.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


ә ұ. 1 . Қ ң қ ө ң ә




1 . Қ ң қ ө ң ә

Ә: қ құғң ө 0,5 қ 1 құғ қ ғ . қ әқ 5 0,3%, 0,45%, 0,65%, 0,85% құғ 4 ғ (қ ).

Қғ қ 500 5 ө ұ. ң ғ қ 0,02 ө қ ң (ң ә ). 10 - 15 ө ң қ ә ә ғ ң ққ . ғ , ұ .

ә ң ө
  0,3% 0,45% 0,65% 0,85%
1. қ ++ + - -
2. ә +++ ++ + -

: ң ққ + ң әү .

 

2 . Қ ң қ ә ә ә ң

Ә: 5 ү 5 - құ ә ғ ә ө құ:

 

1-ү (қ) 2 ү 3 ү 4 ү 5 ү
5 + 0,02 қ 5 + 0,5 30% 22 + 0,02 қ 5 + ү ғ ұқ + 0,02 қ 5 + 0,5 0,1N HCl + 0,02 қ 5 0,5% NaCl   + 0,02 қ
қ

: 2-5 ү ң ә 1 ү ң қғ үң

 

3 . Қ қ ң қ ә .( ө)

Ә: қ құғң ө қ 1 құғ ғ . ғ , 370 5 10 ө ұ. қ ә ғ ғ , - .

ғ ң қ қ, ң ө қ , ң ү.

,

ң қ ұ ң құ қң қ ң ә ұ

Cell injury is cellular structure and function damages which persists after the removal of the damaging agent

, , , , , . .

қ ү қ қ, , , ұ ң қ ө ұқ ққ.

Glycocalyx is thin cell cover, formed by glycoproteins and glycolipids functioning as charged molecular sieve. Destruction of Glycocalyx leads to decrease in resistance to cell injury.

: G0 G1 S G2 M

G0 - ; G1- , ; S - ; G2 - , , M . - .

 

ң ң: G0 G1 S G2 M

G0 - ң қ ғ; G1- ң, қ ң; S ; G2 ғ ң, ғ қ ң, M . ң әү қғ ң әү ғ .

Cell cycle.: G 0 (gap 0) phase - resting phase, G1 - is the preparation for DNA synthesis, S (synthetic) phase - is DNA synthesis, G2 ph. preparation for mitosis, M - mitosis

 

ң қ қ ққ қ қ ә

Acute cell injury occurs when pathogenic agents are intensive, their action is of short duration

,

ң қ ққ қ ұқ қ ә .

Chronic cell injury occurs when pathogenic agents are less intensive but their action is prolonged

 

() - .

ң қ () ң қ ң ә қ

Direct (primary) cell injury is due to direct effects of etiological factors

() - , -

ң қ қ () қң қ ң ә .

Indirect (secondary) cell injury is the result of the primary injury. It is due to mediators of damage.

 

, , , ..

ң ү қ ң өң қ, ә қ , өң құ қ қ

Partial damage occurs when there is injury to a part of the cell, as a rule, it is reversible, ie. cell recovers its structure and function

Total damage is irreversible.

( ; )

қң қ ө - қ ң ә ( ; ғғ әң қ) .

Specific lesions are due to specific action of the etiologic factor (cyanide inactivates cytochrome

oxidase in mitochondria, high temperature leads to protein coagulation).

( , , , , , , , ).

ң ө ң қ ( өң ғ, ң ң өң, ү ң, ң ұ, қ қ қң ә ң қ құң, қ ң ұ, ) қ.

Nonspecific lesions are present in every injured cell (increased membrane

permeability, inhibition of enzyme activity, inhibition of membrane pumps, ionic imbalance,

disorders of energy supply, intracellular acidosis)

, ,

: (, ) ( )

- ң қ қ, қ ң қ ә үң, ң ү әң ә : ң қ (, ұ ) ә әң (қ ).

Necrosis is irreversible damage to cells, due to the action of pathogenic agents, is the result of destructive enzyme activity with the development of two competing processes: the enzymatic digestion of the cell (colliquation (liquefaction) necrosis) and protein denaturation (coagulation necrosis)

- , : , , , .

ң қ ө: ң ұңғ, , ұң , ғ әү ғң ң ғ.

Paranecrosis is notable, but reversible changes in the cell: cytoplasm clouding and vacuolization, the the appearance of coarse sediments, increased permeability for different dyes.

- ( necros - bios - ); , . , .

- ө ө ғғ (necros ө ә bios - ); ң ө ә ө. ң ғ ғ ң ә ң қ ғ қ ү.

Necrobiosis is the state "between life and death" (from necros - dead and bios - live), changes in the cell prior to its death. Necrobiotic cell may return to its original state after elimination of the reasons that caused necrobiosis.

 

- , .

ң - ғғ қң қғ .

Apoptosis is genetically programmed cell death; controlled process of cellular self-destruction.

() - , ,

қ (қ) ң қ , қғ, ң ң .

Apoptotic bodies are extracellular fragments of the nucleus, surrounded by membranes. They are the results of apoptotic destruction of cells

1) . (Fas, TNF-RI, TNF-RII, DR-3, DR-5 .)

ң . Ө ө қ.

Receptor mechanism of apoptosis realization. Is carried out with the help of " receptors of death (Fas, TNF-RI, TNF-RII, DR-3, DR-5, etc.)

 

2) . (Cyt ), (AIF) 3

3) ң . ң ғ ө ғ (AIF) ғ (Cyt ), ә ү ә 3 .

Mitochondrial mechanism of apoptosis is due to increase in permeability of mitochondrial membranes and release of cytochrome C, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and other proapoptotic proteins into the cytoplasm with further activation of caspase 3.

4) 53- . p53 (Bax, Fas- , DR-5 .)

5) ң 53ң . 53-ә (Bax, Fas- , DR-5 ә ..) ң ә.

53-mediated mechanism of apoptosis. Protein p53 induces the transcription of apoptogenic factors (Bax, Fas-receptor, DR-5, etc.)

6) - . -, , , - , 3.

7) ң - . ө ғ- ә, қ құ, қ ң ө - 3 .

Perforin-granzyme mechanism of apoptosis. Characteristic of T-killer cells that release perforin. Perforin forms channels in the cytoplasmic cell membranes through which the cell receives secreted by T-killers granzymes - proteolytic enzymes that activate caspase 3.

() - . ,

- ,

ң () қ ғ - ң ғ.

қ қ қ

ғқ ң ң ғ.

LP Lipid peroxidation is free-radical oxidation.

Free radicals are chemical agents with single unpaired electron in an outer orbital.
Oxidative stress is a condition of cells characterized by excess of oxygen radicals

 

( , 2, 2, , Fe, Cu)

ң қ ғ ү ( , 2, 2, ә өң , ө ұ Fe, Cu).

Prooxidants are activators of lipid peroxidation (vitamin D, NADPH2, NADH2, products of prostaglandins and catecholamines metabolism, variable-valence metals - Fe, Cu)

, ( - , , , . , Q, . , SH-: , ,; - , , , )

, ққ ( - , , , . , Q, . ,SH-ң ә ғ: , ,; ө ұ ң - , , , )

Antioxidants are inhibitors of lipid peroxidation, the "trap" of free radicals (superoxide dismutase - SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, vit. E, coenzyme Q, vit. C; proteins containing SH-groups: glutathione, cysteine​​, hellatory metal ions with variable valence - ceruloplasmin, ferritin, transferrin, metallothioneins)

- : 5 - 9, .

ғ ң : 5 - 9, ң қ.

Membane attack complex is a complex of activated complement components: C5 - C9, forming channels in the cell membrane.

- , , , , .

қ ә - ң қ ө қ , ә ә ә қғ, ң ғ ө ғ, ғ ұғ .

induction of heat shock proteins (refolding of denaturated polypeptides, intracellular house-keeping,)

Heat shock proteins are multifunctional cellular regulators, which are synthesized by cells damaged in any way. They protect cytoplasm and nucleus proteins from aggregation and denaturation (refolding of denaturated polypeptides), increase the resistance of cells to necrosis, remove denatured proteins, they tag irretrievably denaturated proteins and thereby target them for catabolism by proteosomes.

, , SH- . Zn Cu, .

ң ғ қ ө ә, SH- ғ ғ қ. Zn Cu , ң ә ә ғқ қғ.

Metallothionein is a family of cystein-rich proteins. They have the capacity to bind heavy metals through the SH- groups. They are involved in regulation of physiological metals (Zn and Cu) and provide protection against metal toxicity and oxidative stress.

 

Ә:

:

1. Ә.ұұұ. . ; ʳ, 2007. . 293-311.

2. // . .., .. .. : - , 2010., 1, . 145-196

3. .. : . .: , 2009. - . 43-60.

4. . . // .. . : -. 2008. . 22-25

5. : / .. ... 2- . .: -, 2004. . 136-162

6. : : . . ... : ʳ, 2004. . 33-42.

7. қ қ // Қ ғ ..ө, ғ .., .. .: , ҚҰ, 2007.- . 63 81

Қ

8. / .., .., .., .., ... .: -, 2002. . 16-48.

9. .. : . .: , 2007. - . 43-60.

10. : . / .. .. .-: .-, 2006, . 66-89.

11. .. : : 2 . .: -, 2003. . 1. . 89-140.

12. .. // // .. .. . .: . 1998. . 41 104.

 

Қ

. қң: қ қ // Қ ғ ..ө, ғ .., .. .: - , ҚҰ, 2007.- . 63- 81

Ө





:


: 2017-02-11; !; : 780 |


:

:

- , .
==> ...

1863 - | 1651 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.058 .