.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


6.




- n , (), e = hn (h ). , , . , , . () , , .

. , . .

hn , :

( ).

, , . , n = n 0 hn 0 , , n 0= / h ( n 0 ). n<n 0 .

. -, , e 0 =hn. E=mc2 , :

.

, :

.

, , , , . , n ( l).

.

. , (l') (l) , Dl=l'l l (), q, (. 11):

,

.

( = 2,426 ).

, () . , , , . , ( ) ( ).

, (. 11) , e = hn,

, :

.

( 11 : p p' ; pe ).

, D l D l, . , .

. , () , , , , , . , , - .

- , - . , , .

C , , , e p, , n l. , , , :

, .

, p, , : .

7.

, , () . () :

,

, ( ) n n + d n.

l, Rl,T, :

.

Rn,T Rl,T .

, RT:

.

n,T:

,

, , n n + d n, .

, , . , ().

, , , .

. Rn,T n,T . ; rn,T n ( l) ( ):

.

, , rn,T Rn,T .

, Re :

.

Re .

. Re : , s .

. 12
. rl,T l (. 12) , . , .

lmax, rl,T, : ,

lmax, rl,T , (b - ). , rl,T .

8. .

( ): ( ) , . , .

, , , :

(n = 1, 2, 3, ),

me , υn n - rn,

n ,

ħ = (h ).

n - :

,

e , ε o ,

(n = 1), , :

.

 

( ): ( ) , En m:

.

, , , , .

En m ν , .

n - :

(n = 1, 2, 3, ),

, , n, .

n = 1 , n >1 .

.

, n :

,

ν :

,

R (),

m (m = 1, 2, 3 ) n (n = m + 1, m + 2, m + 3, ) , .

(. 13), m (m = 1, 2, 3), n (n = m + 1, m + 2, m + 3, ).

 

 
. 13.

(m = 1): (n = 2, 3, 4, ).

(m = 2): (n = 3, 4, 5, ).

(m = 3): (n = 4, 5, 6, );

(m = 4): (n = 5, 6, 7, );

(m = 5): (n = 6, 7, 8, );

(m = 6): (n = 7, 8, 9, ).

. : n, l, ml.

n , :

n = 1, 2, 3, .

l , n : l = 0, 1, , (n 1), n .

l , l :

l = 0, 1, 2, , l,

(2 l +1) , (2 l + 1) .

l = 0, s -, l = 1 p -, l = 2 d -, l = 3 f - . . . , (n = 2, l = 0) (n = 2, l = 1) 2 s 2 .

, , , , .

, , :

1) D l :

l = 1;

2) D ml :

ml = 0, 1.

, n , (. 14) :

np → 1 s (n = 2, 3, );

:

np → 2 s, ns → 2 p, nd → 2 p (n = 3, 4,) . .

, , : 1 s→np

(n = 2, 3,...), .





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