74 2.
" I only said 'if! " poor Alice pleaded in a piteous tone.
The two Queens looked at each other, and the Red Queen remarked, with a little shudder," She says she only said " if " - "
Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass
- if. , if. If - "". , . , "", " ", , - " ".
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, .
, - ( ) ( ) . : .
, . .
. : - , , "", " ". , , .
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If you will go to the woods, you will see the bear.
( ""), :
If you went to the woods, you saw the bear.
If you would go the woods, you would see the bear.1
, would.
, , , , . , .
, , , , .
. , () .
, " ". : "". " , " - , - . ""? ?
1. .
76 2.
: ? , . , , - , , . , , , ? , ( , !) ?
. ( , , ) , , . , , . :
|
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<div align="center">
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2. 1. if 77
if
If something can go wrong, it will.
Murphy's Law
<div align="center">
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: , . ?
" -, - ". , " , ". " , ". . " , ". ? .
, , - , . - ("", "", "") ("", "", "").
78 2.
? , , if. if ( , ) , , , ( 1), PrIndf:
If it rains...
If he starts singing...
If I have a lot of money...
, . , , , : FutIndf:
..., we'll get wet.
..., they'll leave at once.
..., I'll go traveling.
: - "" ("... ..."), "" . : .
___________________
1. , ? Present Indefinite Present Continuous, , . ? , , : The Present Perfect Tense The Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
2. 1. if 79
.
<div align="center">
| If + PrIndf | FutIndf | ||
| If you go to the woods, | you will see the bear. | ||
| , | . |
</div>
|
|
|
. : , if, - , - . .
You know, if you break my heart, I'll go,
But I'll be back again.1
If you get too cold, I'll tax the heat
If you take a walk, I'll tax your feet.2
, , . , if - . , if, ,
when before
_______________
1. ll Be Back by The Beatles.
2. Taxman by The Beatles.
80 2.
after
until
while
unless
- , , - . ( ), .
, , , . , - .
When - "". , " , ". , when - if, - , when , - .
When he leaves, she won't cry. Before - " " " ". , " , ". , before if.
Before begets off the. streetcar, the thief will pick his pockets.
After - " ", . , " , ".
After he washes his, hands, his wife will let him go to table.
Until - "( ,) ", , ,
2. 1. if 81
, " ". , " , ".
Until they come 1, I won't tell you anything.
While - "", " ". , " , ".
...
. , "while he sits home...". , , . " " - "to be home". while he..?
( ) be. While he be home, - . , PrIndf . " if? " : 2. : Until they come, I won't tell you anything. X, come to come. : After he washes his hands, his wife will let him go to table, - , , , PrIndf, - , ,
___________
1. "Until they don't come". "".
2. : " "; " ".
82 2.
- "-s". , . , , to come " ", to be .
, "1" . X. - be, come, have, go - The Present Indefinite Tense, . X: if ( , while), , " " ? - PrIndf, , ( ). : to be PrIndf?
|
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. .
(4)
. : to be? , , , ! , I am,. you are, he is, she is, we are, they are - " to be ". to be Present Indefinite. "" - , . , Indefinite, Continuous Perfect, .
1. "" ""
2. 1. if 83
:
While he is home, we'll go to the movies.
Unless - " ". " " : if unless. , " , ". if X: if " ", PrIndf, PrIndf:
If you don't put sugar into your coffee, it will be bitter.
unless, , "" :
Unless you put sugar into your coffee, it will be bitter.
, . , if, , if, . , - , , - "", " ".
. - , , , , .
84 2.
.
: , ( ) , () (), PrIndf. , , . , .
, .
1. When you (to be) weary, feeling small,
When tears (to be) in your eyes, I (to dry) them all.2
2. When you (to be) down and out, when you (to be) on the street,
When evening (to fall) so hard, I (to comfort) you.
I (to take) your part, oh, when darkness (to come),
And pain (to be) all around.2
3. I will follow your casket In the pale afternoon
And 1 (to watch) while you (to be) lowered
Down to your deathbed,
And I (to stand) o'er your grave
'Til3 I (to be) sure that you're dead.4
__________________
1. Bridge Over Troubled Water by Paul Simon.
2. Ibidem.
3. until.
4. Masters of War by Bob Dylan.
2. 1. if 85
4. I love you, I love you, I love you, that's all 1 want to say
Until I (to find) a way,
I (to say) the only words I know that you'll understand.1
5. Before this dance (to be) through.
I think I (to love) you too.2
6. And when that train (to come), we (to get) on board.3
|
|
|
The Keys
1. When you are weary, feeling small,
When tears are in your eyes, I'll dry them all.
2. When you are down and out, when you are on the street,
When evening falls so hard, I'll comfort you.
I'll take your part, oh, when darkness comes,
And pain is all around
3. And I'll watch while you're lowered
Down to your deathbed,
And I'll stand o'er your grave
" Til I am sure that you're dead
4. Until I find a way,
I will say the only words I know that you'll understand.
5. Before this dance is through,
I think I'll love you too
6. And when that train comes, we'll get on board
. , : " , ". if, , PrIndf. " " (" ", " " ) can. . , -, ( to be, ), . .. , : .
? , . can :
If I can earn a lot, I will buy a car.
. : " , "?
If I earn a lot, I...
_______________
1. Michelle by The Beatles.
2. I'm Happy Just To Dance With You by The Beatles.
3. Living Proof by Brace Springsteen.
86 . 2.
. - . . will:
If I earn a lot, I will...
, , can will. , , . .
, : can will?
: will , . : - , .
?
, . - , can to be able to, (to be), , will:
If I earn a lot, 1 will be able to buy a car.
, . can ( ) . ?
:
If I earn a lot, I can buy a car.
, will? . : " , "? . , ?
2. 1. if 87
, . -, , . -, , . : " , ", :
Every time I earn a lot. I can buy a car.
He , . will be able to can , : .
"" ("", "" ) , .
If I can earn a lot, I can 1 buy a car.
, .
, can :
__________________
1. : " - be able to?" , , . , will, be, to.
88 2.
| If + PrIndf | FutIndf (will + bare Inf) | |||
| If he starts singing, | they will leave at once. | |||
| If I can earn a lot, | I can buy a car = = I will be able to buy a car |
if. , , , . , .
1. , ?
2. , ?
|
|
|
3. , ?
4. , ?
5. , ?
6. , ?
7. , , ?
The Keys
1. If we buy a car, will my husband let me drive?
2. When I lose my job, what will we live on?
3. Will my wife find a good job after she learns English?
4. Can I see/Will I be able to see her before she goes abroad?
5. What will we eat until I get the money?
6. Unless we go to the sea-side this summer, where will we go?
7. While my mother-in-law is ill, will I have time to redecorate the apartment according to my own taste?
2. 1. if 89
...
... , , " ", " ". , , , , "".
. (, " , "), , , , . :
You see the bear if you will go to the woods.
, - , - .
(5)
, . : . " - ". , , "" "" - , .
- , . - ,
90 2.
. , . .
:
...
. "" - , :
" " " ".
... .
. : "... , ".
! " " - ? , "". , , . - , , .
When I grow older, and (when I) get married, and (when I) have children, I will never make them eat porridge, but I will always let them watch TV and (I will let them) go to bed whenever 1 they want.
_____________________
1. Whenever - , when, .
2. 1. if 91
, (. 84) , "" "" .
, (. 88).
, , ( ) . , , , . . : , .
, , :
- (2),
- "" "" (3),
- before until (4) (5),
- (2) (3).
, , , .
: , - " if will ". , .
92 2.
-, if will. - 1. . , "if you will " - .
-, , when will ( when , , if). , , " ?"
Angle, Angie When will those clouds all disappear?2
, - . - will?
. , . - , if, when . " ", "" - . , , .
: , , , , , , . __________________
1. . 2.4.
2. Angle by The Rolling Stones.
2. 1. if 93
1
. , . - , . , .
1. When I be eighty years old, I will have twenty grandchildren.
2. I can't go to Paris until I will be paid.
3. If she is not given the papers, she can't get the visa.
4. If he forget to lock the door, anybody can come in.
5. I won't talk to you if you not calm down.
6. They can play in the yard unless it will rain.
7. He won't eat the soup unless there is a lot of pepper there.
8. I will able to redecorate the apartment if nobody interferes.
9. She won't be able finish her speech if you interrupt her all the time.
10. You will can watch TV after I leave.
11. Will we be able to live in this house when we come here next summer?
12. Will she be happy if does she marry him?
The Keys
1. When I am eighty years old...
3.... until I am paid.
3. +
4. If he forgets...
5....if you do not calm down /unless you calm down / until you calm down
6.... unless it rins.
7. +
8. I will be able to redecorate...
9. She won't be able to finish...
10. You will can watch TV...
11. +
12. Will she be happy if she marries him?
(1) , " " , PrIndf.
(2) " ". , , : " ", "
94 2.
". if PrIndf.
(3) .
(4) , , - , " ".
(5) if - PrIndf, , PrIndf.
(6) .
(7) - , there is. 5.
(8) (9) to be able to, , . , .
(10) . , , .
(12) - . , .
2
.
1. If you (to let) me take your heart,
I (to prove) to you:
we (never, to be) apart if
I (to be) part of you.1
____________________
1. Tell Me What You See by The Beatles.
2. 1. if 95
2. Though tonight she's made me sad,
I still love her
If I (to find) her I (to be) glad
I still love her.1
3. For if you (to insult) me with one other word,
I (cut) off your heads in the morning.2
4. Oh how long (it, to take)
Till3 she (to see) the mistake she has made.4
5. I (to buy) you a diamond ring, my friend
If it (to make) you feel all right.5
6. (you, still, need) me, (you, still, feed) me
When I (to be) sixty-four?6
7. And then while I (to be) away
I (to write) home every day.7
8. You know if you (to break) my heart
I (to go) But I'll be back again.8
9. And when you (to go), when you (to slam) the door,
I think you know that you (not, to be) away too long.9
10. And if you (not, underestimate) me,
I (not, underestimate) you.10
__________________
1. I Don't Want to Spoil the Party by The Beatles.
2. Arthur McBride by Bob Dylan.
3. To , until.
4. Baby's in Black by The Beatles.
5. Can't Buy Me Love by The Beatles.
6. , , .
7. All My Loving by The Beatles.
8. I'll Be Back by The Beatles.
9. Mama Mia by ABBA.
10. Dear Landlord by Bob Dylan.
The Keys
1. If you let me take your heart,
I will prove to you
we will never be apart if
I'm part of you.
2. Though tonight she's made me sad,
I still love her
If I find her
I'll be glad I still love her.
3. For if you insult me with one other word,
I'll cut off your heads in the morning.
4. Oh how long will it take
Till she sees the mistake she has made
5. I'll buy you a diamond ring, my friend
If it makes you feel all right.
6. Will you still need me, will you still feed me
When I'm sixty-four?
7. And then while
I'm away I'll write home every day
8. You know if you break my heart
I'll go But I'll be back again.
9. And when you go, when you slam the door,
I think you know that you won't be away too long
10. And if you don't underestimate me.
I won't underestimate you.
96 2.
3
1. , .
2. , .
3. , .
4. , .
5. , ?
6. , ?
7. , ?
8. , .
9. , .
10. , .
11. , .
12. , .
The Keys
1. When she receives this letter, he will be far away.
2. She will cry until he buys her a furcoat.
3. I won't be able to help you unless you want it yourself/ if you don't want it yourself.
4. They won't see the tiger unless they go to the zoo / if they don't go to the zoo.
5. How will I recognize her if she is not shown to me / unless she is shown to me?
6. What will happen if I push this button?
7. Will she behave herself if she is given a candy?
8. If you call your daughter "Catherine", she will always be called "Kitty".
9. Unless you take / If you don't take off your hat, I cant see the stage / I won't be able to see the stage.
10. I'll tell you everything after I have my coffee.
11. We'll all suffocate if the window is not opened / unless the window is opened.
12. If she puts on this hat, I won't go with her anywhere.
2. 2. if 97
if
" I know what you're thinking about," said Tweedledum:" but it isn't so, nohow. "
" Contrariwise," continued Tweedledee," if it was so, it might be; and if it were so, it would be: but as it isn't, it ain't. That's logic. "
Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass
, , , , if , , : . if, , , , - "".
. , .
, . -, ; -, "".
? "" : . " " - , . " " - , . . ? ,
98 2.
, :
<div align="center">
| ... ( ) | . ( ) |
| ... ( ) | . ( ) |
| ... ( ) | ( ) |
</div>
, . , if:
<div align="center">
</div>
. if, , if , , , , if ... ?
: ! , -
2. 2. if 99
, , .
. , if , , , . - - . " " . , " " . , : PastIndf.
( if , will ) would, "", . would .
<div align="center">
| If + PastIndf | would + bare Inf |
</div>
, , :
If I had a lot of money, I would buy a lot of things.
If you went to the woods, you would see the bear.
If he was smarter...
100 2
. , . , if PastIndf, . if PastIndf, Subjunctive.
. - , , , , - - , .
: Subjunctive PastIndf, - : was were , : if PastIndf, I was, he was, she was, it was I were, he were, she were, it were:
If he were more intelligent, I would discuss this with him.
, . , , , . were was :
If he was smarter, I would talk it over with him.
: can? . " , ". PastIndf, Past. ,
If I could earn a lot, I would buy a car.
2. 2. if 101
" " 1: " , ".
If I earned a lot, I...
, if. Would can , can would - . would, " ", " ". can, would? , would - , : "". if , - .
. , , ( , - ), would - will, . , -ould... ?
, . if will, would. if can, ... , could. If I earned a lot, I could buy a car.
, " " : " , ".
____________
1. , ""! , .
102 2.
If I could earn a lot, I could buy a car.
, - could? , , ( if) - can. ( ) - _ can. .
, :
<div align="center">
| If + PastIndf (was=>were) | would + bare Inf | ||
| could + bare Inf | could + bare Inf | ||
| If you went to the woods, | you would see the bear. | ||
| If I were you, | I wouldn't smoke so much. | ||
| If I could go abroad, | I could bring you postcards. |
</div>
if , , :
) :
2. 2. if 103
I could be happy with you by my side If I could forget her.1
(If I could forget her, I would be happy with you by my side)
Ten thousand dollars at the drop of a hat. I'd give it all gladly if our lives could be like that.2
(If our lives could be like that, I'd give it all gladly)
b) , would - ( , will):
What would you think if I sang out of tune,
Would you stand up and walk out on me?3
If I fell in love with you,
Would you promise to be true
And help me understand?4
c) : - would ( would ), - PastIndf:
Yes, I guess I could make it without you
If I just didn't feel so all alone.5
Most of the time
I wouldn't change it if I could.6
_____________
1. Yes It Is by The Beatles.
2. Bob Dylan's Dream by Bob Dylan.
3. With a Little Help from My Friends by The Beatles.
4. If I Fell by The Beatles.
5. Obviously Five Believers by Bob Dylan.
6. Most of the Time by Bob Dylan.
104 2.
...
. to be Pastbidf. , to be PrIndf, . " ", : if you were. .
. if : " ... , if I will be..., will if... , if I... " - , if I be , .
if : " ... "" - was, you - were. , if you were. "
, - , - . . , , .
. - , PrIndf, , If I am. - , PastIndf, , if you were. . , " will
2. 2. if 105
if*, X.
1
.
) , ?
) /, ?
) , ? ?
( ) ,, , (!). , , , , .
The Keys
a) If you went to a desert island and could take along only one suitcase, what would you put there?
If I went to a desert island and could take along only one suitcase, I would put there matches, tools, some instant coffee and a gun.
b) If you were an actor/an actress, who would you play?
If 1 were an actor. I would play Hamlet/ Huckleberry Finn/Rett Butler.
If I were an actress, I would play Cleopatra/Juliet/ Scarlett O'Hara.
c) If I you were invited to a masquerade, what costume would you wear?
If I were invited to a masquerade I would wear the costume of Little Red Riding Hood / Big Bad Wolf.
What would it look like?
It would be a little red cap. a pretty dress with a bodice, and a pair of wooden shoes/a wolf's mask with sharp teeth and a piece of gray fur with a tail.
2
, .
) ...
6) ...
) ...
) / .
106 2.
( ), , , , . :, . .
1. If I had a magic wand, I will make everybody happy.
2. If I could to become invisible, I could rob a bank.
3. If I can became invisible, I would go abroad without tickets or visas.
4.. If I meeted a ghost, I would ask him about his life.
5. If I met a ghost, I would afraid.
6. If I were a man, I would haven't problems.
7. If I were a woman, I would be die.
The Keys
1. If I had a magic wand, I will would make everybody happy.
2. If I could te become invisible, I could rob a bank.
3. If I can became could become invisible, I would go abroad without tickets or visas.
4. If I meeted met a ghost, I would ask him about his life.
5. If I met a ghost, I would be afraid.
6. If I were a man, I would haven't wouldn't have problems / would have no problems.
7. If I were a woman, I would tee die.
(1) , , . , , " ". , , " . " "" .
(2) to can. .
(3) , . , if - , . , -
2. 2. if 107
, . , . PastIndf, .
(4) , to meet. . 1.
(5) , afraid - . . : to be afraid 2. to be.
(6) , . : would.
(7) , 6 : to be t die.
,
. . (, ), if. , - , if . , , , . , "" ( if)
________________
1. , , . , 1.2.3.
2. . . 3 .
108 2.
.
: " . ".
, , , : " , ".
1. She is beautiful. That's why I like her.
2. He is paid well. So he can buy his wife expensive clothes.
3. Perhaps she will ask me to come. Then I'll go to her place.
4. I am very ill. So I can't go out.
5. He will be away tomorrow. That's why I won't call him up.
6. Your wife is very stupid. I can't speak to her again.
7. Tomorrow he will go to London. He will see the Tower there.
8. You look like my first wife. That's why I am afraid of you.
9. My mother is against our marriage. So I can't marry you.
10. He works badly. Therefore he is paid little.
11. I don't like her husband. That's why I seldom come to see them.
12. He comes home late every day. That's why his wife is so nervous.
The Keys
1. If she weren't / wasn't beautiful, I wouldn't like her.
2. If he weren't / wasn't paid well, he couldn't buy his wife expensive clothes.
3. If she asks me to come, I'll go to her place.
4. If I weren't/wasn't so ill. I could go out.
5. If he is away tomorrow, I won't call him up.
6. If your wife weren't / wasn't so stupid, I could speak to her again.
7. If he goes to London tomorrow, he will see the Tower.
8. If you didn't look like my first wife, I wouldn't be afraid of you.
9. If my mother weren't / wasn't against our marriage, I could marry you.
10. If he didn't work badly7 if he worked better, he wouldn't be paid little/he would be paid more.
11. If I liked her husband I would come to see them more often.
12. If he didn't come home late every day / if he came home earlier, his wife wouldn't be so nervous.
- . , -
2. 2. if 109
. , , : ( if) ( if) .
...
, , so, that's why therefore. "". , therefore ( ) that's why ( - ), so . , because , . Because - " ", . So - "", . :
broke his leg because he fell down.
He fell down, and so he broke his leg.
, "" " " - because, . She isn't married because she has no children.
, ( ) :
110 2.
We would sing and dance around
Because we know we can't be found.1
How do I feel by the end of the day,
Are you sad because you're on your own?2
You say he loves you more than me
So I will set you free Go with him.3
I've been cheated by you since I don't know when.
So I made up my mind it must come to an end.4
, if .
1. , .
2. , .
3. , .
4. , .
5. , , .
6. , .
7. , , .
_____________
1. Octopus's Garden by The Beatles.
2. With a Little Help From My Friends by The Beatles.
3. Anna by The Beatles.
4. Mama Mia by ABBA.
2.3. if 111
8. , 15 .
9. , .
10. , - ( ).
11. , .
12. , .
The Keys
1. If you had a cat, mice wouldn't worry you.
2. If the lake were/was closer, we would bathe every day.
3. If he doesn't call today, I'll go to his place.
4. If the tiger were / was gray, it would look just like a big cat.
5. If he had a dog instead of the goldfish, he wouldn't be afraid of thieves.
4. If she liked detective stories, she wouldn't be such a bore.
7. If we borrow from your parents, they will know we can't get by.
8. If the police catch1 him, he will spend I5 yearsin jail.
9. You can call him today if you don't forget his phone number.
10. If you knew more words, you would speak English faster (but not better).
11. If he didn't have / had no computer, he wouldn't waste so much time on computer games.
12. If I sell my room, 1 won't be able to buy an apartment anyway.
________________
1. . "" - : the police are, the police do, etc.
if
" You mean I'd never get out? " said Pooh.
" I mean," said Rabbit," that having got so far, it seems a pity to waste it. "
A.A.Milne, Winnie-the-Pooh
" Yes, but then I had done the things I was punished for," said Alice:" that makes all the difference. "
" But if you hadn't done them," the Queen said," that would have been better still; better, and better, and better! "
Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass
if, , - . -
112 2.
,
