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. . . 2005 | ||
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XXI | . . | |
- | . . | |
. . | ||
. . , . . | ||
" " | . . , . . , . . | |
. . , . . , . . | ||
- ( ) | . . | |
. . | ||
( . . " ") | . . | |
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. 1
. 1: "COPING STRESS" | . . | |
" : " ( 50- . . ) | . . | |
" . . " | . . | |
V " " | . . , . . | |
!
N 6, 2005 . . 51 :
16 (. 6, "", -, );
"... rs = 0.30..." ( , ).
. 2
. . . 2005
:
13 2005 . . . , ( ), . -. , , ( ); , , ( - ).
|
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. . . , .
. , , , , , , .
. 5
. :
: . .
: 1
. .
- ,
, " " . . , . . , ( → * ) → * z, - , , - , z - , , → * - "", " " , , z [0, 1] .
: , , , , , , , , , -, , "", "", " ", .
, , 2, : "" - , ; "" -, , .. , , . , "" , "", - , , "", - . , "" ( - " ") (" "), "", " " " ".
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, , . (risk-taking model) [33, 34] ( ) 3:
= + = (. . . . . x . . .) + (. . . . . . . .)
" " " " - " ", " " " " - " "; , , " " " ". , . , (, . [32], " ") , ( -
1 .
2 . [36] - . .
3 , - .
. 6
). , , . , ( , , " "):
. . . = 1 - . . .,
- ( , , " "):
. . . = . . .
, () ( ) , , :
. . . = 1 - . . .
, , , :
= (. . - . ) (. . . - . . . 2 )
. . . (1 - . . ). 0 : . . . = 0 . . . = 1; . . . = 0.50.
:
1. . . - . . > 0, . , , , .
2. . . - . . < 0, , ( ), , .. , 0 1. - "" - .
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?
"" "", , , . , .
, "", , , . ( , = 0.5), , , , (0.3 < < 0.4). , -, , ( , . [32], , , , ""). , , " , ( . - . .), , 0.5. , 1955 - 1956 ." [32, . 10]. . , ( ) " " [. 10].
" " [32].
. , , . . [9, 10]. . . , , - - .
, ,
. 7
, ( "" "").
, - . , , . . [2, 3, 6, 7] (-, , -) , . , - , , "" .
|
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. , - ( : " -" - " "). , . - " " ( ). - , , - ( ).
. . , , :
= (3 → 2) → 1,
1 - " ", 2 - " ", 3 - "", X - ; "→" . 1, 2, 3 1 0; X, , 1 0 → = X:
→ = X
1 → 1 = 1;
0 → 1 = 1;
0 → 0 = 1;
1 → 0 = 0.
, "" : (3 = 1), (2 = 1), (x1 = 0), , , (, ""), ( ""):
(1 → 1) → 0 = 1 → 0 = 0.
, 1, 2 3, "" (), 1, , , , p1, p2, 3. , 1 = 1, 2 = 2 3 = 3. , X
= x1 + (1 - x1) (1 - x2) x3
, X = (3 → 2) → 1, "" 1 0, 1, 2, 3 [0, 1]. , "", .
. , , " ", (. [9, 10]).
- " ". , ( -
. 8
- - ):
= x1 + (1 - x1) (1 - x2) x3 = x3
3 (), 1 ( ) 2 ( )4. " " . , . . , , " " (!) " " (!) (. " " [10] " " [9]).
, , , ( ).
|
|
! - , - , , (, " - ") ; , , , . , "" ( ); " " ( , α + α2 = 1; α ≈ 0.62; , .).
, ( ≈ 0) . , (, 3 X). . . , "" . " ": ≈ 0.62, , , ( ) ≈ 0.38. ( ) , , , ! (, , 1 0, , , ).
, " " . , " ", , - - - .
, , X. , " , , , 0.5 0.3 0.4" [32, . 20]. , , , .
, . . , , . [20, 22, 23 - 26]. , , . . , [30, 31]. "" , -
4 :
. 9
, 0 1; , , .
"". : "→ * ". , (, 0.3 →* 0.5 2/3 →* 1/4 ..) .
, , . :
0.3 →* 0.5 = [0.5; 0.6; 0.7];
2/3 →* 1/4 = 8/12 →* 3/12 = [4/12; 5/12; 6/12; 7/12]5.
,
a → *b = 1 - b + ab,
(a → * b) → * c = c + (1 - c)(1 - b)a. (*)
( →* "→".)
, , . . , . ( ) "" 0 1? , : () "" , , - , - . " ".
- , . :
- , (, , ..);
b - , (, );
b1 - , .
, , , - "" , :
= 1 - b1.
:
→ b = 1 - a + ab,
, , :
b1 ( ) + b ( ).
, . , "" - , , , , , , "'". , , (, , , ..). , "" - , , , . ' , , , . (", !" - ) , (", !")6.
5 " - ", N → * R ( - ). . N = n/q, - R = r/q. : Wmin = r/q + max{0, q - n- r}/q = R + max{0, 1 - N -R}, Wma = min {q, q - n + r)}/q = min {1, 1 - N + R} (. [24, 25]).
6 : (.. b - " "), (.. 1 - - " "). . . 17 - 19.
. 10
"" (" ", "" ..) , - , , , .
, "", W, :
W (Well-being) = ((x → y) → z) → f. (*)
, :
* f - , ; ; ; ; ; ; ; posteriori , post factum.
* z - ; ; ; ; ; ", ".
* - , ; ; , ; , ; .
* - ; , , .
, .
, , " " , - , → b { → b) →... .
, " → b" . , , . () , . - (, , ) . :
1. → b - " ()": " ( - b - b1) (), .
1'. ( → b) → ... - " () () (b b1)"... 8, , . 1 1' , . 1' , .
7 , . . . , , . , , ? . , "→" " , N", - N. , , (. . [23]).
, , , " → " (. 1). : 0 → 0 = 1. , , "" , . "" : (" ").
8 , (1'), (1), , .
. 11
, ( ) ( " , " [24]).
: " ", , , , , : :
= +
"" - ( ), "" - ( "") , . ( = 0, ""), , ( =1); "" ( = 0). (=1), ( = 0), " """ ( = 1)9. , 0 1. , ( ): , " ", - , . , : , , , , , , . - , , .
.
10: ""
: ""
9 " - "" - - "" (" !") (. . [16, 17]).; , , "" "" , , . . . , , "" "", - " " [12].
10 , "" , ( ) - "" .
. 12
: ""
: ""
, f, , ( ), , , , , :
W = (x → ) → z
, . (), () (z).
11. , - - - , .
, , . , : , . " " " -, , , , , ".
- , "" [21]; - , , , , . " , - , - . " [2, . 272].
12, :
w = (xB → y) → z,
w - ( );
z () - ( " , ").
() - .
xB () - ; , .
11 . . [13], , [22] - , . , . , . ; " " ( " ", - " ").
12 , , .
. 13
" " . , , , ( - 0.5), ? (0.3 < < 0.4), ? , ( ).
. , ( ) ( , ).
- , - . , , , , , , , . , - : . " ". , , , , .
( ) ( ), - , - " " " ", , . , , (= 1 + 2): " ", " " " ", . . , ( - ), - ; ( 1) - ( 2). " " " " " ", .
, , , . , " " - "", "" - . , , .. , , , , .
D - , U - . : U D?
( ), , , 1 ( ) D ( ):
U = 1 - D.
, , (, , ).
, ( , ), :
( → ) → z = x
( )
= 1 - y
( - )
(x → y) = 1 - z
( - - - )
1 - , :
((1 - y) → y) → z = 1-y,
((1 - y) → y) = 1 - z.
. 14
z = 1 - ((1 - y) → y),
:
((1 →y) →y) → (1- ((1 - y) → y))=1 - y,
(1 - (1 - y)2)2 = y.
:
( , " ", 0.618...);
2. = 1 ( - 1);
3. = 0 ( - 0).
.
- , , . , , .. , ; - , 0.382..., , , 0.612... (" ").
, , , " " 13.
- , , (.. 1 0). ""? , (, "" ..). , - , , ( ), . , , .
,
= z.
, ,
.. () .
z = 1 - . ,
- " ",
.. - () .
, ( = 1) ( = 0), , ( ), ( ).
, , ( ""), , , ; , " - ".
. - , .. ( ) , W → f. W * f. : , , .. W (), , f. : 1 * 1 =1, 1 * 0 = 0; 0 * 1 = 0; 0 * 0 = 0.
: ( , W → f) (W * f). , 0.382. , , ( , , , - . ). , W → f = 0.618 → 0 = 1 - 0.618 + 0.618 * 0 = 0.382. ,
13 . . [8], , "". , -, ! : " " [10] . . "" ; " " [9] , "", " " ( " " , ). "" "" .
. 15
, 0.382.
:
W → f ≤ 1.
W * f = 0.618 * f. 0 < f < 1, :
:
0 < W * < 0.618.
, , 0.382 - 0.618. , , , .
.
, , " ", . " " . "" ; , . , "" .
, "" ( ) ((0 → 1) → 0 ) →... = 0, . : W → f = 0 → f = 1 f. " " . , . "" . : W * f = 0 f. " ".
, , , , . - . "?... , , - !" 14. -, - " ". , , , ( , ). , , .
, - (. . . . "" [1])? . , . , , f, , f0, . W → f0 = ((1 → 0) → 1) → f0 = f0. , - , . , , , , . - - , ( . . ) . , : W * f0 = 1 * f0 = f0. , ; , , ( - , - ). - " "; : " ", " , ", " ", " " .. ! " " - " " - ?
. . " " [15 - 18].
, . , . . [35]. , " ".
, -
14 40 . , , , 2- - , , , , , , , : " , . - ... ". - . .
. 16
, , . ( , , ). (- , 70% ), - (" 5% "). , . , ( , ). : " " ( , ) " " ( , ). .
, : - - ?
. : ( 0.7) ( 0.05)?
: ?
: , , : ? 15
:
1. ( > ), , (Ps > 0.50), (Ps < 0.50).
2. > , (Ps < 0.5) , (Ps > 0.5).
3. Ps (Ps > 0.50), > , , > .
4. Ps (Ps < 0.50), > , , > .
, :
1) " " ;
2) " " ;
3) - ;
4) "" ( ) : , , .
, , , , . : , "", 0.5, , , , ; , , 0.5, , , , .
15 <