: . .
2004 . . . *
, ,
- (RIMS) . , (Matching Law) . RIMS . , , . . .
: , , , , , .
, "" , , , : . , . : , , . , . . , . - Matching Law (Herrnstein, 1961), , , (. Williams, 1988). (RIMS) (Lefebvre, 1992; 1999; 2001).
, " ", , . , , . , . RIMS - , . - . , , , ; - , , , . "" . , , . .
|
|
RIMS . , ; , - . , , -
* . , . , . , . , . , . . . , .
. 116
(Thurstone, 1927; von Neuman, Morgenstern, 1944; Savage, 1951; Mosteller, Nogee, 1951; Bradley, Terry, 1952; Davidson, Suppes, Siegel, 1957; Bower, 1959; Luce, 1959; Audley, 1960; Spen-ce, 1960; Restle, 1961; LaBerge, 1962; Atkinson et al., 1965). , . , , . , , "", "" . RIMS . , , . - , , , "" , . , . , , .
, . "" "" . , - "" . , "" , , , .
|
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, , . , , , "" ( ) . "" . . , .
, - (. Ruddle et al., 1979; Wearden, Burgess, 1982) , . . , , . , (Poulton, Simmonds, 1985). , . , RIMS (Lefebvre, 1992). , .
RIMS , (Lefebvre, 1965; 1992). . - RIMS B = I, B - , , I - , . I , , . RIMS , B = I. (Lefebvre, 2002).
1.
, ( , " ", " " ..). , (. . 1.
. 117
. 1. .
. , , , . , - , - .) "", .
, , ( ) . , , - . , . .
(1927) , : , . , -. , , . , .
|
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, , . (Thorndike, 1932), , "" . , , , , , , , (. Herrnstein, 1970; Williams, 1988).
, (Skinner, 1938) . , , , . , , . , , . .
RIMS , (Lefebvre, 1999; 2002). . . (. 1), .
2.
(Herrnstein, 1961) . , . , ( VI - Variable-Interval). , . ,
. 118
, - .
, , (B 1 2) (r 1 r 2):
(2.1) . , . VI ; , VR (Variable-Ratio), , , . (Baum, 1974):
-, , . . (Baum et al., 1999) , (2.2)
|
|
B P > B N. P , , N - .
(2.1), (2.2) (2.3)
(Davison, Jones, 1995; Baum, Aparicio, 1999).
3.
(2.4)? , " " (Williams, 1988). , , : " , " (Baum Aparicio, 1999, . 75). , , .
, (Williams, 1988; Baum et al., 1999). , (Mazur, 1981). , . , , , (2.4).
, , . (2.2), , . . , , (Baum, 1979; Wearden, Burgers, 1982; Aparicio, 2001), , , , . . , 0.75 . (2.1) (r 1 r 2), "" , , :
, . , , , , . " ( ) - ( ), " (Baum, 1974, . 233). ,
. 119
, . ^ , VI, VR? (., , , 1974, . 5). , . , .
4. RIMS
- , , "". , - . RIMS
X 1 -x 1 -(1-x 1)(1-x 2)M(x 3) = 0, (4.1)
( 3) [0, 1] (Lefebvre, 2001).
1 . , . 3 . . , . , .
|
|
x 1 . : -, , ; -, .
2 . , .
( 3) . , , 3 .
1, 1, 2, 3. , , (4.1) , , . , , , , (4.1).
{ , , ; , .
, (4.1)
1 - 3, (4.2)
.. .
.
(4.2) (4.1) X Y:
X 1 -x 1 -(1-x 1)(1-x 2)M(X 1) = 0. (4.3)
, . , , ..
1 = f(x 1,x 2),
(4.4)
(4.3), 3 , RIMS , .
, 1 x 1 x 2, , , . .
1, 1, 2, 3, . (4.1) , , ( 3),
x 1 ≤ X 1 <1-x 2 + x 1 x 2, (4.5)
, ( 3)
( 3) = (1-d)x 3,
(4.6)
d ∈ [0, 1]. d , . , -
. 120
d=1, M(x 3) = 0, , d = 0, ( 3) = 3, .. . (4.6), (4.3) :
X 1 = x 1 + (1-x 1)(1-x 2)(1-d)X 1, , x 1 +x 2 + d>0
, x 1 =x 2 = d = 0, 1 1 2 , , .
1 > 0 (4.7)
. ,
N 1 N 2 , n 1 n 2 , . (4.8),
= 1 -(1-x 2)(1-d). (4.10)
(4.9) ( 3) = (1 - d)x 3. , (4.9) (2.2) β = 1. , (2.2) , 1 , 2 - , p.
D x D 2. (4.9)
(4.11), (4.9), (4.8) (4.7) , , (4.11).
5.
, , (. ). , 1 = 3. N 1 /Ni + N 2) "" , . , RIMS.
, , "" . . VI VR. . . ,
(1) (, ) d, .
(2) :
() , - ;
() 2 , , . , 2 = 1/2.
, . RIMS , , (4.9). , (4.11) , , (Rachlin, 1973; Vaughan, 1985).
. 121
6. , RIMS
. (Baum et al., 1999) () , . RIMS . , - . .
(A) , , .
(B) .
(C) .
, , . 1 2 , k 1 k 2 . 1 /{ 1 + 2) k 1 /(k 1 + k 2) log(k 2 /k 1) log(k 2 /k 1) (), () (). , , - N 1 n 1, - N 2 2. (4.7) (4.9). (. . 2).
1 2 , , - .
1 2 , , . . 1. , 1 < 2, . 1 = 2 , . 1 > 2 . (2) , 45 . , , - .
1 2 , , . 1. , 1 > 2, . 1 - 2, (), . 1 < 2 . 2, 2,
. , , - . : 1 > 2 2 , 2 - ; < 2 2 , 2 - . 2, 2 2
= 1-(1-x 2)(1-d).
, - 1 , (x 2 d) 1. 2 = 1 , . , , < 1.
,
d = 1, .. , . , d = 0, .. ,
7.
() . , (2.2) β = 1. , . , VI, - VR (. Baum, 1974; Williams, 1988). (7.1), ≤ 1
, . 3.
RIMS : , 1 = . , (7.1)
, (, ) VI,
. 122
. 2. , RIMS.
() - VR, , , VR, , VI - .
() . , . . (Baum et al., 1999) (2.2) - (2.3) (. 4).
, ., , β < 1, . , ., 4() (. 5).
. 4 RIMS, , . , ,
. 123
. 3. , ().
. 4. , ().
. 5. (. 4) .
. 6. , ().
.
() . (Baum, Aparicio, 1999), VR , - VI, . , 102, 111, 120 213, (. 6).
, , , , β > 0. () 6 (. 7).
, (Baum, Aparicio, 1999), , () (), (- ), (VR/VI). 6 (. 8).
, () , , - , , - .
(7.1)? . . (Williams, 1988), , VI, VR, = 0.59. , (2.2), . - , , , , , .
. 124
. 7. - . 6 - .
. 8. (), () . 6.
. (Baum et al., 1999). , , 0.58. RIMS , (4.10). d , 2 = = 0.5. (4.10)
, d = 0.18. , RIMS , () = 0.82 x.
8.
, "- ", (, , ) "-" . , ? , .
. 20- . , , ; , , . , , . . , , .
? ? . , - - . : " " - . , "" ( !), , ?! (, 2003).
(, , ) , , . . , , . , , , , " ". , , .
. , , . , , . , , , ; , , "- ", .
, , , "". , (, ).
. 125
"", - "". , "" , . , , .
, . (). , . , , . , , "" "" . , , , . : , . "" , , , , . () ().
9.
, , . , , . , , , , , , .
RIMS . (4.9). N { N 2 , , , 2 .
, . (4.11) ,
, , . , .
, . . , , , . . , , ?
, . , , "". , "" , . , , .
, "": , , , .
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