Participle I (active and passive voice) | He is solving a problem. ( ). The problem is being solved. ( ) Contininous | The engineer solving this problem work hard. (, , ). The problem being solved was difficult. ( ) | (When, while) solving this problem he read many books. ( , ). While being solved, the problem offered some unexpected aspects. ( , ). |
Participle II (passive voice) | The problem is solved. ( ) | The problem solved turned out to be fundamental. ( ). | If solved, the problem will offer numerous consequences. ( , ) |
Perfect Participle (active and passive voice) | - | - | Having solved the problem he left the classroom. ( , ). Having been solved, the problem offered numerous consequences. ( , , . |
:
- ( Participle I),
- ( Participle II),
- .
1. Participle I , .. . , : to see, to hear, to watch, to observe, to feel, to notice .
I heard him coming up the stairs slowly. , () .
I heard her shouting. , () .
, , , , . , .
We saw him crossing the street. , () .
We saw him cross the street. , () .
2. Participle II Participle II. . :
a. t see, to hear, to feel, to watch .
I saw the cases opened. , .
I heard his name mentioned. , .
b. , .
wants the work done at once. , .
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c. t have. to have , , , - .
I have my shoes mended. ( ).
had his hair cut yesterday. ( ).
3. , () , , .
(). . :
- ;
- , , , , , , ;
- , .
The weather being fine, we went for a walk. , .
I painted the walls of my room, my friend helping me. , .
His speech being very interesting, everybody listened attentively. , .
2.9.
, . , . , - .
:
- Mr. William sent the boy with a message to their neighbour who lived next door.
- The boy sent Mr. William with a message to their neighbour who lived next door.
, : .
- (, ) .
- To most people a material is a mixture of properties and substance.
- To scientists, materials are characterised by their microscopic structure.
, , , , , .
‑ , . , , to be (am / is / are...). , ( ) . , , :
1. ( ): Are you coming tomorrow?
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2. there is / are: There is a new book on the table.
3. , here, ( , ): Here is your pen! Here comes my brother. . : Here he comes! !
4. , so, either, neither. , , . :
So do I. (). Neither do I. ().
I can read French. So can I. -. . She didnt see him yesterday. Neither did I. . .
5. , : never , hardly , seldom , neither, nor .:
Never did he come in time. .
6. , , : I am glad to see you, said the old man. , .
. , .
He owes my brother ten pounds. I bought her a car.
. ( to for). I owe ten pounds to the brother of a friend of mine.
, : bring, take, offer, read, show, lend, write, refuse, give, tell, pass, send.
, . Give it to me. Show it to her. Buy it for me.
: say, explain, describe, report, introduce, suggest , . He said Hello to me. He said me Hello.
2.10.
- , .
It is (was)... who (which, that, when)...
, . . .
It was he who came the first. (: came the first.) .
It was in the garden that we met. (: We met in the garden.) .
It is the knowledge that makes us strong. .
do (does, did) . , -, . , .
does love you! - !
, . . , .
Right you are! , !
III .
Had he come here, we should not have known what to do. (I he had come, we should not have known what to do.) , .
Could I help you, I'd do this for you. (If I could help you) , .
Were he to realize the danger, he was in, he would not proceed with this plan. (If he realized...) , , .
never, nowhere, not since, not until, never again, rarely.
Never did he tell the truth! !
Nowhere will you come across a more hospitable nation. .
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Rarely do you meet a girl of such beauty. .
hardly... when, no sooner... than, little.
Hardly had the two strangers arrived when the majority of the guests departed. He , .
Little did anyone realize the seriousness of the situation. .
No sooner had we sat down to dinner than there came an explosion from the kitchen. () , .
only no.
Only when I myself became a parent did I realize the value of my parents' advice. , .
Only then did she tell the truth. .
At no time did I intend to deceive you. .
, , not until (it is not until.. that). , , .
It was not until 9 o'clock that he returned. 9 .
It was not until they arrived that we learned the truth. , .
. , , .
1. You should not smoke in this area under no circumstances.
Under no circumstances should you smoke in this area.
2. The company has never had such a successful year.
Never has the company had such a successful year.