.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


. :




:

. . . 2005    
: . .  
XXI . .  
- . .  
. .  
. . , . .  
" " . . , . . , . .  
. . , . . , . .  
- ( ) . .  
. .  
( . . " ") . .  
" ": . . , .  

. 1

. 1: "COPING STRESS" . .  
" : " ( 50- . . ) . .  
" . . " . .  
V " " . . , . .  
   

!

N 6, 2005 . . 51 :

16 (. 6, "", -, );

"... rs = 0.30..." ( , ).

. 2

. . . 2005

:

13 2005 . . . , ( ), . -. , , ( ); , , ( - ).

. . . , .

. , , , , , , .

. 5

. :

: . .

: 1

. .

- ,

, " " . . , . . , ( → * ) → * z, - , , - , z - , , → * - "", " " , , z [0, 1] .

: , , , , , , , , , -, , "", "", " ", .

, , 2, : "" - , ; "" -, , .. , , . , "" , "", - , , "", - . , "" ( - " ") (" "), "", " " " ".

, , . (risk-taking model) [33, 34] ( ) 3:

= + = (. . . . . x . . .) + (. . . . . . . .)

" " " " - " ", " " " " - " "; , , " " " ". , . , (, . [32], " ") , ( -

1 .

2 . [36] - . .

3 , - .

. 6

). , , . , ( , , " "):

. . . = 1 - . . .,

- ( , , " "):

. . . = . . .

, () ( ) , , :

. . . = 1 - . . .

, , , :

= (. . - . ) (. . . - . . . 2 )

. . . (1 - . . ). 0 : . . . = 0 . . . = 1; . . . = 0.50.

:

1. . . - . . > 0, . , , , .

2. . . - . . < 0, , ( ), , .. , 0 1. - "" - .

?

"" "", , , . , .

, "", , , . ( , = 0.5), , , , (0.3 < < 0.4). , -, , ( , . [32], , , , ""). , , " , ( . - . .), , 0.5. , 1955 - 1956 ." [32, . 10]. . , ( ) " " [. 10].

" " [32].

. , , . . [9, 10]. . . , , - - .

, ,

. 7

, ( "" "").

, - . , , . . [2, 3, 6, 7] (-, , -) , . , - , , "" .

. , - ( : " -" - " "). , . - " " ( ). - , , - ( ).

. . , , :

= (32) → 1,

1 - " ", 2 - " ", 3 - "", X - ; "→" . 1, 2, 3 1 0; X, , 1 0 = X:

= X

1 → 1 = 1;

0 → 1 = 1;

0 → 0 = 1;

1 → 0 = 0.

, "" : (3 = 1), (2 = 1), (x1 = 0), , , (, ""), ( ""):

(1 → 1) → 0 = 1 → 0 = 0.

, 1, 2 3, "" (), 1, , , , p1, p2, 3. , 1 = 1, 2 = 2 3 = 3. , X

= x1 + (1 - x1) (1 - x2) x3

, X = (32) → 1, "" 1 0, 1, 2, 3 [0, 1]. , "", .

. , , " ", (. [9, 10]).

- " ". , ( -

. 8

- - ):

= x1 + (1 - x1) (1 - x2) x3 = x3

3 (), 1 ( ) 2 ( )4. " " . , . . , , " " (!) " " (!) (. " " [10] " " [9]).

, , , ( ).

! - , - , , (, " - ") ; , , , . , "" ( ); " " ( , α + α2 = 1; α ≈ 0.62; , .).

, ( ≈ 0) . , (, 3 X). . . , "" . " ": ≈ 0.62, , , ( ) ≈ 0.38. ( ) , , , ! (, , 1 0, , , ).

, " " . , " ", , - - - .

, , X. , " , , , 0.5 0.3 0.4" [32, . 20]. , , , .

, . . , , . [20, 22, 23 - 26]. , , . . , [30, 31]. "" , -

4 :

. 9

, 0 1; , , .

"". : "→ * ". , (, 0.3 →* 0.5 2/3 →* 1/4 ..) .

, , . :

0.3 →* 0.5 = [0.5; 0.6; 0.7];

2/3 →* 1/4 = 8/12 →* 3/12 = [4/12; 5/12; 6/12; 7/12]5.

,

a*b = 1 - b + ab,

(a* b)* c = c + (1 - c)(1 - b)a. (*)

( →* "→".)

, , . . , . ( ) "" 0 1? , : () "" , , - , - . " ".

- , . :

- , (, , ..);

b - , (, );

b1 - , .

, , , - "" , :

= 1 - b1.

:

→ b = 1 - a + ab,

, , :

b1 ( ) + b ( ).

, . , "" - , , , , , , "'". , , (, , , ..). , "" - , , , . ' , , , . (", !" - ) , (", !")6.

5 " - ", N* R ( - ). . N = n/q, - R = r/q. : Wmin = r/q + max{0, q - n- r}/q = R + max{0, 1 - N -R}, Wma = min {q, q - n + r)}/q = min {1, 1 - N + R} (. [24, 25]).

6 : (.. b - " "), (.. 1 - - " "). . . 17 - 19.

. 10

"" (" ", "" ..) , - , , , .

, "", W, :

W (Well-being) = ((x → y)z) → f. (*)

, :

* f - , ; ; ; ; ; ; ; posteriori , post factum.

* z - ; ; ; ; ; ", ".

* - , ; ; , ; , ; .

* - ; , , .

, .

, , " " , - , b {b) →... .

, "b" . , , . () , . - (, , ) . :

1. → b - " ()": " ( - b - b1) (), .

1'. ( → b)... - " () () (b b1)"... 8, , . 1 1' , . 1' , .

7 , . . . , , . , , ? . , "→" " , N", - N. , , (. . [23]).

, , , " → " (. 1). : 0 → 0 = 1. , , "" , . "" : (" ").

8 , (1'), (1), , .

. 11

, ( ) ( " , " [24]).

: " ", , , , , : :

= +

"" - ( ), "" - ( "") , . ( = 0, ""), , ( =1); "" ( = 0). (=1), ( = 0), " """ ( = 1)9. , 0 1. , ( ): , " ", - , . , : , , , , , , . - , , .

.

10: ""

: ""

9 " - "" - - "" (" !") (. . [16, 17]).; , , "" "" , , . . . , , "" "", - " " [12].

10 , "" , ( ) - "" .

. 12

: ""

: ""

, f, , ( ), , , , , :

W = (x → ) → z

, . (), () (z).

11. , - - - , .

, , . , : , . " " " -, , , , , ".

- , "" [21]; - , , , , . " , - , - . " [2, . 272].

12, :

w = (xBy)z,

w - ( );

z () - ( " , ").

() - .

xB () - ; , .

11 . . [13], , [22] - , . , . , . ; " " ( " ", - " ").

12 , , .

. 13

" " . , , , ( - 0.5), ? (0.3 < < 0.4), ? , ( ).

. , ( ) ( , ).

- , - . , , , , , , , . , - : . " ". , , , , .

( ) ( ), - , - " " " ", , . , , (= 1 + 2): " ", " " " ", . . , ( - ), - ; ( 1) - ( 2). " " " " " ", .

, , , . , " " - "", "" - . , , .. , , , , .

D - , U - . : U D?

( ), , , 1 ( ) D ( ):

U = 1 - D.

, , (, , ).

, ( , ), :

( → ) → z = x

( )

= 1 - y

( - )

(x → y) = 1 - z

( - - - )

1 - , :

((1 - y) → y) → z = 1-y,

((1 - y) → y) = 1 - z.

. 14

z = 1 - ((1 - y) → y),

:

((1 →y) →y) → (1- ((1 - y) → y))=1 - y,

(1 - (1 - y)2)2 = y.

:

( , " ", 0.618...);

2. = 1 ( - 1);

3. = 0 ( - 0).

.

- , , . , , .. , ; - , 0.382..., , , 0.612... (" ").

, , , " " 13.

- , , (.. 1 0). ""? , (, "" ..). , - , , ( ), . , , .

,

= z.

, ,

.. () .

z = 1 - . ,

- " ",

.. - () .

, ( = 1) ( = 0), , ( ), ( ).

, , ( ""), , , ; , " - ".

. - , .. ( ) , Wf. W * f. : , , .. W (), , f. : 1 * 1 =1, 1 * 0 = 0; 0 * 1 = 0; 0 * 0 = 0.

: ( , W f) (W * f). , 0.382. , , ( , , , - . ). , Wf = 0.6180 = 1 - 0.618 + 0.618 * 0 = 0.382. ,

13 . . [8], , "". , -, ! : " " [10] . . "" ; " " [9] , "", " " ( " " , ). "" "" .

. 15

, 0.382.

:

W → f ≤ 1.

W * f = 0.618 * f. 0 < f < 1, :

:

0 < W * < 0.618.

, , 0.382 - 0.618. , , , .

.

, , " ", . " " . "" ; , . , "" .

, "" ( ) ((0 → 1) → 0 ) →... = 0, . : W → f = 0 → f = 1 f. " " . , . "" . : W * f = 0 f. " ".

, , , , . - . "?... , , - !" 14. -, - " ". , , , ( , ). , , .

, - (. . . . "" [1])? . , . , , f, , f0, . Wf0 = ((10)1)f0 = f0. , - , . , , , , . - - , ( . . ) . , : W * f0 = 1 * f0 = f0. , ; , , ( - , - ). - " "; : " ", " , ", " ", " " .. ! " " - " " - ?

. . " " [15 - 18].

, . , . . [35]. , " ".

, -

14 40 . , , , 2- - , , , , , , , : " , . - ... ". - . .

. 16

, , . ( , , ). (- , 70% ), - (" 5% "). , . , ( , ). : " " ( , ) " " ( , ). .

, : - - ?

. : ( 0.7) ( 0.05)?

: ?

: , , : ? 15

:

1. ( > ), , (Ps > 0.50), (Ps < 0.50).

2. > , (Ps < 0.5) , (Ps > 0.5).

3. Ps (Ps > 0.50), > , , > .

4. Ps (Ps < 0.50), > , , > .

, :

1) " " ;

2) " " ;

3) - ;

4) "" ( ) : , , .

, , , , . : , "", 0.5, , , , ; , , 0.5, , , , .

15 <





:


: 2016-12-06; !; : 337 |


:

:

, , .
==> ...

1898 - | 1542 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.22 .