| Do you work? Does he live here? Are you a student? Is she reading? Has he written the letter? Was the letter written yesterday? | Yes, I do Yes, he does Yes, I am Yes, she is Yes, he has Yes, it was | No, I don't No, he doesn't No, I am not No, she isn't No, he hasn't No, it wasn't |
| Where does she live? What is he writing? When was the letter written? Who is he? Which book was read? | She lives in Moscow. He's writing a letter. It was written yesterday. He is Mr. Smith. Mine. | |
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| Isn't she at home now? Can't they write this letter? Haven't you seen this film? Why won't they help him? | No, she isn't. Yes, they can. No, I haven't. They don't want to. | |
| He works much, doesn't he? She is a student, isn't she? She can read, can't she? He hasn't done it, has he? He will go there, won't he? He didn't live here, did he? He must stay here, mustn't he? | Yes, he does. No, she isn't. Yes, she can. No, he hasn't. Yes, he will. No, he didn't. Yes, he must. | |
| Are you married or single? Does she speak French or English? Must he go or stay here? Was he a student or a teacher? | I am single. She speaks English. He must go. He was a student. |
2.5. (Sequence of Tenses)
, , : .
1. , , .
a) (Present Indefinite Present Continuous .). says (that) he works (is working). , .
b) (Past Indefinite Past Continuous). says (that) he worked (was working). , .
c) (Future Indefinite Future Continuous). says (that) he will work (will be working). , .
2. , .
a) (Past Indefinite Past Continuous), . said (that) he worked (was working). , .
b) (Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous) . said (that) he had worked (had been working). , .
c) Future Indefinite in the Past (would + Indefinite Infinitive) Future Continuous in the Past (would + Continuous Infinitive), . said (that) he would work (would be working). , .
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2.6. (The Subjunctive Mood)
, , , , , , , , , , () .
There would be no life without water.
, .
to be . : were .
If I were younger.... ....
If the design were better.... ....
. , , , Past Indefinite Past Perfect, should, would, may, might, could .
2.7. (Conditional Sentences)
, If. , :
If Condition, (then) Statement , () .
.
1) (First Conditional sentences)
, , .
If it is a sunny day I will go to the park. , .
If it is snowing I won`t go out. , .
| () | |
| If + Present Simple/Present Continuous | Will +infinitive |
2) (Second Conditional sentences)
, .
If I had a lot of money I would go to Paris. ( ), . If he were here now, he would help you. , .
| () | |
| If + Past Simple/Past Continuous | Would/could/might+ infinitive |
3) (Third Conditional sentences)
, .
If I had had a lot of money I would have gone to Paris. ( ), .
If I had seen him yesterday, I would have asked him about it. , .
| () | |
| If + Past Perfect | Would/could/might+ have+3 |
4) 1
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If I had earned enough money last month, I would buy permit to Spain now. , .
If he were guilty yesterday, he would confess now. , .
| If + Subjunctive I (Past Subjunctive) | Subjunctive II (would + I) |
5) 2
, , .
If I had a bit more leisure time, I would have visited Spain long ago. , .
If he had been guilty, he would have confessed long ago. , .
| If + Subjunctive I (Past Perfect Subjunctive) | Subjunctive II (would have + III) |
, .. . , had, were, could.
Had I time, I would do this work. If I had time, I would do this work.
I wish ,
1. , Past Indefinite.
I wish I spoke to him. , .
2. , Past Perfect.
I wish I had spoken to him yesterday. , .
2.8. (Non-Finite Forms of the Verb)
, , , . .
: . , . : (the Infinitive), (the Participle) (the Gerund).
2.8.1. (the Infinitive)
, , , . : ? ?
| To design a good control system is not easy. ( ). | |
| ) - ) | ) Their aim is to improve the control system. ( , ) b) You have to improve the control system. ( ). |
| He would like to speak to Mr Brown. ( - ). | |
| They have the possibility to use the control system. ( ). The new equipment to be used at our laboratory is just arrived. ( , , ). | |
| I went in to see if they were ready. ( , , ). |
| (Indefinite) | give | be given |
| (Continuous) | be giving | ─ |
| (Perfect) | have given | have been given |
| (Perfect Continuous) | have been giving | ─ |
():
1. (Complex object).
2. (Complex subject).
3. , for (for-to-infinitive construction).
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(Complex object)
. .
| They | knew | him | to be wrong |
| , |
: (to think, to expect, to believe, to suppose, to feel, to trust), (to see, to watch, to feel ..), (to want, to desire, to wish ..),
I expected her to talk to me. , .
I allowed his friend to visit us. .
(Complex subject)
.
| , | ||
| They | were thought | to be dishonest |
Complex subject
1) : to say, to report, to state, to announce, to allow, to ask to believe, to consider, to hold, to think, to suppose, to expect, to estimate ; (to see, to believe, to know .. ), to seem / to appear , to turn out, to prove, to happen, to chance .
He is said to know him. , .
It seems to be unbelievable. .
2) : to be likely , to be unlikely , to be certain / to be sure , .
They are unlikely to get know each other. .
3) the first the last: was the first to report about that. . She is always the last to come to classes. .
, for (for-infinitive construction)
for .
| for | |||
| It is difficult | for | me | to tell |
.
This cake is for children to eat. .
They waited for me to come home. , .
2.8.2. (the Gerund)
, . , , - . .
4 :
| giving | being given | |
| having given | having been given |
Playing tennis is his favourite sport. .
likes reading. .
| Expecting too much leads to frustration. | ||
| Seeing is believing. () | ||
| Science requires experimenting. Im looking forward to hearing from you soon. | ||
| There is some reason for questioning this assumption. The flight was delayed; passengers had to wait for flying weather in the waiting room of the airport. | a) : of, for, in. b) . | |
| In solving problems it is necessary to distinguish between fact and hypothesis. By doing nothing we learn to be ill. | . |
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to feel like ,
to go in for -
to be good at -
to be worth
it's no use ,
to need
to want ,
to begin
to start
to commence
to go on
to continue
to finish
to stop
to prefer
to do -, -
to excuse
to mind
to enjoy
to like
to love
to be fond of ,
to be proud of
to hate
to dislike
to give up ,
to mention
to be busy with -
to think of
to dream of
to insist on / upon
to be interested in - .
, , . , , .
John's coming so late surprised everybody. , .
Would you mind my leaving for a few minutes? , ?
2.8.3. (the Participle)
- , . : I (Participle I) II (Participle II).
I -ing (write writing, ask asking).
II -ed (ask asked). II III , (write written). . : 1) (having used, having written), 2) (being used, being written), 3) (having been used, having been written).
, . . , .
