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, , , . . .

: A (x 1, y 1, z 1), B (x 2, y 2, z 2),

= (x 2 x 1, y 2 y 1, z 2 z 1). (1)

. , . , , . , . , , , .

(a1, a2, , a n) + (b1, b2, , b n) = (a1 + b1, a2 + b2, , a n + b n). (2)

l(a1, a2, , a n) = (la1, la2, , la n). (3)

- n , n- .

, λ1,..., λ m .

, , , .

, , , .

,

x 1 + x 2 + + xm = . (4)

, . , .

(4) , .

, , , (4). , . , .

( , , ) , .

1.5.2. = (1, 2, 2, 4), = (2, 3, 5, 1), = (3, 4, 8, 2), = (2, 5, 0, 3) .

. , . x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 =. . :

~ ~ ~

, , , , . x 1 + x 2 + x 4 = . , , , . , . , , : , , , .

:

x 4 = 0;

x 2 = 2;

x 1 + 4 = 3, x 1 = 1;

= + 2 .

. , . . .

1.4. :

) = (1, 3, 2, 0), = (3, 4, 2, 1), = (1, 2, 2, 1), = (3, 5, 1, 2);

) = (2, 1, 2, 3), = (1, 2, 2, 3), = (3, 1, 2, 2), = (4, 2, 2, 2);

) = (1, 2, 3), = (2, 4, 3), = (3, 6, 6), = (4, 2, 1); = (2, 6, 2).

, . . n - n , = (1, 0, , 0), = (0, 1, , 0), , = (0, 0, , 1). = (a1, a2, , a n) :

= (a1, 0, , 0) + (0, a2, , 0) + + (0, 0, , a n) =

= a1(1, 0, , 0) + a2(0, 1, , 0) + + a n (0, 0, ,1) = a1 + a2 + + a n .

, = (a1, a2, , a n) .

. .

.

F (x, y) = 0. (x, y) , . . .

, .

M 1(x 1, y 1) M 1(x 2, y 2)

. (1)

1.4.1. (a, b) r.

M (x, y), , , = r. (1), ,

. (2)

.





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