2. .
1. -
= (n m0<υ>2)/3 = (2/3)n<W>,
= nkT,
; n ; m0 ; < υ > ; k ; .
2.
n = N/V,
N , ; V .
3.
<W> = (3/2) kT.
4.
<W> = (i/2) kT,
i .
5.
<υ> = = ,
k ; ; m0 ; μ ; R .
6.
<υ> = = .
7.
υ = = .
8.
n = m/ μ = N/NA,
m ; μ ; N ; NA .
9. ( )
PV = (m/μ) × RT,
; V ; m , ; μ ; R ; .
10. ( = const, m = const)
P1V1 = P2V2.
11. (V = const, m = const)
P = P0 (1+ at) P1/P2 = T1/T2,
t ; T ; a .
12. ( = const, m = const)
V = V0(1+ at) V1/V2 = T1/T2.
13. :
A = ;
A = P DV;
A = ν R T ln(V2/V1);
A = ν V Δ,
DV ; R ; ν ; V ; D .
14.
U = (ν R T)(i/2) = ν V ,
i .
15. :
v =(i/2) (R/μ),
=(i+2/2) (R/μ).
16.
v = R/μ.
17.
(P V)γ = const,
γ = / v = (i + 2)/ i, ,v , .
18. () ()
c = /μ.
19.
Q = c m (t2 t1),
Q , m t1 t2; c .
20.
|
|
Q = l m,
l .
21.
Q = r m,
r .
22.
Q = DU + A,
Q , ; DU ; , .
23.
h = (Q1 Q2)/Q1 =(T1 T2) /T1,
Q1 , ; Q2 , ; 1 ; 2 .
24.
.
25. ( )
DN = N × f(u) × Du
f(u) = (4/ ) u2,
ΔN , u (u + Δu); u =υ/υ , υ ,
υ ; Δu , u.
26.
Ph= P0 e(μgh/RT),
Ph h; P0 h = 0; g .
27.
<λ> = <υ>/<z> = 1/( πσ2n),
< υ > ; < z > ; σ ; n .
28.
Z = (1/2) <z> n.
1. 830 . . 17 .
. . 830 . . , 830 ,
,
; ρ ; g ; h .
:
:
.
:
,
2. 40 300 . , 100 . . .
. :
, Dm < 0. , . , .
,
:
|
|
:
Dm = 0.051 .
3. 40 . ? ?
. <u>
m .
R m :
< z > < u > < l >
4. 200 , 0 100 ? ? ?
. Q, ,
m ; ; DT .
,
,
i ; R ; m .
p Q,
, , : m = 200 =0.2 ; i = 5, . . .
;
.
Q :
,
,
, ,
Q = DU + A,
A = Q DU.
Q DU,
, ,
,
5. , , 200 . , , , 1680 . .
. , , ,
1 ; 2 .
2 = 1 (1 h).
. , , Q1, ( ), . .
:
Q1 = 1 = = 4.19×103 ;
1 = 200 + 273 = 473 ;
.
6. 100
0 100 .
. . .
,
dT
dQ = mcdT,
m ; c .
:
,
:
m = 100 = 0.1 ;
1=273 ;
2=100+273=373 ;
T . ,
Q , ;
Q = lm,
l .
,
|
|
.
:
;
m = 0.1 ;
T = 373 K.
:
7. , 400 , , 5 /?
.
N ; f (u) ; u = υ/υ, υ , υ .
, υ = υ. , u = 1 :
, Δu:
. (1)
(1), , Δu<<u. u = υ/υ,
Δu = Δυ/υ. (2)
Δu (2),
(2) , Δ υ=10 /, , (υ 5 /) (υ + 5 /), Δu = 1/182.
(1):
Δu=
8. 75 % ? 0 .
.
,
p h; p0 h = 0; μ ; T .
,
p = 3p0/4= p0 eμgh/RT,
eμgh/RT = 3/4,
μgh/RT = ln(3/4),
,
h = (RT ln(3/4))/(μg).
:
h = (8.31∙273∙ln(3/4))/(0.029∙9.8) = 2296.4 .
1. 1272 /. 1 ? (: 1.432 1023.)
2. , 0.820 3, 0.949 × 105 , 0.313 × 105 /. , . (: 7.712 104 .)
3. , 618 . . 61.778 /. (: 58.2 /.)
4. , 53 44 . (: 6.996 × 103 .)
5. , 1 , 49 . 283 . , 1.19 / 1.21 /. (: 1.081 × 1021.)
6. , V1 = 300 / V2 = 2V1 f (V). (: 328 .)
7. , 0.90 % . (: 1.494 × 102.)
8. 511 . (: 2.116 × 1020 .)
9. 698 . (: 4.816 × 1021 .)
|
|
10. , 2.50 . 8 . 766 . .(: 2.083105 .)
11. , 23 347 , 115 . . (: 1.284 × 104 .)
12. 83 479 , 162 . . (: 4.130 × 105 .)
13. , 3 2 . . (: 1.37.)
14. , 17 . ? (:
4.857 × 103 .)
15. , -- () 8 3 19 3 361 . (: 2,603 × 106 .)
16. 28 . , 47 ? (: 103 .)
17. 195 , 76 288 . . (: 84.1 /.)
18. 27 180 . , 39. , . (: 2.82 106 .)
19. 107 82 . 232 , 330 . . . (: 24.3 /.)
20. , , 4 8 . . , .(: 1.85 103 /.)
2
- , (. . 2).
2
201. .
202. 1 3, 51 . ., 248 /.
203. 22 .
204. , , ? 0.0899 .
205. 5 20 489 . . .
206. 65 . , .
207. 3 58 . .
208. 1226 /. 0.856 × 106 /2. .
209. , 1082 . . 0.511 /3.
210. , 1146 . . 83 0.604 /3.
211. , 1 258 .
|
|
212. , 1 241 ?
213. , 18 7.8 /2?
214. 2.5 , 500 /. .
215. 3.373 0.177 /3 0.909 /3. .
216. , 86 3 23 . .? .
217. , 0.5 , 27 106 . .
218. , 6.851 346 2. 1202 . ., 6 . ( 29 .)
219. 104 .
220. , 1.540 3, , . 247 , 0.518 × 1023, 0.364 × 1023. .
221. : 450 /, 486 / 398 /. 1.90 × 1025 3. .
222. , 738 . 2 /.
223. , 98.8 , 2 .
224. , 94.185 × 1022 .
225. 670 /. 0.20 . () .
226. 0.1 . 119 ? 290 . ( 29 .)
227. , 850 /, 16.5 .
228. 5.44 × 1021 , 603 /. .
229. 0.5 , 1 ? 283 . .
230. 0 2000 / 2100 /?
231. 745 . . , 540 ? 24 .
232. 2,6 . ? 28 .
233. 359 . . , 740 . .? 15 .
234. , , 6560 . , ? 17 .
235. , , 2 , . 14 .
236. , , 3 35 % 22 .
237. 1.70 , 749 . .? 4 .
238. 1 3, 2.5 . 13. 760 . . 2910-3 .
239. , , 5.60 2 , .
240. , 320 , 40 /. 1 2. 29 . 30 .
241. 1 , 10 .
242. 11 17 . .
243. 27 . , .
244. 28 . , 50.?
245. , 6.831 /3?
246. .
247. 2 , 28 ?
248. , , V1 V2 = 5V1. .
249. , 31 , (/ v) = 1.63.
250. 63 , 576 , . .
251. 655 79 . ?
252. 82 99 . ?
253. 3 129 . , 13 . .
254. :
= 7.246 /( × ) v = 4.348 /( × ). ?
255. , , ? , .
256. , , ? .
257. , 52 363 , 162 . .
258. 8 5 3 5 . 24 3, 24 . .
259. ,
9 , . 355 . .
260. 1 , 92 3. , 15 . .
261. 1 , 19 , 15 . , , .
262. , , 1,76 . 67 . , .
263. , , 2520 . 400 , 300 . , .
264. , , , 37 . 10 17. , .
265. . 555 331 . 16 . , 54 . , .
266. . 3 27. h , .
267. 48 % . , . , , 262 , 94 . , 12 10875 .
268. , 2627 . 461 . . .
269. (1 = 778 , 2 = 356 ) (1/2 = 8). , , 5. .
270. , , . .
271. 1 , 0.
272. 790 , 180 , 373 . . 4.19 1.8 /( × ). . 0.335 /, 2.26 /.
273. 5 16 3 .
22 28 , 60 96 . , .
274. m = 32 n = 2 , . .
275. . 25 , 322 , 71 , 320 . . .
276. 28 V 1 = 5 V 2 = 10 .
277. , , . 6 61 K 418 K. .
278. 12 105 0.5105 .
279. 28 1.2 , 5.3 /. ( )?
280. 28 2 , 14.4 /. ( )?