( ) ( 3, , . .) () - .
.
( -) , , . , . , ( ) , -. , . , , , .
:
) Q :
Q = q γ;
Z Q = Z q γ, , Q = ;
A Z , q γ , Q = Ac Z ;
) - P:
= q γ l , l = l ;
Z P = Z q γ l , γ l ;
A Z ,
− , ;
− ;
− , .
.
t = t + t -.
t = l / V = l / β V .
t = l / β V + t - = (l + t - β V ) / β V .
Z = (T T .0) / t == T / t = T β V / (l + t - β V ).
. : .
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, . Z = T / t . . , . , 12 .
( ) ( ) . - , :
(7.1 7.1*) , q γ . , (l + t -β V ) − , - .
- (7.3 7.3*) , . (7.2 7.2*) , , , - Q . .
. , - .
- 1 − −
W / = Q / T = /;
W / = / = ∙/.
- 1
W / = Q / L = , /;
W / = / L = q γβ, ∙/.
.
1
/ ∙/.
1 -
, / , ∙/.
1 --
, /-- ,∙/--.
(7.1*, 7.2*, 7.3*) , .
|
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, , , , , . ∙ .
- - . ( ) ( ∙):
=
Q , − ;
Q 1, P 1 − ∙ .
.
7.4. -
:
- ;
;
- .
, - ∙, , , , . .
, . , . , , , . . 2.1.1. .
t 1, t 1 − t 2 . t 2 − t 3. t 3 - t 4. , , q 1. , t 6. t 9 q 2 . Q = q 1 + q 2, a P = q 1 l 1+ q 2 l 2, l 1, l 2 − .
, , .
- , .
, - . , , . - .
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, − , q, ( ) − , , . (. 7.2, ) P ( Q) = f ( , q , γ) , . , .
- . V t, β , , (. 7.2, ).
t -p , - , , (. 7.2, ).
( ) (. 7.2, ), - − (. 7.2, ).
, , Q AT0 = Q 1 A α 0 = P 1 α . .
- . . .
. 7.3 T = 7 ; V = 30 /; q = 4,0 ; t - = 0,5 ; l = 10 ; β = 0,5; γ = 0,5. ' . (Q = 12 /) , - .
. 12 14 ( − ') (, ∆ T = 1 c 7 8 , ∆ V = 10 / 30 40 / . .) . 2 - (, ∆ T = 0,5 ; ∆ V = 5 /; ∆β = 0,05 . .).
, - .
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1. - ?
2. - ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
6. ?
7. ?
8. -?
9. ?
10. - ?
11. ?