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⇐ Предыдущая 1 2 3 4 567 8 9 10 Следующая ⇒

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1. Відомо, що штаб-квартира організації знаходиться в Нью Йорку.

2. Навряд він буде діяти у відповідності до нового законодавства.

3. Здається, цензуру офіційно заборонили багато років тому.

4. Говорять, він написав багато статей щоб привернути увагу до цієї проблеми.

5. Виявилося, що багато союзників займалися розв’язанням цього конфлікту.

6. Здається, його звинуватили в організації повстання.

7. Напевно, вони зробили вичерпний аналіз перед тим як прийняти таке рішення.

8. Вважають, що діючий уряд неспроможний прийняти необхідні закони.

Part 5

Amnesty International

Learn the words

grave великий, серйозний, складний

exert докладати зусиль;

KYIV INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Human Rights Права Людини для студентів 3 курсу Інституту міжнародних відносин Kyiv - 2009

9. These reports are used as the basis for ______international attention to abuses and pressuring governments and international organizations to reform. 10. On July 26, 2007 HRW _________ that hundreds of migrant children held in emergency centers in the Spanish Canary Islands are living in squalid, overcrowded conditions. 5. Match the beginning and the end of the sentences

1 Human Rights Watch advocates freedoms in connection	I and what it perceives to be other internationally-accepted human rights norms.
2 It is also the co-chair of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, a global coalition of civil society groups that	II that the report lacked "rigor" and that "an internal investigation had failed to corroborate" Human Rights Watch's findings.
3 Researchers conduct fact-finding missions to investigate suspect situations	III regimes where journalists and citizens can monitor abuses, and abusive regimes that disallow monitoring.
4 Human Rights Watch made recent headlines by criticizing the Jordanian government for	IV international human rights organizations operating worldwide in most situations of severe oppression or abuse.
5 Human Rights Watch produces research reports on violations of international human rights norms as set out by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights	V successfully lobbied to introduce the Ottawa Treaty, a treaty that prohibits the use of anti-personnel landmines.
6 In the first category, the Asian Tribune has praised NGO Monitor for pointing out the inherent bias of HRW against open, democratic	VI with fundamental human rights, such as freedom of religion and the press.
7 The government of Ethiopia has accused HRW of one-sided reporting	VII arresting elected officials who praised Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, the head of Al-Qaeda in Iraq, at ceremonies held in response to his death.

Human Rights Права людини Навчально-методична розробка для студентів 3 курсу Інституту міжнародних відносин Уклала: Курілова Ю.О., доцент кафедри германських мов КиМУ Рецензенти: Титаренко О.Ю., кандидат філологічних наук, доцент кафедри англійської філології факультету іноземної філології НПУ ім. М.П. Драгоманова Мизин Т.О., кандидат філологічних наук, професор КиМУ Обговорено та схвалено на засіданні кафедри германських мов Протокол № 10 від 21 травня 2009 року

offenders. 8. Criticism of Human Rights Watch may be classified _____ two major categories. 9. The Asian Tribune has praised NGO Monitor ____ pointing ____ the inherent bias ___ HRW against open, democratic regimes. 10. The government often accuses human rights groups ____ importing a Western agenda that offends local religious and cultural values. 4. Fill in the right word from the box

pursuant to drawing persecuted awareness exposing denounced allies tool lobbies backgrounds

1. The award winners work closely with Human Rights Watch in investigating and _____ human rights abuses.

2.. In addition to providing financial assistance, the Hellman/Hammett grants help raise international _______ of activists who are being silenced for speaking out in defence of human rights.

3. Mobilization of those members is the organization's central advocacy ______.

4. _______ the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Human Rights Watch opposes violations of what it considers basic human rights, which include capital punishment and discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.

5. Its documentations of human rights abuses often include extensive analyses of the political and historical _______ of the conflicts concerned, some of which have been published in academic journals

6. Amnesty _____ and writes detailed reports, but also focuses on mass letter-writing campaigns, adopting individuals as "prisoners of conscience" and lobbying for their release.

7. Human Rights Watch also supports writers worldwide who are being _______ for their work and are in need of financial assistance.

8. Though close ______, the two groups play complementary roles, reflecting a division of labour.

The main aim of this work is to familiarize students with such topic as Human Rights and other topics, give the opportunity to learn lexical and grammatical material connected with this topics. The structure of each part was worked out to reach this aim. Students should read and learn new words and expressions, read and translate given texts, do the exercises (fill in the prepositions, words, match the beginning and the end of the sentences, find synonyms in the text, find English equivalents in the text, translate sentences using active words and others) and retell the texts using new words and expressions. The texts contribute not only to the development of professional literature reading skills but also have new necessary, important information for modern student.

two major categories: accusations of selection bias and accusations of ideological bias. In the first category, the Asian Tribune has praised NGO Monitor for pointing out the inherent bias of HRW against open, democratic regimes where journalists and citizens can monitor abuses, and abusive regimes that disallow monitoring. In the second category, Human Rights Watch has been criticized for perceived anti-Western, anti-China, anti-Serb, anti-Sri Lankan and anti-Israel bias. According to a report in the Egyptian press, "the government often accuses human rights groups [including Human Rights Watch] of importing a Western agenda that offends local religious and cultural values." The government of Ethiopia has accused HRW of one-sided reporting that fails to document abuses committed by anti-government insurgents. According to the government, HRW may have inadvertently made itself a tool of the insurgent Islamist Ogaden National Liberation Front. As a result, Ethiopia has enacted a law restricting human rights workers in organizations, including HRW, that get more than 10% of their funding from abroad from engaging in political, democracy, justice and human rights work 3. Fill in the necessary preposition 1. Human Rights Watch is a non-governmental organizations that conduct research and advocacy _____ human rights. 2. Human Rights Watch was founded under the name Helsinki Watch in 1978 to monitor the former Soviet Union's compliance ____ the Helsinki Accords. 3. Pursuant ____ the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Human Rights Watch opposes violations of what it considers basic human rights. 4. Human Rights Watch produces research reports _____ violations of international human rights norms 5. Roth started working _____ human rights after the declaration of martial law in Poland in 1981 6. Human Rights Watch also spoke ____ against the mass killings and government-imposed famines during the last decade of former Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein's rule. 7. Human Rights Watch will openly lobby ____ specific actions ____ other governments to take against human rights

Contents

Part 1. Declaration of Human Rights……………..…....5

2. Part2. A short history of the Human Rights Movement. Early political, religious and philosophical sources………………………………………….…….…15 3. Part 3. Modern Human Rights Movement. Amnesty International …………………………………….……..23

Part 4. Human Rights Watch …………………..……..31
Part 5. Amnesty International………………….……..39
Part 6. Human Rights activists………………………..45
Part 7. Human rights violation. Discrimination.……..53

media that Reid was the recipient of secrets, although Reid stated that she had met Col McNally only twice, both times in a purely professional capacity, both times at the NATO military HQ in Kabul. In the same article Reid asked "Why was my name released to the media by the MoD, with a libel that our relationship was "close"? They would know exactly what impression they were creating, and presumably decided that my reputatation was expendable in order to ensure coverage of their "story"". Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International are the only two western-oriented international human rights organizations operating worldwide in most situations of severe oppression or abuse. Though close allies, the two groups play complementary roles, reflecting a division of labour. The major differences lie in the groups’ structure and methods for promoting change. Amnesty International is a mass-membership organization. Mobilization of those members is the organization's central advocacy tool. Human Rights Watch's main products are its crisis-directed research and lengthy reports, whereas Amnesty lobbies and writes detailed reports, but also focuses on mass letter-writing campaigns, adopting individuals as "prisoners of conscience" and lobbying for their release. Human Rights Watch will openly lobby for specific actions for other governments to take against human rights offenders, including naming specific individuals for arrest, or for sanctions to be levied against certain countries, recently calling for punitive sanctions against the top leaders in Sudan who have overseen a killing campaign in Darfur. The group has also called for human rights activists who have been detained in Sudan to be released. Its documentations of human rights abuses often include extensive analyses of the political and historical backgrounds of the conflicts concerned, some of which have been published in academic journals. AI's reports, on the other hand, tend to contain less analysis, and instead focus on specific abuses of rights. There are some small differences in policy: for example, Human Rights Watch believes that women should have the right to wear a veil whereas Amnesty has no policy on this issue. Criticism of Human Rights Watch may be classified into

that founded the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers in 1998. It is also the co-chair of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, a global coalition of civil society groups that successfully lobbied to introduce the Ottawa Treaty, a treaty that prohibits the use of anti-personnel landmines. Human Rights Watch is a founding member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange, a global network of non-governmental organizations that monitor censorship worldwide. Human Rights Watch has more than 230 paid staff, and a budget of over US$30 million a year. The current executive director of Human Rights Watch is Kenneth Roth. He has held this position since 1993. Roth is a graduate of Yale Law School and Brown University. His father fled Nazi Germany in 1938. Roth started working on human rights after the declaration of martial law in Poland in 1981, and later became engaged in Haiti issues. Human Rights Watch made recent headlines by criticizing the Jordanian government for arresting elected officials who praised Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, the head of Al-Qaeda in Iraq, at ceremonies held in response to his death. Human Rights Watch also spoke out against the mass killings and government-imposed famines during the last decade of former Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein's rule. On July 26, 2007 HRW denounced that hundreds of migrant children held in emergency centers in the Spanish Canary Islands are living in squalid, overcrowded conditions and face the risk of abuse from their custodians and other children. The Canary Islands government, which runs the facilities, replied in a statement that the report lacked "rigor" and that "an internal investigation had failed to corroborate" Human Rights Watch's findings. On February 6, 2009 The Guardian reported the HRW researcher Rachel Reid saying that Colonel Owen McNally had been flown back from Afghanistan to Britain "where he will reportedly be interviewed by military police". It further reported that Britain's Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) had told

suffrage право голосу, виборче право remuneration винагороа, компнсація compulsory обов’язковий available доступний

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Declaration of Human Rights On December 10, 1948 the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights the full text of which appears in the following pages. Following this historic act the Assembly called upon all Member countries to publicize the text of the Declaration and "to cause it to be disseminated, displayed, read and expounded principally in schools and other educational institutions, without distinction based on the political status of countries or territories." Preamble Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people, Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law, Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations, Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to

president of the organization and is one of the original founders, along with Jeri Laber, and several others. Pursuant to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Human Rights Watch opposes violations of what it considers basic human rights, which include capital punishment and discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Human Rights Watch advocates freedoms in connection with fundamental human rights, such as freedom of religion and the press. Human Rights Watch produces research reports on violations of international human rights norms as set out by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and what it perceives to be other internationally-accepted human rights norms. These reports are used as the basis for drawing international attention to abuses and pressuring governments and international organizations to reform. Researchers conduct fact-finding missions to investigate suspect situations and generate coverage in local and international media. Issues raised by Human Rights Watch in its reports include social and gender discrimination, torture, military use of children, political corruption, abuses in criminal justice systems, and the legalization of abortion. Human Rights Watch documents and reports violations of the laws of war and international humanitarian law. Human Rights Watch also supports writers worldwide who are being persecuted for their work and are in need of financial assistance. The Hellman/Hammett grants are financed by the estate of the playwright Lillian Hellman in funds set up in her name and that of her long-time companion, the novelist Dashiell Hammett. In addition to providing financial assistance, the Hellman/Hammett grants help raise international awareness of activists who are being silenced for speaking out in defence of human rights. Each year, Human Rights Watch presents the Human Rights Defenders Award to activists around the world who demonstrate leadership and courage in defending human rights. The award winners work closely with Human Rights Watch in investigating and exposing human rights abuses. Human Rights Watch was one of six international NGOs

achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge, Now, Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. Article 1All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Article 2.Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. Article 3.Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Article 4.No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. Article 5.No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Article 6.Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law. Article 7.All are equal before the law and are entitled

звинувачувати, засуджувати, погрожувати squalid брудний, бідний custodian опікун rigor гарячка, оціпеніння to corroborate підтверджувати, підкріпляти, підтримувати allies союзники extensive analyses вичерпний аналіз accusation звинувачення bias схил, необ’єктивність, упередженість to accuse звинувачувати insurgent бунтар, повстанець inadvertently неуважно, необережно, ненавмисно to enact a law приймати закон 2. Read and translate the text Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch is one of the world's leading international non-governmental organizations that conduct research and advocacy on human rights. Its headquarters are in New York City and it has offices in Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Paris, San Francisco, Tokyo, Toronto, and Washington D.C. Human Rights Watch was founded under the name Helsinki Watch in 1978 to monitor the former Soviet Union's compliance with the Helsinki Accords. As the organization grew, it formed other "watch committees" to cover other regions of the world. In 1988, all of the committees were united under one umbrella to form Human Rights Watch. Robert L. Bernstein was a

without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. Article 8.Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law. Article 9.No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. Article 10.Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him. Article 11.(1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence. (2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed. Article 12.No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. Article 13.(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state. (2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country. Article 14.(1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. (2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. Article 15.(1) Everyone has the right to a nationality. (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied

призвело до встановлення чіткої фінансової звітності; вони приєднувалися до різних політичних сил – тому зараз члени Міжнародної Амністії не можуть працювати у своїх країнах. Перші кампанії провалились, тому що організація була дезінформована щодо певних в’язнів. Тому зараз організація проводить ретельне розслідування перш ніж визнати когось політичним в’язнем. Організація займається обмеженою кількістю питань, а не усіма питаннями пов’язаними з правами людини. Організація ніколи не визнає політичним в’язнем людину, яка використовує або схвалює використання насильства з будь-яких причин. Вона рідко надає статистичну інформацію про порушення прав людини в різних країнах. Організація працює від імені окремих в’язнів та працює над скасуванням таких явищ як тортури та смертна кара. Визнання руху за права людини та Міжнародної Амністії збільшилось у 1970-х роках. Амністія отримала постійний статус спостерігача як неурядова організація ООН. У 1977 році організація була нагороджена нобелівською премією. Part 4 Human Rights Watch 1. 1. Learn the words headquarters штаб-квартира compliance схвалення, згода pursuant to у відповідності до to draw attention привернути увагу to persecute for переслідувати за landmines фугас censorship цензура to engage займатися чимось, бути зобов’язаним famine голод, гострий дефіцит, нестача to denounce

the right to change his nationality. Article 16.(1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. (2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. (3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State. Article 17.(1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property. Article 18.Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance. Article 19.Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. Article 20.(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. (2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association. Article 21.(1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. (2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country. (3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures. Article 22.Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.

merged with other groups to form Human Rights Watch, started as a few Russian activists who formed to	VIII as an NGO at the United Nations.
9 This appealed to a large group of people, many of whom were politically inactive, not interested in joining a political movement,	IX“Amnesty is an organization that does only one or two things, but does them extremely well”.
10 Amnesty gained permanent observer statue	X to twenty years in prison for having raised their glasses in a toast to “freedom” in a bar, formed Appeal for Amnesty, 1961.

Translate the summary of the text into English

У 1961 році два португальських студенти були засуджені на 20 років за те, що підняли в барі тост за свободу. Група юристів та журналістів були обурені цим фактом. Вони розказали про людей, які були засуджені за політичні чи релігійні переконання та закликали уряди звільнити таких в’язнів. Цей заклик призвів до створення сучасного руху за права людини.

Сучасний рух за права людини не винайшов нових принципів. Він вимагав, щоб уряди дотримувались певних основних прав людини у своєму ставленні до громадян. Рух апелював до великої групи людей, більшість з яких були політично неактивні і не турбувалися про створення «ідеального суспільства». Вони були просто розлючені тим, що влада наважувалась ув’язнювати, катувати та вбивати людей за те, що вони висловлюють на публіці думки, які відрізняються від офіційних. Вони наївно писали листи до урядів і переконували їх звільнити політичних в’язнів.

Перші роки існування руху за права людини були дуже важкі.

Сучасна Міжнародна Амністія створила свою структуру, навчаючись на помилках. На початку існування організації її члени діяли без нагляду і просто марнували гроші - це

Article 23.(1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. (2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. (3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection.(4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests. Article 24.Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay. Article 25.(1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control(2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection. Article 26.(1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. (3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children. Article 27.(1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. (2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from

9. Others were upset that Amnesty would not criticize any form of government, even one which appeared ________ and incompatible with respect for basic human rights. 10. They _______ writing letters to governments and publicizing the plights of these people in hopes of persuading or embarrassing abusive governments into better behavior. 6. Match the beginning and the and of the sentences

1 In 1961 a group of lawyers, journalists, writers and others, offended and frustrated by the sentencing of two Portuguese college students	I from its list of adopted prisoners, because of his endorsing a violent struggle against apartheid.
2 The modern organization named Amnesty International	II who has used or advocated violence for any reason.
3 While it works to ensure a fair trial for all political prisoners, it does not adopt as prisoners of consciousness anyone	III and its demand that governments everywhere, regardless of ideology, adhere to certain basic principles of human rights in their treatment to their citizens.
4 It sticks to work on behalf of individual prisoners, and work	IV not ideologically motivated, and didn’t care about creating “the perfect society” or perfect government.
5 It was different from what preceded it primarily in its explicit rejection of political	V monitor the Soviet Union’s compliance with the human rights provisions in the

ideology and partisanship,	Helsinki accords.
6 Many pro-democracy advocates were extremely upset when the organization dropped Nelson Mandela	VI to abolish specific practices, such as torture and the death penalty.
7 A distinguished human rights researcher once said that	VII gained the structure it has by learning from mistakes.
8 Helsinki Watch, which later merged with other groups to form Human Rights Watch, started as a few Russian activists who formed to	VIII as an NGO at the United Nations.

any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author. Article 28.Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized. Article 29.(1) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible. (2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. (3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. Article 30.Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein. 3. Find English equivalence for the following words and expressions визнання гідності зневажання і нехтування правами людини сприяти розвиткові дружніх відносин між народами сприяти соціальному прогресові наділені розумом і совістю в дусі братерства кожна людина повинна мати всі права ніхто не повинен зазнавати тортур усі люди мають право на ефективне поновлення у правах безпідставний арешт людина, обвинувачена у вчиненні злочину безпідставне посягання на недоторканність житла шукати притулку від переслідувань право не може бути використане бути безпідставно позбавленим громадянства

distinguishing feature of the organization, however, was to stick _____ what it knew and not to outside its mandate. 7. Amnesty International does not take positions ______ many issues which many people view as human rights concerns 8. Over the years combination of these concerns and others led ________ formation of other human rights groups. 9. Regional human rights watchdog groups often operated ______ extremely difficult conditions, especially those ____ the Soviet block. 10. Although there were differences ____ philosophy, focus, and tactics ______ the groups, _____ the most part they remained ____ speaking terms, and a number of human rights activists belonged to more than one. 5. Fill in the right word from the box

prisoners of consciousness preceded outraged tool to rudimentary oversight formidable endorse abuses inherently abusive

1. They were simply ______ that any government dared abuse, imprison, torture, and often kill human beings

2. “Appeal for Amnesty, 1961” had only the most _______ organization.

3. It rarely provides statistical data on human rights ________, and never compares the human rights records of one country with another.

4. The appeal told the stories of six “______” from different countries and of different political and religious backgrounds.

5. Amnesty International does not take positions on many issues which many people view as human rights concerns and does not _______ or criticize any form of government.

6. Early staff members operated with no ________, and money was wasted.

7. This led to the establishment of a _________ research section and the process of “adoption” of prisoners of consciousness only after a thorough investigation phase.

8. It was different from what _______ it primarily in its explicit rejection of political ideology and partisanship.

шлюб може укладатися тільки при вільній і повній згоді сторін, що одружуються поширювати інформацію бути примушеним вступати до будь-якої асоціації нефальсифіковані вибори шляхом таємного голосування соціальне забезпечення справедливі і сприятливі умови праці захист від безробіття право на рівну оплату за рівну працю забезпечувати гідне існування створювати професійні спілки обмеження робочого дня підтримання здоров'я і добробуту бути спрямованим на повний розвиток людської особистості сприяти взаєморозумінню, терпимості і дружбі повинна сприяти діяльності Організації Об'єднаних Націй по підтриманню миру маюти право пріоритету у мати обов'язки перед суспільством суперечити цілям і принципам 4. Fill in the necessary preposition 1. ______ December 10, 1948 the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 2. The Assembly called _______ all Member countries to publicize the text of the Declaration. 3. Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, _____ co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect _______ and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms. 4. They are endowed _______ reason and conscience and should act _____ one another ____ a spirit of brotherhood. 5. No distinction shall be made ______ the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or _______ any other limitation ____

1977 it was awarded the Noble Peace prize for its work. Unfortunately, the Noble Peace prize didn’t impress the governments Amnesty most wanted to get through to. That year the Argentine military dictatorship reportedly claimed that Amnesty was a front organization For the Soviet KGB. This supposedly occurred the same week that the Soviet government claimed Amnesty was run by the US CIA, to the amusement of human rights activists and. Presumably, embarrassment of certain people in Argentina and the Soviet Union. 3. Find synonyms to the following words and expressions in the text 1 to cancel 2 to protect 3 to follow 4 furious 5 agreement 6 maybe 7 to strike somebody off the list 4. Fill in the necessary preposition 1. The appeal was announced ______ May 28 in the London Observer’s Sunday supplement. 2. It set forth a simple plan of action, calling _____ strictly impartial, non-partisan appeals to be made _____ behalf of these prisoners ad any who, like them, had been imprisoned _____ peacefully expressed beliefs. 3. The one-year appeal grew, was extended ______ the year, and Amnesty International and the modern human rights movements were both born. 4. The appeal told the stories of six “prisoners of consciousness” _____ different countries and of different political and religious backgrounds, all jailed _____ peacefully expressing their political and religious beliefs, and called _____ governments everywhere to free such prisoners. 5. Early staff members and volunteers got involved _____ partisan politics while working _______ human rights violations _____ their own countries. 6. The biggest lesson Amnesty learned, and ____ many the

sovereignty. 6. No one shall be subjected _____ torture or ____ cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. 7. All are equal _____ the law and are entitled _____ any discrimination _____ equal protection of the law. 8. Everyone charged ______ a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent _____ proved guilty according _____ law ____ a public trial. 9. No one shall be held guilty ____ any penal offence ______ account _____ any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, _______ national or international law, _______ the time when it was committed. 10. Marriage shall be entered _______ only ______ the free and full consent _____ the intending spouses. 5. Fill in the words from the box

association conscience merit remuneration will arbitrarily servitude assembly favorable entitled

1. No one shall be __________ deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

2. Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in _______ with others.

3. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, _____ and religion.

4. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful ______ and association.

5. The ____ of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government.

6. Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and _______ conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.

7. Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable _______ ensuring for himself and his family

8. Motherhood and childhood are ______ to special care and assistance.

9. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of ______.

abolish specific practices, such as torture and the death penalty. A lot of people found it too restrictive. Many pro-democracy advocates were extremely upset when the organization dropped Nelson Mandela (a black South African anti-apartheid activist in jail on trumped-up murder charges) from its list of adopted prisoners, because of his endorsing a violent struggle against apartheid. Others were upset that Amnesty would not criticize any form of government, even one which (like Soviet-style Communism, or Franco-style fascism) appeared inherently abusive and incompatible with respect for basic human rights. Many activists simply felt that human rights could be better served by a broader field of actions. Over the years combination of these concerns and others led to formation of other human rights groups. Among them were groups which later merged to form Human Rights Watch, the first of them being Helsinki Watch in 1978. Regional human rights watchdog groups often operated under extremely difficult conditions, especially those in the Soviet block. Helsinki Watch, which later merged with other groups to form Human Rights Watch, started as a few Russian activists who formed to monitor the Soviet Union’s compliance with the human rights provisions in the Helsinki accords. Many of its members were arrested shortly after it was formed and had little chance to be active. Other regional groups formed after military takeover in Chile in 1973, in East Timor in 1975, in Argentina in 1976, and after The Chinese Democracy Wall Movement in 1979. Although there were differences in philosophy, focus, and tactics between the groups, for the most part they remained on speaking terms, and a number of human rights activists belonged to more than one. Recognition for the human rights movement, and Amnesty international in particular, grew during the 1970s. Amnesty gained permanent observer statue as an NGO at the United Nations. Its reports became mandatory reading in legislatures, state departments and foreign ministries around the world. Its press releases received respectful attention, even when its recommendations were ignored by the governments involved. In

10. No one shall be held in slavery or ________. 6. Match the beginning and the end of the sentences

1 On December 10, 1948 the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted and proclaimed	I material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.
2 Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation	II and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

3 They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act	III the Universal Declaration of Human Rights the full text of which appears in the following pages.
4 Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to	IV of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.
5 All are equal before the law and are entitled	V crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
6 Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country,	VI engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.
7 No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery	VII without any discrimination to equal protection of the law.

creating “the perfect society” or perfect government. They were simply outraged that any government dared abuse, imprison, torture, and often kill human beings whose only crime was in believing differently from their government and saying so in public. They (naively, according to many detractors) tool to writing letters to governments and publicizing the plights of these people in hopes of persuading or embarrassing abusive governments into better behavior. Like the early years of many movements, the early years of modern human rights movement were rocky. “Appeal for Amnesty, 1961” had only the most rudimentary organization. The modern organization named Amnesty International gained the structure it has by learning from mistakes. Early staff members operated with no oversight, and money was wasted. This led to establishing strict financial accountability. Early staff members and volunteers got involved in partisan politics while working on human rights violations in their own countries. This led to the principle that AI members were not as a matter of practice, asked or permitted to work on cases in their country. Early campaigns failed because Amnesty was misinformed about certain prisoners. This led to the establishment of a formidable research section and the process of “adoption” of prisoners of consciousness only after a thorough investigation phase. The biggest lesson Amnesty learned, and for many the distinguishing feature of the organization, however, was to stick to what it knew and not to outside its mandate. A distinguished human rights researcher once said that “Amnesty is an organization that does only one or two things, but does them extremely well”. Amnesty International does not take positions on many issues which many people view as human rights concerns (such as abortions) and does not endorse or criticize any form of government. While it works to ensure a fair trial for all political prisoners, it does not adopt as prisoners of consciousness anyone who has used or advocated violence for any reason. It rarely provides statistical data on human rights abuses, and never compares the human rights records of one country with another. It sticks to work on behalf of individual prisoners, and work to

observer status статус спостерігача NGO (nongovernmental organization) неурядова організація military takeover військовий переворот mandate мандат, доручення, наказ 2. Read and translate the text Modern Human Rights Movement Amnesty International In 1961 a group of lawyers, journalists, writers and others, offended and frustrated by the sentencing of two Portuguese college students to twenty years in prison for having raised their glasses in a toast to “freedom” in a bar, formed Appeal for Amnesty, 1961. The appeal was announced on May 28 in the London Observer’s Sunday supplement. The appeal told the stories of six “prisoners of consciousness” from different countries and of different political and religious backgrounds, all jailed for peacefully expressing their political and religious beliefs, and called on governments everywhere to free such prisoners. It set forth a simple plan of action, calling for strictly impartial, non-partisan appeals to be made on behalf of these prisoners ad any who, like them, had been imprisoned for peacefully expressed beliefs. The response to this appeal was larger than anyone had expected. The one-year appeal grew, was extended beyond the year, and Amnesty International and the modern human rights movements were both born. The modern human rights movement didn’t invent any new principles. It was different from what preceded it primarily in its explicit rejection of political ideology and partisanship, and its demand that governments everywhere, regardless of ideology, adhere to certain basic principles of human rights in their treatment to their citizens. This appealed to a large group of people, many of whom were politically inactive, not interested in joining a political movement, not ideologically motivated, and didn’t care about

to enumerate перераховувати governmental interference втручання уряду to inherit успадкувати property власність, майно excessive taxes надмірні податки due process належна правова процедура equality before the law рівність пред законом provision положення bribery хабарнтцтво official misconduct халатність, посадовий злочин to call on закликати to delineate limits on power обмежувати владу vigorously палко baseless безпідставний to draw on викликати, призводити до to bring about викликати, призводити до, реалізувати to endow наділяти unalienable rights невід’ємні права labor union профспілка credibility довіра atrocity жорстокість slavery рабство serfdom кріпацтво 2. Read and translate the text A Short History of the Human Rights Movement Early Political, Religious and Philosophical Sources The concept of human rights has existed under several names in European thought for many centuries, at least since the time of King John of England. After the king violated a number of ancient laws and customs by which England had been governed,

політичними, а не гуманітарними. Проте, рух за права людини призвів до змін, таких як прийняття законів, що надають робочим право на страйки, встановлюють мінімальні умови праці, забороняють або регулюють дитячу працю, встановлюють 40-годинний робочий день тощо. Багато жінок отримали право голосу. Рухи расових та релігійних меншин досягли успіху в багатьох країнах. Part 3 Modern Human Rights Movement Amnesty International 1. Learn the words impartial справедливий, неупереджений on behalf of від імені precede передувати adhere дотримуватися outrage грубе порушення, грубе застосування сили, гнів abuse зловживання detractor той, хто наводить наклеп plight зобов’язання rudimentary organ рудиментарний орган oversight нагляд, контроль partisan той, що підтримує якусь рпартію; упереджений formidable research грунтовні дослідження to stick дотримуватися to endorse підтримувати, схвалювати, рекомендувати to abolish скасовувати to advocate захищати trumped-up murder charges сфабриковане звинувачення у вбивстві compliance схвалення, згода accord схвалення, згода

his subjects forced him to sign the Magna Carta, or Great Charter, which enumerates a number of what later came to be thought as human rights. Among them were the rights of the church to be free from governmental interference, the rights of all free citizens to own and inherit property and be free from excessive taxes. It established the right of widows who owned property to choose not to remarry, and established principles of due process and equality before the law. It also contained provisions forbidding bribery and official misconduct. The political and religious traditions in other parts of the world also proclaimed what have come to be called human rights, calling on rulers to rule justly and compassionately, and delineating limits on their power over the lives, property and activities of other citizens. In the eighteens and nineteenth centuries in Europe several philosophers proposed the concept of “natural rights”, rights belonging to a person by nature and because he was a human being, not by virtue of his citizenship in a particular country or membership in a particular religious or ethnic group. This concept was vigorously debated and rejected by some philosophers as baseless. Others saw it as a formulation of the underlying principle on which all ideas of citizens’ rights and political and religious liberties were based. In the late 1700s two revolutions occurred which drew heavily on this concept. In 1776 most of the British colonies in North America proclaimed their independence from the British Empire in a document which still stirs feelings and debates, the US Declaration of Independence. We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by the creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. In 1789 the people of France overthrew their monarchy and established the First French Republic. Out of the revolution came the “Declaration of the Rights of Men”. The term “natural rights” eventually fell into disfavor, but the concept of universal rights took root. Philosophers such as

порушив, підлеглі змусили його підписати Магна Карту, або Великий Статут. Він перераховував ряд положень, які ми називаємо «права людини». Наприклад, право церкви бути вільним від втручання держави, право всіх громадян володіти та успадковувати власність, бути вільними від надмірних податків, право вдів, які володіють власність, не виходити заміж знову. У 18 столітті в Європі декілька філософів висунули ідею «природних прав». Це права, які належать людині, тому що вона є людино, а не тому що вона є представником певної релігійної чи етнічної групи або громадянином певної країни. У кінці 1970-х років дві революції дуже вплинули на цю концепцію. У 1776 році більшість британських колоній у Північній Америці проголосили свою незалежність від Британської Імперії. У 1789 році французи скинули монархію та заснували першу французьку республіку. Це призвело до появи «Декларації прав людини». Термін природні права не проіснував дуже довго, але укорінилося поняття універсальних прав. Поняття «права людини» вперше було використане в роботі Торо «Громадська непокора». Ця робота дуже вплинула на таких особистостей як Лев Толстой, Махатма Ганді та Мартін Лютер Кінг і розвинула їх ідеї про ненасильницьке протистояння неетичним діям уряду. У 19 столітті багато питань вийшли на перше місце. Зараз ми називаємо їх питання пов’язані з правами людини: рабство, кріпацтво, погані умови праці, дуже низька заробітна плата, дитяча праця тощо. Але в кінці 19 на початку 20 століття рух за права людини був пов’язаний з політичними та релігійними групами та віруваннями. Революціонери говорили, що їх ідеологія необхідна, щоб принести зміни та зупинити зловживання уряду. А уряд говорив, що йому необхідна така сувора політика через соціальний безлад, ріст злочинності тощо. Але, зазвичай, населенні не підтримувало ні революціонерів, ні уряд, оскільки їх інтереси були

Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill, and Henry David Thoreau expended the concept. Thoreau is the first philosopher to use the term “human rights”. He did it in his treatise, Civil Disobedience. This work has been extremely influential on individuals as different as Lei Tolstoy, Mahatma Gandhi, and Martin Luther King. Gandhi and King, in particular, developed their ideas on non-violent resistance to unethical government actions from this work. Other early proponents of human rights were English philosophers John Stuart Mill, in his Essay on Liberty, and American political theorist Thomas Paine in his essay, The Rights of the Men. The middle and late nineteenth century saw a number of issues take center stage, many of them we in the late twentieth century would consider human rights issues. They included slavery, serfdom, brutal working conditions, starvation wages, child labor, and, in the Americas, the “Indian Problem”, as it was known at that time. In the United States a bloody war over slavery came close to destroying a country founded only eighty years earlier on the premise that “all men are created equal”. Russia freed its serfs the year that war began. Neither the emancipated American slaves nor the freed Russian serfs saw a real degree of freedom o

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