|
|
Forms of pollution
The major forms of pollution are listed below along with the particular contaminant relevant to each of them:
Air pollution is the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight.
Light pollution includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference.
Littering is the criminal throwing of inappropriate man-made objects, unremoved, onto public and private properties.
Noise pollution encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar.
Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground leakage. Among the most significant soil contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals, herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Radioactive contamination, resulting from 20th century activities in atomic physics, such as nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons research, manufacture and deployment.
Thermal pollution is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence, such as use of water as coolant in a power plant.
Visual pollution can refer to the presence of overhead power lines, motorway billboards, open storage of trash, municipal solid waste or space debris.
Water pollution, by the discharge of wastewater from commercial and industrial waste into surface waters; discharges of untreated domestic sewage, and chemical contaminants, such as chlorine, from treated sewage; release of waste and contaminants into surface runoff flowing to surface waters (including urban runoff and agricultural runoff, which may contain chemical fertilizers and pesticides); waste disposal and leaching into groundwater; eutrophication and littering.
Sources and causes
A pollutant is a waste material that pollutes air, water or soil. Three factors determine the severity of a pollutant: its chemical nature, the concentration and the persistence.
Air pollution produced by ships may alter clouds, affecting global temperatures.
Air pollution comes from both natural and human-made (anthropogenic) sources. However, globally human-made pollutants from combustion, construction, mining, agriculture and warfare are increasingly significant in the air pollution equation.
Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution. China, United States, Russia, India Mexico, and Japan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions. Principal stationary pollution sources include chemical plants, coal-fired power plants, oil refineries, petrochemical plants, nuclear waste disposal activity, large livestock farms (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc.), factories, metals production factories, plastics factories, and other heavy industry. Agricultural air pollution comes from contemporary practices which include clear felling and burning of natural vegetation as well as spraying of pesticides and herbicides.
About 400 million metric tons of hazardous wastes are generated each year.
Some of the more common soil contaminants are chlorinated hydrocarbons, heavy metals (such as chromium, cadmiumfound in rechargeable batteries, and leadfound in lead paint, aviation fuel and still in some countries, gasoline), zinc, arsenic and benzene.
|
|
|
Pollution can also be the consequence of a natural disaster. For example, hurricanes often involve water contamination from sewage, and petrochemical spills from ruptured boats or automobiles. Larger scale and environmental damage is not uncommon when coastal oil rigs or refineries are involved. Some sources of pollution, such as nuclear power plants or oil tankers, can produce widespread and potentially hazardous releases when accidents occur.
In the case of noise pollution the dominant source class is the motor vehicle, producing about ninety percent of all unwanted noise worldwide.
Effects
Adverse air quality can kill many organisms including humans. Ozone pollution can cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, throat inflammation, chest pain, and congestion. Water pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths per day, mostly due to contamination of drinking water by untreated sewage in developing countries.
Oil spills can cause skin irritations and rashes. Noise pollution induces hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress, and sleep disturbance. Mercury has been linked to developmental deficits in children and neurologic symptoms. Older people are majorly exposed to diseases induced by air pollution. Those with heart or lung disorders are at additional risk. Lead and other heavy metals have been shown to cause neurological problems. Chemical and radioactive substances can cause cancer and as well as birth defects.
Pollution has been found to be present widely in the environment. There are a number of effects of this:
Biomagnifications describes situations where toxins (such as heavy metals) may pass through trophic levels, becoming exponentially more concentrated in the process.
Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO2 becomes dissolved.
The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming which affects ecosystems in many ways.
Invasive species can out compete native species and reduce biodiversity. Invasive plants can contribute debris and biomolecules that can alter soil and chemical compositions of an environment, often reducing native species competitiveness.
Nitrogen oxides are removed from the air by rain and fertilize land which can change the species composition of ecosystems.
Smog and haze can reduce the amount of sunlight received by plants to carry out photosynthesis and leads to the production of tropospheric ozone which damages plants.
Soil can become infertile and unsuitable for plants. This will affect other organisms in the food web.
Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can cause acid rain which lowers the pH value of soil.
Pollution control
To protect the environment from the adverse effects of pollution, many nations worldwide have enacted legislation to regulate various types of pollution as well as to mitigate the adverse effects of pollution.
Pollution control is a term used in environmental management. It means the control of emissions and effluents into air, water or soil. Without pollution control, the waste products from consumption, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other human activities, whether they accumulate or disperse, will degrade the environment. In the hierarchy of controls, pollution prevention and waste minimization are more desirable than pollution control. In the field of land development, low impact development is a similar technique for the prevention of urban runoff.
Practices
recycling
reusing
waste minimization
mitigating
preventing
compost
Ex. 1. Translate the Sentences into Russian.
1. The problem of urban sprawl is caused by growing cities.
2. As a result, animals are loosing their habitats.
3. Tigers are in danger because hunters kill them in order to sell their skins.
|
|
|
4. Governments should introduce harsher punishments for illegal hunters.
5. We are going to the country by pleasure boat.
6. Pollution is damaging our environment.
7. Industrial waste is polluting our seas.
8. To make a long story short. I should like the consult you.
9. The present and the past are closely interrelated.
10. It`s a chain reaction.
SPEAKING
Ex. 1. Discuss what the problems are and how they can be solved.
Problems: oil slicks, noise, smog, congestion, gas emissions, acid rain, careless disposal of waste, unpleasant smells, unnecessary packaging, dumping oil/toxic waste, etc
Solutions: coastguard surveillance, radar systems, filters, fines, laws on use of horns, catalytic converters, unleaded petrol, better public transport, ban on careless disposal of rubbish, biodegradable packaging, improved waste disposal systems, etc
Model: One of the problems caused by cars is noise. This can be avoided if laws on the use of horns are enforced, and exhaust pipes are in good condition.
Ex. 2. Match the words in the list with the nouns. Use each word only once. Which of the collocations are used to describe threats to the environment? Which describe possible ways to solve environmental problems?
Acid, greenhouse, factory, nuclear, oil, breeding, conservation, environmental, forest, endangered, national, thick.
1. .. species
2. .. rain
3. .. emissions
4. .. awareness
5. .. parks
6. .. waste
7. .. programmes
8. .. areas
9. .. smog
10. .. spills
11. .. fires
12. .. gases
Ex. 3. Read the table, then in pairs discuss the problems, their effects and their solutions as in the example:
| Problems | Effects | Solutions |
| litter/rubbish | dirty streets, spread of diseases | encourage recycling, use litter bins |
| air pollution | breathing problems, cancer risk | unleaded petrol, filters in factories, ban cars from city centers |
| water pollution | fish die, stomach illnesses | limit use of chemicals in industry, fine factories which pollute seas/rivers |
Model: A: Dropping litter can result in dirty streets.
B: That's true. I think we should use litter bins instead of dropping litter carelessly. etc.
Ex. 4. Recommend measures to be to prevent environmental pollution.
GRAMMAR
Ex. 1. In this exercise you have to explain what some words mean. Choose the right meaning and then write a sentence with who. Use a dictionary if necessary.
he/she steals from a shop
he/she designs buildings
he/she doesn't believe in God
he/she is not brave
he/she buys something from a shop
he/she pays rent to live in a house or flat
he/she breaks into a house to steal things
he/she no longer works and gets money from the state
1. (an architect) _Architect is someone who designs buildings._
2. (a burglar) _A burglar is someone ---.
3. (a customer) ---.
4. (a shoplifter) ---.
5. (a coward) ---.
6. (an atheist) ---.
7. (a pensioner) ---.
8. (a tenant) ---.
Ex. 2. Make one sentence from two. Use who/that/which.
1. A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital.
The girl who was injured in the accident is now in hospital.
2. A man answered the phone. He told me you were away.
3. A waitress served us. She was very impolite and impatient.
4. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.
5. Some people were arrested. They have now been released.
6. A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour.
Ex. 3. Complete each sentence using who/whom/whose/where.
1. What's the name of the man _who_ car you borrowed?
2. A cemetery is a place --- people are buried.
|
|
|
3. A pacifist is a person --- believes that all wars are wrong.
4. An orphan is a child --- parents are dead.
5. The place --- we spent our holidays was really beautiful.
6. This school is only for children --- first language is not English.
7. 1 don't know the name of the woman to --- I spoke on the phone.
Ex. 4. Make two sentences from one using a relative clause. Use the sentence in brackets to make the relative clause.
1. Mr. Carter is very interested in our plan. (I spoke to him on the phone last night.)
Mr. Carter, to whom I spoke on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan.
2. This is a photograph of our friends. (We went on holiday with these friends.)
This is a photograph
3. The wedding took place last Friday. (Only members of the family were invited to it.)
The wedding
4. Sheila finally arrived. (We had been waiting for her.)
5. We climbed to the top of the tower. (We had a beautiful view from there.)
LISTENING
Listen to part of a TV programme about climate change. Then decide if the following statements are true or false.
1. The report suggests there are reasons for hope as well as worry
2. In the past, ice ages and droughts killed off all life
3. Temperatures are rising at five degrees every century
4. Some plants and animals move as climates become warmer
5. There are mountain animals that will die if temperatures rise
WRITING
You have received a letter from your Englishspeaking pen friend, Ben.
I live in the centre of the city. But Ive always dreamed about living in the country.
Where do you live: in the city or in the country? What are the best things about living in your place? Where would you like to live, why?
Write him a letter and answer his 3 questions.
Write 100120 words. Remember the rules of letter writing.
|
APPENDIX
COMPONENTS OF A LETTER
1. Senders address
2. Date
3. Receivers name, title and address
4. Salutation
5. Body of letter
6. Complimentary close
7. Signature
8. Name and title of the sender
9. Enclosure
95 New Edition Road
Cambridge CB2 2 RU
United Kingdom
7 May, 2005
Dr. Boris N. Ivanov
Department of Physics
Rostov State University
5 Zoige St.
Rostov-on-Don,
RUSSIA
Dear Dr. Ivanov,
The opening paragraph should arise the readers interest in the subject of the letter. State the purpose of your letter.
Put each separate idea in a separate paragraph.
Letters have to be typed or word-processed accurately with a smart, clear layout.
Yours sincerely,
(sign here)
Should be printed or written accurately
(if you are noting that you have enclosed something else with your letter)
We can write contractions (Ive, were, Ill) in an informal letter, but not in a formal one.
All letters begin with Dear...
You can end an informal letter with Best wishes or Love.
Here are some useful phrases for informal letters:
Beginning
It was lovely to hear from you. I was pleased to hear that...
Thank you for your letter: / was sorry to hear that...
Im sorry I havent, written before, but...
This is just a note to say...
Giving news
Were having a lovely time in...
Ive been very busy recently. Last week I... and next week Im going to...
Ending
Im looking forward to seeing you...I to hearing from you soon.
Give my regards to Robert...
Write to me soon...
I hope to hear from you soon...
Write and tell me when
SUMMARY OF THE TEXT
, , .
() - .
, .
- , :
1 , ;
2 , , ;
3 ;
4 ;
5 ;
6 ().
Vocabulary to be used in discussing a scientific publication
Learn the following words and word-combinations used for retelling of the text and its summarizing
I
1) - the present paper;
2) - the theme (subject-matter);
3) - the main (major) problem;
4) - the purpose;
|
|
|
5) - the basic principle;
6) , - problems relating to; problems of;
7) - similarly; likewise;
8) , - hence; therefore;
9) - on the contrary;
10) - nevertheless; still; yet;
11) - besides; also; again; in addition; furthermore;
12) - at first;
13) , - next; further; then;
14) , finally;
15) - in short; in brief.
II
:
1 The object (purpose) of this paper is to present (to discuss, to describe, to show, to develop, to give)
2 The paper (article) puts forward the idea (attempts to determine)
, :
1 The paper (article) discusses some problems relating to (deals with some aspects of, considers the problem of, presents the basic theory, provides information on, reviews the basic principles of)
2 The paper (article) is concerned with (is devoted to)
:
1 The paper (article) begins with a short discussion on (deals firstly with the problem of)
2 The first paragraph deals with
3 First (At first, At the beginning) the author points out that (notes that, describes)
:
1 Then follows a discussion on
2 Then the author goes on to the problem of
3 The next (following) paragraph deals with (presents, discusses, describes)
4 After discussing the author turns to
5 Next (Further, Then) the author tries to (indicates that, explains that)
6 It must be emphasized that (should be noted that, is evident that, is clear that, is interesting to note that)
:
1 The final paragraph states (describes, ends with)
2 The conclusion is that the problem is
3 The author concludes that (summarizes the)
4 To sum up (To summarize, To conclude) the author emphasizes (points out, admits) that
5 Finally (In the end) the author admits (emphasizes) that
:
In my opinion (To my mind, I think)
The paper (article) is interesting (not interesting), of importance (of little importance), valuable (invaluable), up-to-date (out-of-date), useful (useless)
Ex. 1. Make a summary of any article you are interested in using the summarizing algorithm
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
INTRODUCTORY LESSON
1.
1.
Do you work? - Yes, I do.
Does he live here? - No, he doesn't.
Are you a student? - Yes, I am.
Is she reading? - No, she isn't.
Has he written the letter? - Yes, he has.
Was the letter written yesterday? - Yes, it was.
2.
Where does she live? - She lives in Moscow.
What is he writing? - He's writing a letter.
When was the letter written? - It was written yesterday.
Who is he? - He is Mr. Smith.
Which book was read? - Mine.
3. -
Isn't she at home now? - No, she isn't.
Can't they write this letter? - Yes, they can.
Haven't you seen this film? - No, I haven't.
Why won't they help him? - They don't want to.
4.
He works much, doesn't he? - Yes, he does.
She is a student, isn't she? - No, she isn't.
She can read, can't she? - Yes, she can.
He hasn't done it, has he? - No, he hasn't.
He will go there, won't he? - Yes, he will.
He didn't live here, did he? - No, he didn't.
He must stay here, mustn't he? - Yes, he must.
5.
Are you married or single? - I am single.
Does she speak French or English? - She speaks English.
Must he go or stay here? - He must go.
Was he a student or a teacher? - He was a
2.
, , , , .
. :
1) ;
2) , ;
3) .
, , -
, , .
April
constitution
delegation
democracy
expedition
fact
geography
January
magnet
Mathematics
, . , , , , :
champion (of peace) 1) , ;
2) , ();
commission 1) , ;
2) , ;
individual 1) ;
2) , ;
progressive 1) ;
2) ;
public 1) ;
2) , , ;
social 1) ;
2) ;
character 1) ;
2) , ;
3) , __________;
visit 1) ;
2) .
, :
delicate , ,
data ,
brilliant , ,
novel ,
fabric , ,
pretend , , .
UNIT 1
(THE NOUN)
, , , , , , .. , ? ? (who is this? what is this?). :
a manager , a storm , rain , pain , time ..
:
) : The offer is on the table. .
) : I am a student. .
) : I see an office. .
) : My secretarys things. .
An iron gate. .
) , , ..:
I work at the institute. .
goes to the institute in the morning. .
I have read this letter with pleasure. .
(Number)
, , : .
1. -s. : a book books, an offer offers, a manager managers.
2. s, ss, ch, sh, x, -es: a box boxes, a match matches, a telex telexes.
