In the cinema there is anti-tax propaganda. In the foyer or on the screen you will see a notice which informs the patrons that while there is one penny of tax on a Is. 6 d. Seat in the cinema. This is obviously, overdoing taxation. In places a heavy burden on the cinema industry and it is becoming increasingly difficult for the cinemas to meet it. It looks as though the high point of cinema attraction has been passed. At any rate there is a considerable falling off in patronage of many of them, and with the coming of television this decline may be more marked. In such a situation it is quite natural that there should be a protest against what is considered a discriminatory tax. The history of film-making in Britain has been a deplorable series of makeshifts and ruinous speculation. On many occasion I have suggested a conference of all concerned in the industry, Producers, Exhibitors, Technicians and other Unions, for the purpose of working out an all-over plan for putting the industry on its feet keeping it there. But it was never possible to them to come together. I would suggest then, all sections of the industry should be brought together for a conference to work out plans for ensuring the fullest development of production, distribution and exhibition of British films, and to take the necessary measures to ensure that a real cut in the entertainment tax is effected. I hope you and those associated with the industry will give serious consideration to this proposal
қ 3. ә ү
қ қ: ә ұ
қ :
1. ә ұ
Ә ұққ:
ү ә ұқ ү қ ғ . ә ұ . ә ү өң ғ ү ө қ, ң қ ғ .
ә:
1... ң . :-2011.
2. .. . -. . 2012 288 .
DARTMOOR
One day I got a letter from a prisoner. Such letters were not uncommon. My interest in prisoners was well known, and many prisoners, when they wanted to let off steam, wrote to me and gave me the sum of their complaints. These I always took up, sometimes with good results. But this particular prisoner was so very urgent in his request that I went to see him. He wanted advice and he wanted help. I applied for, and received, a visiting order from the Home Office and made my way down what had been my enforced residence for quite a spell twenty-odd years before. The prisoner was a good-looking, well set-up lad with quite intelligent mind. Like most sensitive prisoner, he was in a highly nervous condition. His case was too personal, as well as too complicated, to go into here, but I tried my best to help him. After my interview I had a talk with the prison doctor about him. I suggested he special care and attention because of his high-strung condition, which was making him somewhat intractable. He had received, both in Dartmoor and Wandsworn, a whole series of punishments for a variety of offences including insolence to officers. The doctor was of the opinion that he was very clever and that he was doing a bit if acting. What for I could never understand, as every offence meant further punishment and a loss of remission- it was poor for a clever actor. In the prison I saw twelve other prisoners, and had a talk with each of them lasting fifteen minutes. Each of them were agreed about one thing. The food for a considerable time had been badly cooked and had often been uneatable. Protests had gone to the governor and to the Home Office. Nothing happed, so the prisoners decided to stage a demonstration. When they were finished with yard exercise one day, they formed up but refused to march back into the prison the hall. There had been no violence, no mutiny in any recognized sense, but it was treated as mutiny. Certain alleged ringleaders were selected for punishment. If a prisoner commits an offence he is brought before the governor. An office or officers make a statement about the alleged offence. The governor is sitting behind his desk with the deputy governor and chief warder at his side. The prisoner stands at attention facing the governor. After the accusation has been made the governor says to the prisoner: Have you anything to say? The prisoner is often tongue-tied. He looks around at nothing but unfriendly faces. He stutters something. The governor cuts things short and imposes a sentence. Just try to think of anyone outside being tried and punished under such conditions!
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қ 4. ә ү, ққ ә
қ қ: ә ұ
қ :
1. ә ұ
Ә ұққ:
ү ә ұқ ү қ ғ . ә ұ . ә ү өң ғ ү ө қ, ң қ ғ .
ә:
1... ң . :-2011.
2. .. . -. . 2012 288 .
The press in Britain
There are 12 daily newspapers and 10 Sunday newspapers in circulation in most parts of the country. National newspapers cater for a wide variety of tastes and interests. They are often described as either qualities or tabloids depending upon their format, style and content. Quality newspapers, which are broadsheet in format, cater for those readers who want detailed information on a wide range of news and current affairs. The most popular tabloid newspapers tend to appeal to those who want to read shorter, entertaining stories with more human interest, and they generally contain a larger number of photographs. Newspapers cater for a whole range of political views, but often express a strong standpoint in favour of or against a certain party or policy in their editorial columns.
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Certain British newspapers are renowned throughout the world. The Times is perhaps the most influential and best known. It was first published in 1785, making it Britains oldest daily newspaper. The Observer, first published in 1791, is the oldest national Sunday newspaper in the world. More recent additions to the market include The Independent and its sister paper, The Independent on Sunday, and Today.
At one time Londons Fleet Street was the centre of newspaper industry, but now all the national papers have moved their editorial offices and printing plants to other parts of the capital many to Docklands, a regenerated area to the east of the City.
A number of large publishing groups own both national and regional newspapers. There are, however, safeguards against the risk resulting from undue concentration of ownership of the media. It is unlawful to transfer a newspaper or newspaper assets to a proprietor, whose newspapers have an average daily circulation of 500,000 or more, including that of the newspaper to be taken over, without consent from the Government.
Most town and cities have their own regional newspapers. These papers mainly include stories of regional and local interest, but the dailies also cover national and international news, often looked at from a local point of view. Some of the best-known papers include the Yorkshire Post (Leeds), The Northern Echo (Darlington), The Manchester Evening News (Manchester). London gas ins own evening paper, the Evening Standard, which provides Londoners with news and features covering events in the capital. Thousands of free newspapers, which are mainly financed by advertising, are distributed to homes every week.
They have enjoyed a rapid growth in recent years and have a total estimated circulation of about 37 million. There are over 100 newspapers and magazines produced by the ethnic minorities in Britain, reflecting the multi-cultural nature of todays so ciety. Numerous newspapers and magazines from overseas are also available.
қ 5. ә құ
қ қ: ә ұ
қ :
1. ә ұ
Ә ұққ:
ү ә ұқ ү қ ғ . ә ұ . ә ү өң ғ ү ө қ, ң қ ғ .
ә:
1... ң . :-2011.
2. .. . -. . 2012 288 .
British Parliament
Parliament is the legislative organ and is constitutionally composed of the Monarch (the Sovereign), the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. The Queen in Parliament represents the supreme authority within the United Kingdom. The Parliament at Westminster legislates for the United Kingdom, for any one of the constituent countries, or for any combination of them.
The House of Commons has 650 elected Members of Parliament (MPs), each representing local constituencies in England (523), Scotland (72), Wales (38) and Northern Ireland (17). The law relating to Parliamentary elections is contained in substance in the Representation of the People Act, 1949, as amended. British elections are usually fought between political parties, not
individuals. Any British subject aged 21 or over, not otherwise disqualified (as for example, members of the House of Lords, certain clergy, undischarged bankrupts, civil servants; holders of judicial office, members of the regular armed services and the police forces) may be elected a member of Parliament. People who want to be elected to Parliament need to be nominated by one of the main political parties. A candidate has to put down a deposit of 500 pounds and collect ten signatures from residents in the constituency where he wants to stand. A candidate who gets less than 5 per cent of the total votes loses his deposit.
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Members of Parliament have been paid salaries since 1911. The rate has lately been nearly twice the average industrial workers wages. Since 1965 the allowances for travel, living in London, and paying part-time secretaries and research assistants, have all been increased.
The Speaker of the House of Commons is elected by the members from the members to preside over the House immediately after each new Parliament is formed. He is an impartial arbiter over Parliamentary procedure and the traditional guardian of the rights and privileges of the House of Commons. The House of Commons seems to have most power within Parliament. Any member of the House may introduce a Bill. The maximum life of the House of Commons has been restricted to 5 years since the Parliament Act 1911.
Each session of Parliament is usually opened in the House of Lords. The House of Lords or the Upper House is made up of the Lords Temporal and the Lords Spiritual. The Lords Temporal consist of hereditary peers who have inherited their titles; life peers who are appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Government for various services to the nation. Life peers were created by the Crown under the Life Peerages Act, 1958; and the Law Lords of Appeal (Law Lords) who become life peers on their judicial appointments. The latter serve the House of Lords as the ultimate court of appeal. This appeal court consists of some nine Law Lords who hold senior judicial office. They are presided over by the Lord Chancellor and they form a quorum of three to five when they hear appeal cases. The Lords Spiritual include the two Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the three Bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and 21 most senior of the established Church of England. The House of Lords is not an elective body. The House of Lords like the Monarch has now lost most of its powers and cannot influence the process of decision- making in Parliament.
қ 6. әң қ
қ қ: ә ұ
қ :
1. ә ұ
Ә ұққ:
ү ә ұқ ү қ ғ . ә ұ . ә ү өң ғ ү ө қ, ң қ ғ .
ә:
1... ң . :-2011.
2. .. . -. . 2012 288 .
Solicitors and Barristers
There are two distinct kinds of lawyer in Britain. One of these is a solicitor. Everybody who needs a lawyer has to go to one of these. They handle most legal matters for their clients, including the drawing up documents (such as wills, matrimonial matters: divorce papers and contracts), communicating with other parties, and presenting their clients cases in Magistrates Courts, the lowest courts. The solicitor deals with petty crimes and prepares the case and the evidence. He actually speaks in Court for you. However, only since 1994 have solicitors been allowed to present cases in higher courts. If the trial is to be heard in one of these, the solicitor normally hires the services of the other kind of lawyer- a barrister. The only function of barristers is to present cases in court.
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The training of the two kinds of lawyer is very different. All solicitors have to pass the Law Society exam. They study for this exam while articled to established firms of solicitors where they do much of the everyday junior work until they are qualified.
Barristers have to attend one of the four Inns of Court in London. These ancient institutions are modeled somewhat on Oxbridge colleges. For example, although there are some lectures, the only attendance requirement is to eat dinner there on a certain number of evenings each term. After four years, the trainee barristers then sit exams. If they pass, they are called the bar and are recognized as barristers. However, they are still not allowed to present a case in a crown court. They can only do this after several more years of association with a senior barrister, after which the most able of them apply to take silk. Those whose applications are accepted can put the letters QC (Queens Counsel) after their names.
Neither kind of lawyer needs a university qualification. The vast majority of barristers and most solicitors do in fact go to university, but they do not necessarily study law there. This arrangement is typically British.
The different styles of training reflect the different worlds that the two kinds of lawyer live in, and also the different skills that they develop. Solicitors have to deal with the realities of the every day world and its problems. Most of their work is done away from the courts. They often become experts in the details of particular areas of the law. Barristers, on the other hand, live a more rarefied existence. For one thing, they tend to come from the upper strata of society. Furthermore, their protection from everyday realities is increased by certain legal rules. For example, they are not supposed to talk to any of their clients, or to their clients witnesses, except in the presence of the solicitor who has hired them. They are experts on general principles of the law rather than on details, and they acquire the special skill of eloquence in public speaking. When they present a case in court, they, like judges, put on the archaic gown and wig which, it is supposed, emphasize the impersonal majesty of the law.
қ 7-8. ә ә ә
қ қ: ә ұ
қ :
1. ә ұ
Ә ұққ:
ү ә ұқ ү қ ғ . ә ұ . ә ү өң ғ ү ө қ, ң қ ғ .
ә:
1... ң . :-2011.
2. .. . -. . 2012 288 .
Criminal Trial in England
