(, ) . j , j pH , . , 1 2:
3 + 2 (1)
j pH , .
(Sa Sk) :
lg = lg (2)
= (3)
j= = = (4)
, :
(5)
(6)
(2) (6), :
(7)
- , , ak aa - I A/2, c2 , - . j , , (7) pH. pH , S k Sa pH. , , aa ba pH*. , pH . pH :
p (8)
pH ak.
pH, (pH)** (7) :
pH p (9)
lg j0 , p; lg j0 lg j p=0.
pH :
pH (10)
- I /2 pH=0.
: * , , , . ** pH -.
(7) :
1 2 (9), (11) (1). (9), (11) j , .
, , . ( ).
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. , (Hg, Cd, Pb) , (Pt, Pd)- . (Fe, Ni) .
- () , . ( ), , - . . , ( ), , , . () , , - . .
: .
pH .
, , .
1. 1
2. 1.
3. 1.
4. 1 1.
5. 100 6.
6. 25-30.
7. 200 1.
8. 25-30.
10.
9. (0,5 -/)- 100-150 .
10. .
11. .
. .
1. 50 4-
2. 25 , 25 .
3. (25 ) 3 , .
4. 0,0001 , (1 , - 3 ).
5. , , .
, .1. , (), (R) (). - () () (). () .
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, () () . , , , - l. 5 ., . i ( ) i 2 , ( ) (). . . 2-3 . , .
( ) .
.
______ ______________
________ __________________
1
i, /2 | 1 | 2 | ||||||
, | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | |
:
/ = / + /
/ -
/ - ( , .3)
/ - , .. . .
:
__________ ___________________
_______, _________ /
(S) ____ 2, ()____.
2
., / | , | , | , () | j, /2 | lg j | p | Z | |||
. m1 | . m2 | |||||||||
.
1. = -lg aH+ , aH+ =f.
f . (C) ():
= 1000 C /(1000d - C∙),
d ( . 3), .
2. lg j - .
3. , (9) (2) . .
4
: ,
4. , .
5. :
,
j , jH - c .
6. ʖ, Z- .
1. .
2.
3. .
4. , .
5. .
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. , , , .
H2SO4 HCl .
H2SO4 | HCl | ||||||||
100 | 200 | 250 | 300 | 100 | 200 | 250 | 300 | ||
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 | 0,181 0,153 0,147 0,149 0,173 0,215 0,275 0,350 0,440 | 0,162 0,137 0,131 0,132 0,151 0,184 0,231 0,289 0,359 | 0,154 0,130 0,124 0,124 0,141 0,171 0,212 0,264 0,326 | 0,147 0,123 0,117 0,118 0,132 0,159 0,196 0,242 0,297 | 0,769 0,830 0,927 1,053 1,401 1,911 2,597 3,615 5,025 | 0,762 0,816 0,907 1,024 1,345 1,812 2,431 3,337 4,574 | 0,757 0,809 0,897 1,009 1,316 1,762 2,352 3,206 4,365 | 0,753 0,753 0,885 0,993 1,267 1,686 2,272 3,075 4,159 | |