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2004 . . . *

, ,

- (RIMS) . , (Matching Law) . RIMS . , , . . .

: , , , , , .

, "" , , , : . , . : , , . , . . , . - Matching Law (Herrnstein, 1961), , , (. Williams, 1988). (RIMS) (Lefebvre, 1992; 1999; 2001).

, " ", , . , , . , . RIMS - , . - . , , , ; - , , , . "" . , , . .

RIMS . , ; , - . , , -

* . , . , . , . , . , . . . , .

. 116

(Thurstone, 1927; von Neuman, Morgenstern, 1944; Savage, 1951; Mosteller, Nogee, 1951; Bradley, Terry, 1952; Davidson, Suppes, Siegel, 1957; Bower, 1959; Luce, 1959; Audley, 1960; Spen-ce, 1960; Restle, 1961; LaBerge, 1962; Atkinson et al., 1965). , . , , . , , "", "" . RIMS . , , . - , , , "" , . , . , , .

, . "" "" . , - "" . , "" , , , .

, , . , , , "" ( ) . "" . . , .

, - (. Ruddle et al., 1979; Wearden, Burgess, 1982) , . . , , . , (Poulton, Simmonds, 1985). , . , RIMS (Lefebvre, 1992). , .

RIMS , (Lefebvre, 1965; 1992). . - RIMS B = I, B - , , I - , . I , , . RIMS , B = I. (Lefebvre, 2002).

1.

, ( , " ", " " ..). , (. . 1.

. 117

. 1. .

. , , , . , - , - .) "", .

, , ( ) . , , - . , . .

(1927) , : , . , -. , , . , .

, , . (Thorndike, 1932), , "" . , , , , , , , (. Herrnstein, 1970; Williams, 1988).

, (Skinner, 1938) . , , , . , , . , , . .

RIMS , (Lefebvre, 1999; 2002). . . (. 1), .

2.

(Herrnstein, 1961) . , . , ( VI - Variable-Interval). , . ,

. 118

, - .

, , (B 1 2) (r 1 r 2):

(2.1) . , . VI ; , VR (Variable-Ratio), , , . (Baum, 1974):

-, , . . (Baum et al., 1999) , (2.2)

B P > B N. P , , N - .

(2.1), (2.2) (2.3)

(Davison, Jones, 1995; Baum, Aparicio, 1999).

3.

(2.4)? , " " (Williams, 1988). , , : " , " (Baum Aparicio, 1999, . 75). , , .

, (Williams, 1988; Baum et al., 1999). , (Mazur, 1981). , . , , , (2.4).

, , . (2.2), , . . , , (Baum, 1979; Wearden, Burgers, 1982; Aparicio, 2001), , , , . . , 0.75 . (2.1) (r 1 r 2), "" , , :

, . , , , , . " ( ) - ( ), " (Baum, 1974, . 233). ,

. 119

, . ^ , VI, VR? (., , , 1974, . 5). , . , .

4. RIMS

- , , "". , - . RIMS

X 1 -x 1 -(1-x 1)(1-x 2)M(x 3) = 0, (4.1)

( 3) [0, 1] (Lefebvre, 2001).

1 . , . 3 . . , . , .

x 1 . : -, , ; -, .

2 . , .

( 3) . , , 3 .

1, 1, 2, 3. , , (4.1) , , . , , , , (4.1).

{ , , ; , .

, (4.1)

1 - 3, (4.2)

.. .

.

(4.2) (4.1) X Y:

X 1 -x 1 -(1-x 1)(1-x 2)M(X 1) = 0. (4.3)

, . , , ..

1 = f(x 1,x 2),

(4.4)

(4.3), 3 , RIMS , .

, 1 x 1 x 2, , , . .

1, 1, 2, 3, . (4.1) , , ( 3),

x 1X 1 <1-x 2 + x 1 x 2, (4.5)

, ( 3)

( 3) = (1-d)x 3,

(4.6)

d ∈ [0, 1]. d , . , -

. 120

d=1, M(x 3) = 0, , d = 0, ( 3) = 3, .. . (4.6), (4.3) :

X 1 = x 1 + (1-x 1)(1-x 2)(1-d)X 1, , x 1 +x 2 + d>0

, x 1 =x 2 = d = 0, 1 1 2 , , .

1 > 0 (4.7)

. ,

N 1 N 2 , n 1 n 2 , . (4.8),

= 1 -(1-x 2)(1-d). (4.10)

(4.9) ( 3) = (1 - d)x 3. , (4.9) (2.2) β = 1. , (2.2) , 1 , 2 - , p.

D x D 2. (4.9)

(4.11), (4.9), (4.8) (4.7) , , (4.11).

5.

, , (. ). , 1 = 3. N 1 /Ni + N 2) "" , . , RIMS.

, , "" . . VI VR. . . ,

(1) (, ) d, .

(2) :

() , - ;

() 2 , , . , 2 = 1/2.

, . RIMS , , (4.9). , (4.11) , , (Rachlin, 1973; Vaughan, 1985).

. 121

6. , RIMS

. (Baum et al., 1999) () , . RIMS . , - . .

(A) , , .

(B) .

(C) .

, , . 1 2 , k 1 k 2 . 1 /{ 1 + 2) k 1 /(k 1 + k 2) log(k 2 /k 1) log(k 2 /k 1) (), () (). , , - N 1 n 1, - N 2 2. (4.7) (4.9). (. . 2).

1 2 , , - .

1 2 , , . . 1. , 1 < 2, . 1 = 2 , . 1 > 2 . (2) , 45 . , , - .

1 2 , , . 1. , 1 > 2, . 1 - 2, (), . 1 < 2 . 2, 2,

. , , - . : 1 > 2 2 , 2 - ; < 2 2 , 2 - . 2, 2 2

= 1-(1-x 2)(1-d).

, - 1 , (x 2 d) 1. 2 = 1 , . , , < 1.

,

d = 1, .. , . , d = 0, .. ,

7.

() . , (2.2) β = 1. , . , VI, - VR (. Baum, 1974; Williams, 1988). (7.1), ≤ 1

, . 3.

RIMS : , 1 = . , (7.1)

, (, ) VI,

. 122

. 2. , RIMS.

() - VR, , , VR, , VI - .

() . , . . (Baum et al., 1999) (2.2) - (2.3) (. 4).

, ., , β < 1, . , ., 4() (. 5).

. 4 RIMS, , . , ,

. 123

. 3. , ().

. 4. , ().

. 5. (. 4) .

. 6. , ().

.

() . (Baum, Aparicio, 1999), VR , - VI, . , 102, 111, 120 213, (. 6).

, , , , β > 0. () 6 (. 7).

, (Baum, Aparicio, 1999), , () (), (- ), (VR/VI). 6 (. 8).

, () , , - , , - .

(7.1)? . . (Williams, 1988), , VI, VR, = 0.59. , (2.2), . - , , , , , .

. 124

. 7. - . 6 - .

. 8. (), () . 6.

. (Baum et al., 1999). , , 0.58. RIMS , (4.10). d , 2 = = 0.5. (4.10)

, d = 0.18. , RIMS , () = 0.82 x.

8.

, "- ", (, , ) "-" . , ? , .

. 20- . , , ; , , . , , . . , , .

? ? . , - - . : " " - . , "" ( !), , ?! (, 2003).

(, , ) , , . . , , . , , , , " ". , , .

. , , . , , . , , , ; , , "- ", .

, , , "". , (, ).

. 125

"", - "". , "" , . , , .

, . (). , . , , . , , "" "" . , , , . : , . "" , , , , . () ().

9.

, , . , , . , , , , , , .

RIMS . (4.9). N { N 2 , , , 2 .

, . (4.11) ,

, , . , .

, . . , , , . . , , ?

, . , , "". , "" , . , , .

, "": , , , .

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