2
1 THE PASSIVE VOICE 5
1.1. ................................................ 7
1.2. ................................. 20 1
1.2.1. Made in Russia................................. 20
1.2.2. - ...26
1.2.3. "", "" ....44
1.2.4. ............49 2 3
2 73
2.1. if..................................................77 4
2.2. if...................................................97
2.3. if................................................. 111 5
2.3.1. .............................. 111
2.3.2. The Past Perfect Tense..................... 114
2.3.3. .................. 116
2.3.4. if ................... 120
2.4. ........................................... 126
3 137
3.1. Think-Question.......................................... 139
3.2. ................................... 145 6
3.3. .................................... 169
4 181
4.1. ......................................... 182
4.2. ........................................ 196
4.3. .......................................206
4.3.1. If ....206
4.3.2. Going ........209
4.3.3. ..................................211 7 | 8
5 237
5.1. there is..........................................238 9 | 10
5.2. Some, any, every, no...................................256
5.2.1. .......................257 11
5.2.2. ............................266
5.2.3. ................................275 12
5.3. ...... 289 13 | 14
305
The keys 309 [ ]
Quotations349
. . . . ¸ .
31 . 2. - : -, 1998.- 368 .:
ISBN 5-89051-016-9
, . , The Beatles . ? " ". , , - . : .
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(c) , 1998 (c) "-", 1998
"KAP", -. 44, . 259-64-60
ISBN 5-89051-016-9
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"-" 190000, -, .. 10 064154 04.07.95
07.09.98. 84108 1/32. . . 11.5 . . 10 000 . 332 . . . . 195273. -, . . 13
, , , , , . - . , , , :
- ?
, ? , - . , . " ?" - , . , , , .
- ? - .
- ? - , . , . . , , : . .
, . , , . :
. , . " ", - , "Thank you very much" "Thanks a lot". .
. , , , . . : , . it is was been - .
. - , - , , , . , , , , - . "Yes, it is".
. , ; . " " "Her call Mary."
, , . - , X. - , . ...
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The Passive Voice
6 1. The Passive Voice
O brave new world
Shakespeare, The Tempest
, - (, 1 - The Passive Voice).
X . , , , . , I was born..., , . , . , , - .
"" , , . ; , . - The Active Voice - - - . , , . , , , . (: Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, Future Indefinite Human Future, to be going to),
___________________________
1. "". , , .
1. 1. 7
. , , : , . . ?
, , - . , , . , , , .
" But how can we do it if we don't know what It is? "
" Why blame it all, we've got to do it. Don't I tell you it's in the books? Do you want to go to doing different from what's in the books, and get things all muddled up? "
Mark Twain, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
, - . ? , , : - , 1. (The Infinitive) - -
________________________
1. Indefinite , 1 2.
8 1. The Passive Voice
, " ?".
? - , , , ; to eat, to drink, to read, to write. . , , , :
he eats, you drink, we read, she writes.
- " ", " ", " ", " " ( , ). , to be () "", "" . , ? , . : ( ), , . to eat. : to eat ( ), eat ( ), eating ( ), ate ( ) , , eaten ( ). , to be, " ". , . :
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1. 1. 9
1. to be to eat.
, - . " ". .
2. to be eat.
X . , , , " ", . to. .
3. to be eating.
, (), - . ? . - eating - ( ?). , to be, a eating . ?
I am eating
You are eating
He is eating...
. , ? . PrCont (The Present Continuous Tense). To to be eating - , Infinitive Continuous, , . .
10 1. The Passive Voice
4. to be ate.
X . : , PastIndf (The Past Indefinite Tense), 1. . - .
5. to be eaten.
, . .
:
to be +
(to be eaten, to be drunk, to be read. to be written, to be done, to be seen, to be closed, to be connected, to be shown, to be given...)
, / :
to eat/to be eaten.
!
to eat, to be.
1. ? : did, a .
1. 1. 11
: to be, to be eaten. eaten - , , . to be.
: . , : ? - .
, , ? :
" " - PrIndf (The Present Indefinite Tense):
Jane eats apples every day.
to eat. , :
Jane eats.
, . () . to be, , PrIndf. are (? , ).
Apples are...
, , :
Apples are eaten.
every day, . :
Apples are eaten every day.
, ,
12 1. The Passive Voice
. , by:
Apples are eaten by Jane every day.
, , . - , ( ) , . , . , : to be. He , , .
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<div align="center">
| Tense | Active Voice | Passive Voice |
| Infinitive | to eat | to be eaten |
| (1) PrIndf | Jane eats apples every day | Apples are eaten every day |
| (") PrPf | Jane has eaten -three apples | Three apples... |
| (S) PastIndf | Jane ate all the apples yesterday | All the apples... |
| (4) FutIndf | Jane will eat two apples | Two apples... |
| (5) HumFut | Jane is going to eat your apple | Your apple... |
| (ft) PrCont | Jane is eating my apple | My apple... |
| (7) modal verb + bare Inf | Jane can eat this apple | This apple... |
</div>
( ) , -
1. 1. 13
. . - .
The Keys
<div align="center">
| Tense | Active voice | Passive voice |
| Infinitive | to eat | to be eaten |
| (1) PrIndf | Jane eats apples every day | Apples are eaten every day |
| (2) PrPf | Jane has eaten three apples | Three apples have been eaten |
| (3) PastIndf | Jane ate all the apples yesterday | All the apples were eaten yesterday |
| (4) FutIndf | Jane will eat two apples | Two apples will be eaten |
| (5) HumFut | Jane is going to eat your apple | Your apple is going to be eaten |
| (6) PrCont | Jane is eating my apple | My apple is being eaten |
| (7) modal verb + bare Inf | Jane can eat this apple | This apple can be eaten |
</div>
(2) Active: Jane has eaten three apples (PrPf). to eat, PrPf. - to have ( has? Remember Tarzan1!) + (to eat) . Passive:
PrPf to eat, to be. PrPf - to have,
Three apples have...
. ? , to be:
Three apples have been...
, , :
Three apples have been eaten.
(3) Active: Jane ate all the apples yesterday (PastIndf). to eat PastIndf: ate. PastIndf - ? , to be,
_____________________
1. , - , 1.2.2 .
14 1. The Passive Voice
" ", :
All the apples were...
, , , :
All the apples were eaten.
(4) Active: Jane will eat three apples (FutIndf). will : will eat. , will (to b! - , to be!) : will be. , , :
Three apples will be eaten.
(5) Active: Jane is going to eat your apple. . to be going: Jane is gone Jane is been going, - - . : (4) wiln . be going - , will, , . , will , to be going -
1. 1. 15
, to. , , FutIndf: :
Your apple...
, :
Yur apple is going...
( , " " - to be) , going, :
Your apple is going to be... , , :
Yur apple is going to be eaten.
(6) Active: Jane is eating my apple (PrCont). , , : to be Continuous. :
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PresCont:
My apple is...
:
My apple is being...
. - - to be. , .
16 1. The Passive Voice
, , :
My apple is being eaten.
(7) Active: Jane can eat this apple. Fntlndf: .
, ( , ?), . :
This apple can...
:
This apple can be...
, :
This apple can be eaten.
, , . ? by Jane? ?
. . (Three apples have been eaten by Jane), : Jane has eaten three apples? ?
, - , - ? , , . , ?
. , , - , ,
1. 1. 17
, . , , , : ?
, , , 1.2. , , , , " ( ). .
1
. , , . , , (by whom) , , () . , He broke the window last night,. The window was broken last night, by him.
1. He is repairing the bike. The bike...
2. You can't do this. This...
18 1. The Passive Voice
3. We were going to fire him'. He...
4. They will take the two seats on the left. The two seats on the left...
5. She feeds him on boiled carrot. He...
6. She has closed the door. The door...
7. He is going to sign the contract. The contract...
8. We are discussing it now. It...
9. She killed him a year ago. He...
10. I am going to wash the dishes. The dishes...
11. He read the book at last. The book...
I2. They are singing an Irish song. An Irish song...
The Keys
1. The bike is being repaired.
2. This can't be done.
3. He was going to be fired.
4. The two seats on the left will be taken.
5. He is fed on boiled carrot.
6. The door has been closed.
7. The contract is going to be signed.
8. It is being discussed now.
9. He was killed a year ago.
10. The dishes are going to be washed.
11. The book was read at last.
12. An Irish song is being sung.
, :
(3) , . We were going - , we are going, : "", "". , , .
(11) , , , ? ? : he reads. Remember Tarzan!
__________________
1. " ". , , to fire - "".
1. 1. 19
2
. , . , .
1. This house was build by a famous architect.
2. new food store is going to opened here.
3. All the trash has been thrown away.
4. The ladder is going to be painted.
5. Have been you invited to the party?
6. Can these forks be washed?
7. They are satisfied not.
8. This factory will closed.
9. All the cars was sold.
The Keys
1. build built
2. is going to be opened
3. +
4. +
5. Have you been invited
6. +
7. They are not satisfied
8. will be closed
9. All the cars was were sold
(1) .
(2) : to be, , , .
(5) , (. .1 3.1 ), .
(7) - .
(8) : to be .
(9) .
: ,
20 1. The Passive Voice
to be (am, is, are, was, were), Future Indefinite, , , will. . . - - , , . .
When we remember that we are all mad, the mysteries disappear and life stands explained.
Mark Twain, Notebook
Made in Russia
Well then, the books are something like our books, only the words go the wrong way.
Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass
: , .
, - , - ?
1. 2. 21
.
: " ".
?
:
: ...
. ?
""? - X. - , ""!
. , - . , , : , , . - "". (, ):
: (. )/ (. )
:
: ( . ) / (. )
. , " " "", .
?
. (, ):
22 1. The Passive Voice
""; ; ; . .
: " " "".
...
... - . "", ? :
, . (. 1.1 ) , , , "", , to be .
,
(1)
, , , . :
.
"" - , , . : "
1. 2. 23
". ? "" .
, "" "". , ? ! - , .
.
Our problems are connected with the lack of money.
.
" ", - , : " ""?", . " ". ""? - . ? - . ? - " " , -, " ". ? - . , (" ") - :
His nose is broken. :
Oh, so this is Jesus Christ,
I am really quite surprised.
24 1. The Passive Voice
You look so small, Not a king at all.1
" ": " ()": to be surprised. , : . "" .
Then I was inspired. Now I'm sad and tired.2
" ". , " () ".
Say you don't need no diamond ring and I'll be satisfied. 3
" ". " ()".
, . . - "" ( ) .
_____________________________
1. Jesus Christ Superstar byBice/Webber.
2. Jesus Christ Superstar byRice/Webber.
3. Can't Buy Me Love by The Beatles.
1. 2. 25
( , , ):
1. ?
2. ?
3. .
4. .
5. .1
6. 1876 .
The Keys
1. What is it connected with?
2. Why is your nose broken?
3. Carthage will be destroyed.
4. The prisoners were released.
5. Five houses have been built this week.
6. The telephone was invented in 1876.
( (3), (4), (6), )
(1), (2) ? , , , , . is? , is - .
(5) , , :
a) ? : ! .
) , : ! .
____________________
1. , ! : , " ", ""! ? , , " ".
26 1. The Passive Voice
-
Entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily.
William of Ockham
, " ", " ", " " . -.
", ," - .
"- ", . - : , ( !) , .
", - , - . - . , ".
, . , - .
- "", ( ) "" ( ). " " , "" "", "" "". , . I we.
1. 2. 27
- "" ( ) "" ( ). : ""; "" , ; "" , ; "", , "". , ? , : you. "", "", , , , .
- "", "" "" ( ) "" ( ). , " " ( !) . " ", , - , "" "", "" "", "", "" "". he, she, it they.
...
- , they , it they, a its. . They - (-
28 1. The Passive Voice
, !), , he, she, it.
:
<div align="center">
| I | we | |||||
| you | you | |||||
| he | they | |||||
| she | they | |||||
| it | they | |||||
</div>
:
) , ( "", "", "", "", "" "") - your. - () , , , X, , :
And then your head was cut off.
6) his him: , "?" (his dog) -
1. 2. 29
, "?"1 (see him), , , : , "". " " " " , , . : . .
, - . . - "". " ", " ", " ". , , - . , : "", "", "".
. ,
" ";
" ";
" "
-. ?
, :
_____________________
1. (, , : give him, is done by him, speak about him). .
30 1. The Passive Voice
Him killed.
Her will give a kitten.
Me never tell anything. : -. , , : , , . .
, , , . , him, her , . it is impossible^ :
It killed him.
It will give her a kitten.
It never tells me anything.
. "" ( - " It "),
________________________
1. it is cold/hot/impossible . - ( ), ( -). it + , -.
1. 2. 31
, , , , "", , , "" , ... .
. , . :
They killed him.
Somebody will give her a kitten.
Nobody ever tells me anything.
. . :
.
- .
.
"", "-" ""? . " ", , , "". " - " - , , . " " - "" , .
. , .
32 1. The Passive Voice
?
: ?
.
.
- , 1, .
, , . , , to be ( ) .
" " - "". , :
...
"" - . to be .
was...
to kill :
was killed.
. , , .
________________
1. . " " - Ockham's razor.
1. 2. 33
" " - , . , , . , -, :
She...
"" - . to be FutIndf:
She will be...
"" :
She will be given...
. ? :
"" She will be given..." ? , - . : . " ... ... ". , : by a kitten. -. , by. "
: She will be given by a kitten.
. . , - " " " ". , , .
34 1. The Passive Voice
( ""), :
Somebody will give her a kitten. ( somebody), . ? , somebody. : her (she), (will be given), . , to give by 7 (. , 4.1):
She will be given a kitten.
" " - "" :
" " - , PrIndf:
I am...
"":
I am never told...
: . - " about anything " " anything "? :
1. 2. 35
Nobody ever tells me anything.1
about , , :
I am never told anything.
, , .
.
1. .
2. .2
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. ?3
8. .
9. -?
10. ?
11. ?
12. .
The Keys
1. He was (: has been) hit over the head.
2. She is being kissed on the lips.
3. He is going to be congratulated on his anniversary.
4. She is never looked at.
5. He is never listened to.
4. They have been looked -for since morning.
7. What is he fed on?
8. We are not going to be waited for.
9. Will she ever be found?
10. Has he been paid?
11. Has the money been transferred?
12. I have been shown this magazine twenty times.
, ,
___________________
1. ever never, . . 5, .
2. .
3. .
36 1. The Passive Voice
1, .
(1) PrIndf PrPf : . : , . , , he was. , over:
Somebody hit him over the head He was hit over the head.
(2) (to kiss somebody on the lips), . - , , , , PrCont.
(3) . ,. , .
(4) , at? , ? .
Nobody ever looks at her.
nobody , "":
She...
________________________
1. , .
1. 2. 37
:
She is never looked...
, to look " " " at ":
She is never looked at.
, , . , : " ..."
? , - Asking Questions. , , . . , , , . " " " was hit the head over ".
(5) . , "" , (-: ), "" . , to listen to.
(6) , for, , , -
38 1. The Passive Voice
(?), . , , :
They are looked for since morning (PrIndf);
They are being looked for since morning (PrCont).
, , PrPfCont, , () "We have been looking for them since morning". :
They have been being looked for since morning.
, , , PrPfCont. : . - , : , . , : have been being looked. PrPfCont PrPf ( ).
(7) , . - ; he is fed; is . .
(8) (9) .
1. 2. 39
(10) (11) PastIndf, . , , - .
(12) . "" , (), . ?
...
- , . :
X. Me didn't tell about it.
. .
X. ? " ".
. .
X. . Me.
. Me .
X. ?
. , , - . :
40 1. The Passive Voice
<div align="center">
| I | me | my | mine |
| you | you | your | yours |
| we | us | our | ours |
| they | them | their | theirs |
| he | him | his | his |
| she | her | her | hers |
| it | it | its. | its |
| thou" | thee | thy | thine |
</div>
. Y, . "" "", "" thou. , : Thou, too, sail on, o Ship of State! (Longfellow, The Building of the Ship)
, , , :
This is his , but that pen is hers.
We can't take what is theirs.
This is mine, and that is yours.
(. 2.2) . , -
1. 2. 41
. , , :
Was she told when she was young
that pain would lead to pleasure?1
I don't know how you were diverted
You were perverted too
I don't know how you w inverted
No one alerted you.2
Remember Caesar
You'll be deported
You'll be demoted
Crucify him.3
What you have done will be the saving of Israel
You'll be remembered forever for this
And not only that; you've been paid for your efforts
Pretty good wages for one little kiss.4
, , . , - , , . - - , . , , - ,
________________________
1. Girl by The Beatles.
2. While My Guitar Gently Weeps by The Beatles.
3. Jesus Christ Superstar by Rice/Webber.
4. Ibidem.
42 1. The Passive Voice
.
, have been ( , . 3.3), , . Present Perfect Continuous, a Passive. , , , , - , , , - . .
, , , PrPfCont. , - , , , .
1. You've been (smoke) too much these days.
2. Your parents have been (marry) since 1950, haven't they?
3. I've been (try) to call her since morning.
4. All the soup has been (eat).
5. This bank has been (rob) four times.
6. My neighbors have been (sing) all night through.
The Keys
1. smoking
2. married
3. trying
4. eaten
5. robbed
6. singing
(1) " ", " ". , (
1. 2. 43
- , ).
(2) " 1950 ", " ".
(3) " ", " ". - to try.
(4)
