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⇐ Предыдущая 2 3 4 5 678 9 10 11 Следующая ⇒

Концепція прав людини існує вже багато сторіч, принаймні з часів короля Джона Англійського. Англія керувалась рядом законів та звичаїв. А коли король їх

uninvolved citizens who got caught in the crossfire usually cursed both sides and made no efforts to listen to the reason given by either. Nonetheless many specific civil rights and human rights movements managed to affect profound social changes during this time. Labor unions brought about laws granting workers the right to strike, establishing minimum work conditions, forbidding or regulating child labor, establishing a forty hour work week in the United States and many European countries, etc. The women’s rights movement succeeded in gaining for many women the right to vote. National liberation movements in many countries succeeded in driving out colonial powers. One of the most influential was Mahatma Ghandi’s movement to free his native India from British rule. Movements by long-oppressed racial and religious minorities succeeded in many parts of the world, among them the US Civil Rights Movement. 3. Translate the sentences into English 1. Якби він не порушив закони, його владу б не обмежили. 2. Якби в профспілках не процвітало хабарництво, люди б не втратили довіру до цієї організації. 3. Якби не втручання уряду, їм би так і не вдалося скасувати надмірні податки. 4. Шкода, що в цьому законі немає жодного положення, яке б передбачало покарання за посадові злочини. 5. Якби рабство чи кріпацтво існувало і досі, то значна частина людей була б позбавлена своїх невід’ємних прав. 6. Якби не належна правова процедура, було б важко досягти рівності перед законом. 7. Він поводиться так, ніби його жорстокість могла б призвести до якогось позитивного результату. 8. Якби він успадкував хоч якусь власність, цього б злочину могло і не статися. 9. Якби ці звинувачення були безпідставними, нас би не закликали ігнорувати їх. 10. Шкода, що опозиція намагається викликати незадоволення виборців.

4. Find synonyms to the following words and expressions in the text 1 as a result of the fact that 2 to limit the power 3 the main rules 4 to be violently discussed 5 to influence something strongly 6 to lose one's favor 7 strike root 8 develop 9 followers 10 extremely low income 5. Fill in the necessary preposition 1. The political and religious traditions _____ other parts of the world also proclaimed what have come to be called human rights, calling _____ rulers to rule justly and compassionately. 2. ____the United States a bloody war _______ slavery came close _____ destroying a country founded only eighty years earlier ______ the premise that “all men are created equal”. 3. The term “natural rights” eventually fell ______ disfavor. 4. Many people, disgusted ________ the actions of government _____ power, first got involved _______ revolutionary groups because of this. 5. Neither group had any credibility ______ the other and most had little or no credibility _____ uninvolved citizens, because their concerns were generally political, not humanitarian. 6. Labor unions brought _______ laws granting workers the right to strike, establishing minimum work conditions. 7. ______ the late 1700s two revolutions occurred which drew heavily ______ this concept 8. The women’s rights movement succeeded ______ gaining ____ many women the right to vote. 6. Fill in the words from the box.

due process misconduct delineating limits underlying principle stirs feelings serfs atrocities partisan protests profound colonial powers

1. It established the right of widows who owned property to

У Європі прийнято ряд законів, які направлені на те щоб боротися з дискримінацією. Спочатку мова ішла здебільшого про расову та статеву дискримінацію. Але в 1997 році країни члени ЄС погодились внести суттєві зміни у вже існуюче законодавство. Країни члени отримали нові повноваження для боротьби з дискримінацією на основі расового та етнічного походження та інвалідності, релігій та вірувань тощо. У 2000 році Рада одноголосно прийняла дві директиви та програму дій ЄС. Ці дві директиви містять положення, які дають визначення поняттям пряма та непряма дискримінація, пояснюють основні права та обов’язки людей, що стали жертвами дискримінації, пояснюють процедуру надання доказів зі сторони позивача та відповідача у цивільних та адміністративних справах; висувають вимоги до роботодавців щодо задоволення потреб інвалідів тощо. На сьогоднішній день країни члени ЄС вже повинні були привести своє законодавство у відповідність до нових правил. Зокрема, надати людям, які стали жертвами дискримінації можливість отримати юридичний захист та компенсацію. Кожен уряд може вирішувати самостійно яким чином це відбуватиметься: чи серед судову процедуру, чи в адміністративному порядку. Законодавство також повинно забезпечувати захист жертвам дискримінації та свідкам. Згідно з обома директивами, після того як людина, що подала скаргу, надала факти, що доводять дискримінацію, свою невинність повинна довести людина, яку звинуватили в дискримінації. Згідно з антидискримінаційним законодавством ЄС, уряди країн членів повинні створити органи, які б допомагали людям, що зазнали переслідувань та гонінь. Організація та роль цих органів може бути різною в різних країнах. Проте директиви визнають, що законодавства може бути недостатньо для збереження рівності у суспільстві.

впливати; приводити в дію perpetrate скоїти prompt швидкий impunity безкарність to uphold підтримувати refugees біженці asylum seekers людина, що шукає притулок courteous ввічливий to deploy розгортати, використовувати to retain тримати, утримувати, вміщати; пам’ятати affiliate приєднуватися biannual той, що відбувається двічі на рік to assert стверджувати, заявляти, доводити mitigating пом’ягшуючий 2. Read and translte the text Amnesty International Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is an international non-governmental organisation which defines its mission as "to conduct research and generate action to prevent and end grave abuses of human rights and to demand justice for those whose rights have been violated." Founded in London, England in 1961, AI draws its attention to human rights abuses and campaigns for compliance with international standards. It works to mobilise public opinion which exerts pressure on individuals who perpetrate abuses. The organisation was awarded the 1977 Nobel Peace Prize for its "campaign against torture" and the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights in 1978. In the field of international human rights organisations (of which there were 300 in 1996), Amnesty has the longest history and broadest name recognition, and "is believed by many to set standards for the movement as a whole." Amnesty International primarily targets governments, but

was funded by the European Commission. National Equality Bodies now exist in most EU Member States. These independent organisations work to help people who have suffered discrimination because of their race or ethnic origin, and often also on the grounds of religion or belief, age, disability, sexual orientation and gender. They advise people who have been discriminated against on their rights and how to make a complaint if necessary. Equality Bodies also have the power to conduct independent surveys on discrimination and to publish reports on the subject, in order to help increase understanding of the problem and contribute to finding solutions. The directives recognise explicitly that outlawing discrimination will not necessarily be enough by itself to ensure genuine equality of opportunity for everyone in society. Specific measures might be called for to compensate for disadvantages arising from a person’s racial or ethnic origin, age or other characteristics which might lead to them being treated unfairly. For example, ethnic minorities may need special training and specific help to have a reasonable chance of finding a job. Putting on training courses or making different arrangements especially for them are ways of improving their chances. The directives allow positive action of this kind to be undertaken and do not regard it as infringing the principle of equal treatment. 3. Translate the summary of the text into English Дискримінація буває двох видів: пряма і непряма. Ми говоримо про дискримінацію, коли до людини ставляться гірше ніж до інших людей у схожій ситуації через расове чи етнічне походження, релігію чи вірування, інвалідність, вік, стать чи сексуальну орієнтацію. Ми говоримо про непряму дискримінацію, коли на перший погляд нейтральне положення чи вимоги ставлять людину у невигідне становище у порівнянні з іншими людьми через ті самі причини. Наприклад, вимога, щоб усі працівники не носили головні убори. Таким чином виключаються люди, чия релігія вимагає покривати голову.

also reports on non-governmental bodies and private individuals ("non-state actors"). There are five key areas which Amnesty deals with:Women's Rights, Children's Rights, Ending Torture and Execution, Rights of Refugees and Rights of Prisoners of Conscience. Some specific aims are to abolish the death penalty, end extra judicial executions and "disappearances", ensure prison conditions meet international human rights standards, ensure prompt and fair trial for all political prisoners, ensure free education to all children worldwide, decriminalize abortion, fight impunity from systems of justice, end the recruitment and use of child soldiers, free all prisoners of conscience, promote economic, social and cultural rights for marginalized communities, protect human rights defenders, promote religious tolerance, stop torture and ill-treatment, stop unlawful killings in armed conflict, and to uphold the rights of refugees, migrants and asylum seekers. To further these aims, Amnesty International has developed several techniques to publicize information and mobilize public opinion. The organization considers as one of its strengths the publication of impartial and accurate reports. Reports are researched by interviewing victims and officials, observing trials, working with local human rights activists and by monitoring the media. It aims to issue timely press releases and publishes information in newsletters and on web sites. It also sends official missions to countries to make courteous but insistent inquiries. Campaigns to mobilize public opinion can take the form of individual, country or thematic campaigns. Many techniques are deployed such as direct appeals (for example, letter writing), media and publicity work and public demonstrations. Often fund-raising is integrated with campaigning. In situations which require immediate attention, Amnesty International calls on existing urgent action networks or crisis response networks; for all other matters, it calls on its membership. It considers the large size of its human resources to be another one of its key strengths. Amnesty International is largely made up of voluntary

need to receive the same protection from victimisation to encourage them to give evidence. Governments are, therefore, required to put measures in place to dissuade those accused of discrimination from reacting in this way. These measures, in particular, need to protect employees against the possibility of dismissal if they lodge a complaint or take legal action against their employers or if they give evidence in cases of unfair treatment. According to both Directives, the burden of proof should shift to the person accused of discrimination once the person bringing the complaint has established facts from which it can be presumed that there has been discrimination. It is then up to the person accused to prove that they did not act in a discriminatory way. The requirement that the burden of proof should be shifted, or shared, in this way is a recognition of two general aspects of discrimination cases. The first is that those suffering discrimination are rarely in a position to prove it. The second is that only those who are accused of discrimination are likely to have access to the full facts of the case. Although this shifting of the burden of proof is a recent feature of legislation in many countries, it is not new. It has been widely adopted before as part of new laws on equality between men and women. National governments are required under EU anti-discrimination law (specifically the Racial Equality Directive) to designate or set up a body, or bodies, to help people suffering racial discrimination to pursue their complaints. In many countries however equality bodies also help people suffering from discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief, age, disability, sexual orientation and gender. The organisation and role of each body or bodies varies from country to country. Most of these bodies are part of Equinet, the European Network of Equality Bodies, which develops co-operation and facilitates the exchange of information and good practice between the national organisations. Equinet began as a two year project ‘Strengthening the co-operation between specialised bodies for the implementation of equal treatment legislation’ (2002-2004) which

members but retains a small number of paid professionals. In countries where Amnesty International has a strong presence, members are organised as 'sections'. Sections coordinate basic Amnesty International activities normally with a significant volume of members, some of whom will form into 'groups', and a professional staff. Each has a board of directors. In 2005 there were 52 sections worldwide. 'Structures' are aspiring sections. They also coordinate basic activities but have a smaller membership and a limited staff. In countries where no section or structure exists, people can become 'international members'. Two other organisational models exist: 'international networks', which promote specific themes or have a specific identity, and 'affiliated groups', which do the same work as section groups, but in isolation. The organisations outlined above are represented by the International Council (IC) which is led by the IC Chairperson. Members of sections and structures have the right to appoint one or more representatives to the Council according to the size of their membership. The IC may invite representatives from International Networks and other individuals to meetings, but only representatives from sections and structures have voting rights. The function of the IC is to appoint and hold accountable internal governing bodies and to determine the direction of the movement. The IC convenes every two years. The International Executive Committee (IEC), led by the IEC Chairperson, consists of eight members and the IEC Treasurer. It is elected by, and represents, the IC and meets biannually. The role of the IEC is to take decisions on behalf of Amnesty International, implement the strategy laid out by the IC, and ensure compliance with the organisation’s statutes. The International Secretariat (IS) is responsible for the conduct and daily affairs of Amnesty International under direction from the IEC and IC. It is run by approximately 500 professional staff members and is headed by a Secretary General. The IS operates several work programmes; International Law and Organisations; Research; Campaigns; Mobilisation; and Communications. Its offices have been located in London since its

system of criminal or civil justice — or through administrative arrangements, such as tribunals. Governments can also choose to encourage conciliation and set up a system for sorting out cases of unfair treatment voluntarily through discussion instead of through the legal route. The directives impose an obligation on governments to ensure that people bringing complaints of unfair treatment have the right to be supported and represented by their trade union or by specialist associations or organisations. At the same time, they have to make sure that the sanctions to be applied in cases where discrimination has occurred are effective, proportionate and dissuasive’. In other words, the penalties for discrimination should bear some relationship to the harm done and should act as a deterrent against behaviour of this kind. To strengthen protection further, governments are required to introduce legislation under which the burden of proof in civil cases i.e. where criminal charges are not involved) is shared between the person claiming to have been treated unfairly and the person against whom the complaint is being made. This means that the responsibility for proving or disproving the case is divided between the two. The person making the complaint has first to show that the facts are consistent with discrimination having occurred (that there is prima facie evidence of this) and that there is therefore a case to answer. The person accused of discrimination then has to demonstrate that they did not act unfairly and that there was a legitimate reason for what they did. The onus is, therefore, on the accused to convince the court or tribunal that they did not behave in a discriminatory way. And the person claiming discrimination is not expected to produce conclusive proof of this, something which they are unlikely to be in a position to do. Governments are obliged, in addition, to ensure that people complaining about discrimination are adequately protected from victimisation or retaliation, which if unchecked could deter them from exercising their right to equal treatment. This also goes for witnesses in discrimination cases who

establishment in the mid-1960s. Amnesty International is financed largely by fees and donations from its worldwide membership. It does not accept donations from governments or governmental organisations. Criticism of Amnesty International may be classified into two major categories: selection bias and ideological bias. As part of the latter, many governments, including those of, Israel, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the People's Republic of China, Vietnam, Russia and the United States, have attacked Amnesty International for what they assert is one-sided reporting or a failure to treat threats to security as a mitigating factor. The actions of these governments — and of other governments critical of Amnesty International — have been the subject of human rights concerns voiced by Amnesty. The Catholic Church has also criticized Amnesty for its stance on abortion. 3. Fill in the words from the box

compliance grave perpetrate meet impartial on behalf of exerts courteous deployed retains 'affiliated groups'

1. Its mission is to conduct research and generate action to prevent and end _____ abuses of human rights and to demand justice for those whose rights have been violated.

2. AI draws its attention to human rights abuses and campaigns for ______ with international standards.

3. Many techniques are _____ such as direct appeals, media and publicity work and public demonstrations.

4. Two other organisational models exist: 'international networks', which promote specific themes or have a specific identity, and _______, which do the same work as section groups, but in isolation.

5. One of its aims is to ensure prison conditions ______ international human rights standards.

6. Amnesty International is largely made up of voluntary members but _____ a small number of paid professionals.

7. The organization considers as one of its strengths the publication of ______ and accurate reports.

8. The role of the IEC is to take decisions _______ Amnesty

associated with gypsies, or members of the Roma or ‘travelling’ community, and for no other reason than this, is equally guilty of discrimination. A translation company insists that all those applying for jobs as translators have driving licenses because there is an occasional need to deliver or collect work from clients. Since this bars some people with disabilities from applying and since driving is not a core requirement for doing the job, the company is effectively discriminating against this particular group of people, unless it can demonstrate that there is an objective and justifiable reason for the ban. A department store introduces a ban on its employees wearing hats when serving customers. The effect of this is to bar people whose religious beliefs require them to cover their heads, such as Muslim women, from working in the shop. The store is guilty of indirect discrimination, unless it can demonstrate that there is an objective and justifiable reason for the ban. The European Community has long been active in the fight against discrimination. Indeed, at the time of its creation one of its most pressing missions was to reconcile a continent divided by nationalistic and ethnic conflicts. For many years the focus was on preventing discrimination on the grounds of nationality and sex discrimination. 1997 was a major turning point when the Member States agreed to some far reaching changes to the Treaty. Following the entry into force of the Amsterdam Treaty, the Community was given new powers to combat discrimination on the grounds of racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age and sexual orientation, and the power to combat sex discrimination was widened. In the year 2000, the Council unanimously adopted two Directives and the Community Action Programme. The directives make clear that everyone who is a victim of discrimination or who considers that they have been unfairly treated because of their personal characteristics should have adequate means of legal protection and an effective right of redress (i.e. they should be able to get things put right). It is open to the government in each country to decide whether this is through judicial procedures — i.e. through the

International. 9. It works to mobilise public opinion which ______ pressure on individuals who ______ abuses. 10. It also sends official missions to countries to make ______ but insistent inquiries. 4. Fill in the necessary preposition 1. It works to mobilise public opinion which exerts pressure _____ individuals who perpetrate abuses. 2, Amnesty International primarily targets governments, but also reports _____ non-governmental bodies and private individuals. 3. In situations which require immediate attention, Amnesty International calls _____ existing urgent action networks or crisis response networks. 4. Amnesty International is largely made _____ _____ voluntary members but retains a small number of paid professionals. 5. The International Secretariat (IS) is responsible ____ the conduct and daily affairs of Amnesty International ______ direction from the IEC and IC. 6. Criticism of Amnesty International may be classified ____ two major categories. 5. Match the beginning and the end of the sentences

1 The actions of these governments — and of other governments critical of Amnesty International —	I led by the IEC Chairperson, consists of eight members and the IEC Treasurer.
2 Amnesty International is financed largely	II and other individuals to meetings, but only representatives from sections and structures have voting rights.
3 The organisations outlined above are represented	III specific identity, and 'affiliated groups', which do the same work as section groups, but in isolation.
4 The International Executive Committee (IEC),	IV by the International Council (IC) which is led by the IC Chairperson.

conciliation примирення penalty покарання to be obliged бути вдячним onus зобов’язання, тягар, відповідальність to deter утримувати, відлякувати to pursue переслідувати, шукати, розглядати, виконувати 2. Read and translate the text Discrimination The rules cover direct and indirect discrimination. Direct discrimination occurs when a person is treated less favourably than another in a comparable situation because of their racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation An example of direct discrimination is a job advert, which says "no disabled people need apply." However, in reality discrimination often takes more subtle forms. That’s why indirect discrimination is also covered. Indirect discrimination occurs when an apparently neutral provision, criterion or practice would disadvantage people on the grounds of racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation unless the practice can be objectively justified by a legitimate aim. An example of indirect discrimination is requiring all people who apply for a certain job to sit a test in a particular language, even though that language is not necessary for the job. The test might exclude more people who have a different mother tongue. A shop owner who refuses to hire suitably qualified people as shop assistants simply because they are of a particular racial or ethnic origin and, in his view, might lose him customers is guilty of direct discrimination. An employer who specifies in a job advert that only young people should apply even though the job in question can be done perfectly well by an older person is also guilty of discrimination. The manager of a hotel who refuses admittance to the bar to someone whom he believes to be

5 The IC may invite representatives from International Networks	V by fees and donations from its worldwide membership.
6 The IS operates several work programmes; International Law and Organisations;	VI have been the subject of human rights concerns voiced by Amnesty. The Catholic Church has also criticized Amnesty for its stance on abortion.

7 Two other organisational models exist: 'international networks', which promote specific themes or have a	VII a significant volume of members, some of whom will form into 'groups', and a professional staff.
8 Campaigns to mobilize public opinion can	VII voluntary members but retains a small number of paid professionals.
9 Amnesty International is largely made up of	IX take the form of individual, country or thematic campaigns.
10- Sections coordinate basic Amnesty International activities normally with	X Research; Campaigns; Mobilisation; and Communications. Its offices have been located in London since its establishment in the mid-1960s.

Part 6

Human Rights Activists

Learn the words

clergyman священик

legacy спадок, спадщина

icon ікона

martyr мученик

posthumously посмертно

pre-eminent видатний

expatriate емігрант, експатріант

Chornovil's presidential campaign was interrupted	V as an expatriate lawyer in South Africa, in the resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights.
6 By the time of his death in 1968, he had refocused his efforts	VI and in protesting the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (249 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930.
7 He was charged with slander and sentenced to three years of imprisonment, but was released.	VII believes that Chornovil was a victim of the murder rather than a car accident.
8 Gandhi first employed non-violent civil disobedience	VIII in half the time under a general amnesty in 1967 to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the revolution.
9 In 1959 in the time of the Khrushchev Thaw, he organized a dissident movement called the Ukrainian Workers and Peasants Union; he defended.	IX for his work to end racial segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience and other non-violent means.

10 On September 6, 2006, Yuri Lutsenko, the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, announced that based on the information he saw, he personally

X the right of secession of Ukraine from the rest of Soviet Union, a right theoretically granted by the 1936 Soviet Constitution

Part 7

Human Rights violation

Discrimination

Learn the words

disability інвалідність

subtle скритий

to reconcile звикати, узгоджувати

amity дружні, мирні стосунки self-reliance впевненість у собі, в своїх силах to advocate пропаганду вати to testify свідчити slander брехня to run for President балотуватися на посаду президента incumbent той, що займає посаду foul play вбивство, злочин, нечесна гра to unveil урочисто відкривати to allude згадувати, натякати, посилатися thaw відлига to commute замінити 2. Read and translte the text Human Rights Activists Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, activist and prominent leader in the African-American civil rights movement. His main legacy was to secure progress on civil rights in the United States and he is frequently referenced as a human rights icon today. King is recognized as a martyr by two Christian churches. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, serving as its first president. King's efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech. There, he raised public consciousness of the civil rights movement and established himself as one of the greatest orators in U.S. history. In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his work to end racial segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience and other non-violent means. By the time of his death in 1968, he had refocused his

7. In 1959 in the time of the Khrushchev _____, he organized a dissident movement 8. Chornovil was expected to become the main opposition candidate against the ______ president Leonid Kuchma for the 1999 presidential election 9. King's efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King ______ his "I Have a Dream" speech. 10. He himself was ordered to stand witness and _____ at one of them, but he refused and was sentenced to three months of labor. Later, 5 Match the beginning and the end of the sentences

1 In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize

I on ending poverty and opposing the Vietnam War, both from a religious perspective.

2 He became known as a dissident after

II was sentenced to five years in prison, after which he carried out a 120-day-long hunger strike

3 He was arrested yet again for "attempted rape" in a falsified case in 1980 and.	III in its early stages by his suspicious death in an automobile crash in March 25, 1999, his assistant Yevhen Pavlov was also killed in the crash.
4 Gandhi famously led Indians in the Non-cooperation movement in 1922	IV documenting the illegal imprisonment of some Ukrainian intellectuals.
5 Chornovil was expected to become the main opposition candidate against the incumbent president Leonid Kuchma for the 1999 presidential election, but Chornovil's presidential campaign was interrupted	V as an expatriate lawyer in South Africa, in the resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights.

efforts on ending poverty and opposing the Vietnam War, both from a religious perspective. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee. He was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and Congressional Gold Medal in 2004; Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a U.S. national holiday in 1986. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was the pre-eminent political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement. He was the pioneer of satyagraha —resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience, firmly founded upon ahimsa or total non-violence—which led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. He is commonly known around the world as Mahatma Gandhi (Sanskrit: mahātmā or "Great Soul", an honorific first applied to him by Rabindranath Tagore), and in India also as Bapu (Gujarati: bāpu or "Father"). He is officially honoured in India as the Father of the Nation; his birthday, 2 October, is commemorated there as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and worldwide as the International Day of Non-Violence. Gandhi first employed non-violent civil disobedience as an expatriate lawyer in South Africa, in the resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights. After his return to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers in protesting excessive land-tax and discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, increasing economic self-reliance, but above all achieving Swaraj —the independence of India from foreign domination. Gandhi famously led Indians in the Non-cooperation movement in 1922 and in protesting the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (249 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for many years, on numerous occasions, in both South Africa and India.

concentrated on writing his memoirs. 3.Fill in the necessary preposition 1. His main legacy was to secure progress ______ civil rights in the United States 2. King was assassinated ____ April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee. 3. He was the pioneer of satyagraha —resistance ____ tyranny ______ mass civil disobedience. 4. Gandhi first employed non-violent civil disobedience in the resident Indian community's struggle_____ civil rights. 5. He set _____ organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers ____ protesting excessive land-tax and discrimination. 6. Gandhi led nationwide campaigns _____ easing poverty. 7. He was imprisoned ____ many years, _____ numerous occasions. 8. Chornovil worked ____ various newspapers and in television in Lviv and Kiev. 9. He himself was ordered to stand witness and testify _____ one of them, but he refused and was sentenced _____ three months of labor. 4. Fill in the words from the box

martyr delivered posthumously pre-eminent expatriate testify slander incumbent foul play Thaw

1. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was the _________ political and spiritual leader

2. He was charged with _______ and sentenced to three years of imprisonment

3. King is recognized as a _______ by two Christian churches.

4. Еhe crash was purely accidental and no evidence of the ____ was discovered.

5. Gandhi first employed non-violent civil disobedience as an _______ lawyer in South Africa, in the resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights.

6. He was _______ awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977

As a practitioner of ahimsa, Gandhi swore to speak the truth, and advocated that others do the same. He lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn he had hand spun on a charkha. He ate simple vegetarian food, and also undertook long fasts as means of both self-purification and social protest. Vyacheslav Chornovil Vyacheslav Chornovil (Ukrainian: Вячесла́в Макси́мович Чорнові́л) (born December 24, 1937 in Yerky, Katerynopilskyi Raion, Cherkasy Oblast - died March 25, 1999, near Boryspil, Kiev Oblast) was a Ukrainian politician. A prominent Ukrainian dissident to the Soviet policies, he was arrested multiple times in the 1960s and 1970s for his political views. A long-time advocate of Ukrainian independence, he was one of the most prominent political figures of the 1990s in newly independent Ukraine. Chornovil studied journalism at the University of Kiev and joined the Komsomol. He graduated in 1960. Chornovil worked for various newspapers and in television in Lviv and Kiev. He became known as a dissident after documenting the illegal imprisonment of some Ukrainian intellectuals. He himself was ordered to stand witness and testify at one of them, but he refused and was sentenced to three months of labor. Later, he covered a similar story about twenty Ukrainians. He was charged with slander and sentenced to three years of imprisonment, but was released in half the time under a general amnesty in 1967 to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the October Revolution. The Times awarded him the Tomalin Prize for the documentation of the trials. He was imprisoned another time for being involved in Ukrainian separatist movements and affiliated publications. Chornovil renounced his Soviet citizenship and decided to move to Canada in 1975 but was not permitted to do so. He joined the Ukrainian Helsinki Group, which helped to monitor and enforce the 1975 Helsinki Accords. He was arrested yet again for "attempted rape" in a falsified case in 1980 and was sentenced to five years in prison, after which he carried out a 120-day-long hunger strike. He was

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