- n , (), e = hn (h ). , , . , , . () , , .
. , . .
hn , :
( ).
, , . , n = n 0 hn 0 , , n 0= / h ( n 0 ). n<n 0 .
. -, , e 0 =hn. E=mc2 , :
.
, :
.
, , , , . , n ( l).
.
. , (l') (l) , Dl=l'l l (), q, (. 11):
,
.
( = 2,426 ).
|
|
, () . , , , . , ( ) ( ).
, (. 11) , e = hn,
, :
.
( 11 : p p' ; pe ).
, D l D l, . , .
. , () , , , , , . , , - .
- , - . , , .
C , , , e p, , n l. , , , :
, .
, p, , : .
7.
, , () . () :
,
, ( ) n n + d n.
l, Rl,T, :
|
|
.
Rn,T Rl,T .
, RT:
.
n,T:
,
, , n n + d n, .
, , . , ().
, , , .
. Rn,T n,T . ; rn,T n ( l) ( ):
.
, , rn,T Rn,T .
, Re :
.
Re .
. Re : , s .
|
lmax, rl,T, : ,
lmax, rl,T , (b - ). , rl,T .
8. .
( ): ( ) , . , .
, , , :
(n = 1, 2, 3, ),
me , υn n - rn,
n ,
ħ = (h ).
n - :
,
e , ε o ,
(n = 1), , :
.
( ): ( ) hν, En m:
.
|
|
, , , , .
En m ν , .
n - :
(n = 1, 2, 3, ),
, , n, .
n = 1 , n >1 .
.
, n hν:
,
ν :
,
R (),
m (m = 1, 2, 3 ) n (n = m + 1, m + 2, m + 3, ) , .
(. 13), m (m = 1, 2, 3), n (n = m + 1, m + 2, m + 3, ).
(m = 1): (n = 2, 3, 4, ).
(m = 2): (n = 3, 4, 5, ).
(m = 3): (n = 4, 5, 6, );
(m = 4): (n = 5, 6, 7, );
(m = 5): (n = 6, 7, 8, );
(m = 6): (n = 7, 8, 9, ).
. : n, l, ml.
n , :
n = 1, 2, 3, .
l , n : l = 0, 1, , (n 1), n .
l , l :
l = 0, 1, 2, , l,
(2 l +1) , (2 l + 1) .
l = 0, s -, l = 1 p -, l = 2 d -, l = 3 f - . . . , (n = 2, l = 0) (n = 2, l = 1) 2 s 2 .
, , , , .
, , :
1) D l :
|
|
∆ l = 1;
2) D ml :
∆ ml = 0, 1.
, n , (. 14) :
np → 1 s (n = 2, 3, );
:
np → 2 s, ns → 2 p, nd → 2 p (n = 3, 4,) . .
, , : 1 s→np
(n = 2, 3,...), .