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Study the following words and word combinations
cause, v − ,
coal, n −
consequence, n − ,
core, n − ,
deal with, v − ...
define, v −
detect, v −
disaster, n − ,
drastically, adv − ,
emit, v − , ,
estimated − ,
facility, n − , ,
fallout, n −
fatality, n − ,
fission, n − ,
foggy, adj − ,
forcibly, adv − ,
fusion, n − ,
impact, n − ,
include, v − , ,
inherent, adj − ; '
lead (led, led), v − ; ,
living being −
occur, v − ,
plate, n − ,
potassium −
release, v − ,
thorium, n −
Read the following text
Text 1
RADIATION
Radiation was first detected by a French scientist Henry Becquerel, who was conducting an experiment with photographic plates. He found that elements like uranium, thorium and potassium emitted certain rays, which had an affect on the plates, making them foggy. However, the type of radiations and their effect on living beings, vary drastically. There are different sources of radiation. Some of it is inherent in the planet's atmosphere, and living beings have an in-built mechanism to deal with it. But other sources of radiation are activities like nuclear fission and fusion can cause a lot of harm.
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Scientists define nuclear and radiation accidents as events that has led to significant consequences to people, and the environment. Examples include lethal effects to individuals, large radioactivity release to the environment, or reactor core melt. One of the prime examples of a "major nuclear accident" is Chernobyl Disaster in 1986.
The explosions that ruptured the Chernobyl reactor vessel and the consequent fire that continued for 10 days or so resulted in large amounts of radioactive materials being released into the environment.
The cloud from the burning reactor spread numerous types of radioactive materials, especially iodine and caesium radionuclides, over much of Europe. Radioactive iodine-131, most significant in contributing to thyroid doses, has a short half-life (8 days) and largely disintegrated within the first few weeks of the accident. Radioactive caesium-137, which contributes to both external and internal doses, has a much longer half-life (30 years) and is still measurable in soils and some foods in many parts of Europe.
That accident killed 56 people directly, and caused an estimated 4,000 additional cases of fatalities related to cancer, as well as damaging approximately $7 billion of property. Radioactive fallout from the accident was concentrated in areas of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia. Approximately 350,000 people were forcibly resettled away from these areas soon after the accident.
The impact of nuclear accidents has been a topic of debate practically since the first nuclear reactors appeared. It has also been a key factor in public concern about nuclear facilities. Some technical measures to reduce the risk of accidents or to minimize the amount of radioactivity released to the environment have been adopted. Despite the use of such measures, "there have been many accidents with varying impacts as well near misses and incidents". Scientists have reported that worldwide there have been 99 accidents at nuclear power plants. Fifty-seven accidents have occurred since the Chernobyl disaster, and most of all nuclear-related accidents have occurred in the USA.
On the other hand scientists are sure that nuclear power has caused far fewer accidental deaths per unit of energy generated than such major forms of power generation as coal, natural gas, and hydropower.
