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The Petition of Rights; royal requests; Stuart Kings; more resistance, raising taxes; prevent; limited; forced; financial control




Parliament began to show to the monarchy under the from 1603 by using its weapon of . It began to refuse for money. This Charles I to sign in 1628, which further the monarchs power and was intended him from without Parliaments consent.

 

XI. , X:

(1689) (basic) . (to be the result of) , . I 1628 . (further) (to levy taxes) . .

 

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Ø ( Simple Present, Simple Past, Simple Future, Continuous, Perfect);

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: Simple Present, Simple Past, Simple Future, Continuous, Perfect.

: .., , , - , /, 1997 320.. 11-16, . 155 239. , . 293-236.

: .., ... - , I, , 1998, VI, . 40-46, VII, . 47-55.

I. :

Professional titles

Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are referred to as lawyers, the word really describes a person who has become officially qualified to act in certain legal matters because of examination he has taken and professional experience he has gained. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a solicitor. In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, and once appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers. Solicitors do much of the initial preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as handling legal work which does not come before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court. Solicitors also have a right of audience in lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister argue their clients case. In general, it can be said that a barrister spends most of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court & a solicitor spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigations and preparing documents.

 

 

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III. :

 

1. What does the word lawyer describe?

2. What is the choice of legal professions in Japan?

3. What is the choice of legal professions in England?

4. What do barristers specialize in?

5. Who are barristers employed by?

6. Who are judges usually chosen from?

7. What do solicitors do?

8. Do solicitors have the right of audience?

 

 

IV. legal :

 

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1. legal activities

2. legal address

3. legal advice

4. legal document

5. legal history

6. legal rights

7. legal status

8. legal expert

9. legal age

10. legal language

 

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b) ,

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

h)

i)

j)


 

V. law , . :

law, lawful, lawfully, lawless, lawlessness, lawyer.

 

1. We cannot tolerate such behaviour.

2. Many doctors want to see banning all tobacco advertisements.

3. The widespread atmosphere of has caused chaos and insecurity.

4. Judge Keenan concluded that the surveillance (, ) had been .

5. Such a policy could not be adopted.

6. Jake Coker. for a number of those detained, said yesterday that she would apply for habeas corpus.

 

 

VI. (5-7 ):

VII. , :

: The jury returns a verdict. A verdict is returned by the jury.

1. Mr. Brown will deliver a lecture on criminology next Monday.

2. The law guarantees the right to defence.

3. A private detective conducted investigations.

4. A very experienced solicitor will deal with this litigation.

5. A barrister has already prepared arguments for the court.

6. Who prepared documents for the court?

7. Solicitors usually employ barristers.

8. The jury had returned a verdict by 6 oclock yesterday.

 

 

VIII. :

1. Barristers are not paid directly by clients.

2. Wills are drawn up by solicitors.

3. Finally a verdict will be returned by the jury.

4. A witness for the prosecution was replaced by a witness for the defence.

5. Lay magistrates are elected by the people.

6. A private investigation has been conducted by the solicitor.

7. The documents had been prepared by the judge by 6 oclock yesterday.

8. A verdict has already been returned by the jury.

 

 

IX. , :

1. A number of important documents (to sign) already.

2. When the felon (to commit) the crime he knew it was unlawful.

3. When all the evidence (to give) counsels for both sides made speeches.

4. The convicted person just (to take) to prison.

5. Dont come in! The court (to sit).

6. People (not to realize) the importance of this problem a few years ago.

7. New aspects of privatization (to discuss) at the next seminar.

8. The Bill just (to pass) by Parliament.

9. Mr. Brown (to appoint) the judge lately.

10. The elections (to conduct) next year.

 

 

X. , :

1. Nell: You didnt tell anything about lawyers. (said)

2. Steve: I can give you all the necessary information. (said)

3. Steve: There are two classes of lawyers Barristers and Solicitors. (said)

4. Pete: What is the difference between them? (asked)

5. Steve: Solicitors are lawyers who take legal business for ordinary people. (said)

6. Steve: Its the barrister who conducts the case in the higher courts. (said)

7. Nell: Does a barrister have any educational standard? (asked)

8. Pete: I have learnt about a legal corporation when I was in London. (said)

9. Steve: But probably you dont know that barristers are either juniors or seniors. (said)

10. Nell: What are the duties of the jurors? (asked)

 

 

XI. , , :

with, for, by, in, of.

 

In most countries, once a lawyer is fully qualified he receives a certificate proving his right to sell his services. There are also insurance provisions so that if a lawyer is ever successfully sued a client professional incompetence there will be funds available to enable him to pay damages which may be extremely large the case lawyers dealing property transactions. Even if a lawyer is ever competent, he must take care not to break the many rules procedure and ethics set the body which regulates his profession. England, the body regulating the conduct solicitors is the Law Society. Among other things, it sets rules lawyers accounting procedures and investigates complaints against lawyers their clients. There is also a Solicitors Disciplinary Tribunal the power to suspend or even disqualify. Since its members are themselves solicitors some people fear then that it may not be completely impartial. But members the public do, of course, have the right to sue their solicitor, for example an action negligence.

 





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