1. 2 9 20 , . . (: 1.012 × 105 .)
2. 68 , , . , 13 . (: 650 /.)
3. 33 . , , 20 /. (: 10 .)
4. 10 2, 5 , 27 /. , . (: 4.944 × 103 .)
5. 105 . , 12 . (: 8.269 × 106 /.)
6. , 26 6 2 . 57 , 2 . , . (: 2.234 × 104 × 2.)
7. 1 2 , . 123 60. . (: 2.218 × 102 .)
8. , 178 2 117 , , 1 /. , , 526 . . (: 1.37 × 103 × .)
9. 13 , . , , 10 . ,
, = 20 . (: 2.653 × 106 × .)
10. , , . 14 , 2 . m1/m2. (: 49.)
11. , , 500 10 . 35 , , . . (: 935.)
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12. ( = 1 ) , 66 30 , 180 . 2 , . . (: 4.05 /.)
13. , 127 / ( )? (:
3.371 × 105 /.)
14. 75 / , , 47 . , 1/3 . 22 1. (: 0.480 .)
15. 3 . 74982 , . , , , ? 1.6 × 108 × , 8.9 × 103 /3. (: 9.875 × 102 .)
16. 1 , 9.7 92 . ? (: 186 570 .)
17. 0,33 . , 30 ? (: 1.5 × 104 .)
18. , , , , , 1 %? (: Q ≥ 50.)
19. 60 2 2 × 102 , 20 . . . (: 1.51 × 102 ; 1.07 × 102 .)
20. , 220 , 50 ,
3.18 × 102 10 . , . (: 2.4 × 103 /.)
4
- , (. . 4).
4
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401. 1 , 10 . .
402. , , 11 29 . , . 32 .
403. , , 30 60 . , . 42 .
404. , , 35 26 . , 37 .
405. , , 88 . 30 31 . .
406. 99 . 83 .
407. 94 . , 38 .
408. 19 9 , 5 , 45 . , , .
409. 31 51 93 4 29 . , , .
410. , 61 , 62 . , , .
411. 84 . , 31 ? .
412. 27 , , . , 41 26 .
413. 30 31 . .
414. 2 /. 1 , 40 ?
415. 62 . , 18 /.
416. 133 594 . .
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417. 99 4 . . .
418. , 1 , 95 26 . .
419. , , 14 . , 95 /.
420. , , , 12 59 . .
421. , 100 , 51 . , 1 . .
422. 1 , 23 /. 1 , 32 .
423. 71 . 35 . , . .
424. 7 , 60. , , 81 × . 14 .
425. , 47 , , 394 . 20 . , ?
426. , 58 , 8 , 42 . 30. , 19 ?
427. , 224 , , 232 . , 2 2. 6 30. ?
428. , 457 , 37 . , 54 . , 45 ?
429. 34 32 15 . . , 31 ?
430. 10 , 0.4 . , , 60 2 . , . .
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431. 11 8 5 . , , 24 . .
432. , 50 , , 7 /. .
433. , 59 , 7 , 30. ( ). 15 .
434. 4 2 , 109 , , 575 . . , , 8 .
435. . , . ( ) , , 12 ?
436. , . 89 . , , , .
437. 13 , , 497 × . 9 . . .
438. 9 , 15 , 1113 . .
439. 0.1 . .
440. , 1731 , 423 / . .
441. 4 , 36 , 17 / 2646 . , . . .
442. , 65 , 6 2, . 180 6 ( 78 ). .
443. 41 15 . < >, . < > , .
444. 79 8108 , ?
445. 67 , 6 . 23 . . 0.016 × , 8900 / 3.
446. 84 . . , , 7 .
447. 23 1 / . 8 . .
448. 232 2 12 , 1654 . , , , .
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449. 8240 377 1 , 108 80 2. . , .
450. , 321 , 6 / ( = 3065 ) , . , (s = 79 2) 60 .
451. 417 , 80 2 , . 2163 , . , . 22 .
452. 30 . 3 , 521. , , , 89 .
453. , 126 , 263 7 2. . 680 102 . , . .
454. 330 1 . 17 . .
455. 5 , 6 , 9 2, . . 90 . ?
456. 2 7 , 746 () 4 . .
457. 1229 54 / 2 . . , .
458. , 765 . 602 . .
459. , 77 . 79 . 24 . , 4 . 0.016 × 8900 /3.
460. 2468 , 2 . , . 314 .
461. 83.4 1 23.2 . , , 0.981 ?
462. 33.4 , 20.73 . , ? ( , 10 .)
463. 2.05 × 102 8 6.59 . .
464. , 40 , 180 60 ?
465. 603 854 ?
466. Q , L = 2, C = 0.2 R = 80 .
467. 0.560 , 77.3 , 89.
468. , 70 , 26 , 17 . ? .
469. 1 , , ? 331 /. , .
470.
= 61.9 L = 0.145 . 31 ? .
471. 5.22 369 . 116 . , .
472. 0.902 8.23 . ? .
473. , 0.811 ,
(L = 462 , R = 54 ). ?
474. 10 1 . 0.9 ?
475. 1 1 . . .
476. ( ) 50 3 2 1000 . 75 2 . 5 , . .
477. 1.6 , 0.04 200 . . .
478. L = 2, C = 0.2 R = 80 . .
479. 0.01 , 0.405 2 . , .
480. , 2 1000 ? .
5.
1.
n = c/V,
; V .
2.
n21 = n2/n1 = V1/V2,
n21 ; n1 ; n2 ; V1, V2 .
3.
sin a / sin b = n21,
a ; b .
4. ( )
sin a0 = n21,
a0 ; n21 .
5.
L = n l,
n ; l .
6.
D = L1 L2.
7.
Dφ = 2π (D/λ),
λ .
8.
D = 
kl, (k = 0, 1, 2,),
D ; k ; l .
9.
D = (2k + 1) l/2, (k = 0, 1, 2,).
10. , :
,
d ; n ; a ; b .
11.
k (k = 1, 2, 3,); R .
12.
13.
sin j = (2k+1)l/2, (k = 1, 2, 3,);
sin j = kl, (k = 1, 2, 3,),
; k .
14.
d sin j = kl, (k = 0, 1, 2,);
a sin j = kl, (k = 1, 2, 3,),
j ; k ( ); l ; d ; d = a + b, a , b .
15.
d sin j = kl/N, (k = 1, 2,,N-1,N+1,),
N .
16.
R = λ/Δλ = kN,
Δλ (λ λ + Δλ), , ; N ; k .
17.
2d sin Θ = kλ, (k = 0, 1, 2,),
Θ ; d .
18.
,
I┴ , , ; I| | , , ; I0 ; a ; b .
19.
tg a = n21,
a , ; n21 .
20.
I = I0 cos2α,
I ; I0 , ; α , , .
21.
= hn,
h ; n .
22.
p = hn/c.
23.
m = hn/c2.
24.
,
m0 ; V ; .
25.
(E0 = m0c2) .
26.
= 0 + ,
.
27.
T = (m m0) c2.
28.
.
29.
R= σ T4, 
,
R ( ) ; σ ; .
30.
λmax= b/T,
λmax , ; b , b = 2,9 × 103 × .
31.
(rλ)max = C T5,
(rλ) max ; ,
= 1,29 × 105 /(3 × 5).
32.
hn = A + mV2max/2,
; mV2max/2 .
33.
Δλ = λ' λ = h(1 cos Θ)/(m0c),
λ , ; λ' , Θ ; m .
34.
Λ = h/(m0c) = 2,426 .
1. (. ). S , (λ0 = 0.589 ); 1 2 , l = 10 ; ; . 2 , N = 17 . ń , n = 1.00029.
. , . S, .
-
, (1)
Δ = L2 L1 S1A, S2A; k ; λ0 .
,
(2)
k ( , k = 0).
, n,
L = ns, (3)
s .
2 L2 S2A
δ = ńl nl. (4)
Δ = L2 L1. , (1), .
, Δ , . (2) k , , Δ λ0. , N Δ Nλ0. (4),
ńl nl =Nλ0. (5)
(5) . , (k = 0). , . 2 , , L1 S1A. , ,
Δ = L2 L1 = kλ0 = 0.
, L2 S2A . , ń > n. , (5),
ń = n + (N λ0 )/ l = 1.00039.
2. (n = 1,7) (n = 1,3). , (λ = 0,56 )? , .
. , , , . . 1 2 .
Δ ; (m = 2k + 1) (k = 0, 1, 2, 3,); λ0 , . .
(1)
, , ,
(2)
h ; n ; b . (n = 1) (n = 1.7). n1<n<n2 , 1 2, , . , (2) λ0/2. , b = 0,
(3)
(1) (3) :
, h hmin k = 0,
hmin = λ0/4n = 0.11 .
3. λ = 7 × 107 d = 2 × 106 . l = 4 × 102 . Δψ .
. , d· sin φ= kλ, k = 0, 1, 2, , (N 1) ,
c 1 (N 1).
, λ/N, . .
,
.
N = l / d; Δψ . j :
d·sin φ = λ,
cos φ = 0.935.
,
.
4. 4 . . , , , 6 × 107 ?
. , λ/2, (. ). , , .
m , m - rm :
, , , m = 2, .
,
.
5. φ , Ι, , . .
. , , :
I2 = I1·cos2 φ = 0.5·I0·cos2 φ.
,
,
φ = 60.
(I2 = I1· cos2 φ) , φ = 90 (I2 = 0).
6. (n = 1.6). .
. ρ , I I', . .
ρ = I'/I. (1)
, , . , .
(2)
I┴ I'┴ , ; a ; b , (a + b = π/2)
(3)
I, (1), (3)
(4)
a b , n. , tg a = n =1.6. a = 58 , b = 90 58 = 32 ; a b = 26 .
(4)
ρ = 0.5 sin2 26 = 0.10 10 %.
7.
λ0 = 6.53 × 107 . V λ = 5 × 107 (h = 6.625 × 1034 × ,
= 3 × 108 /, = 9.11 × 1031 ).
.
.
, , . . , :
.
,
8. , 0.5 .
, :
) ;
) , ;
) .
. ) R
R = σ4, (1)
σ ; .
, (2)
λ0 , ; b .
(1),
(3)
:
σ = 5.67 × 108 /(2 × 4);
b = 2.9 × 103 × ;
λ0 = 0.5 = 5 × 107 .
(3) ,
R 
/2.
) , , S :
P = R S,
P = 4π r2 R, (4)
r = 6.96 × 108 .
(4),
= 
.
) , , , S' , :
= / S',
= 
(5)
R = 1.50 × 1011 .
(5),
= 
/2.
