, . | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | K | |
: , , .
. , . , (, ..), , () .
.
, , : D, H.
: B, C, F, I.
: A, E, G, .
4. .
, , . , 25 : , , ... . , - . ? , . , , . , , . ... |
1
. : (FC), (VC), (AFC), (AVC), (ATC) (MC).
, . | ||||||
(), . . |
.
(FC) , . FC = 100
:
VC = FC
. , 10 , :
|
|
200 100=100,
20 . :
280 100 = 180,
30 . :
390 100 = 290,
40 . :
520 100 = 420,
50 . :
700 100 = 600.
.
AFC = FC / Q
AFC = 100 / 10 = 10;
AFC = 100 / 20 = 5;
AFC = 100 / 30 = 3,3;
AFC = 100 / 40 = 2,5;
AFC = 100 / 5 = 2.
AVC = VC / Q
AVC = 100 / 10 = 10;
AVC = 180 / 20 = 9;
AVC = 290 / 30 = 9,7;
AVC = 420 / 40 = 10,5;
AVC = 600 / 50 = 12.
ATC = / Q
ATC = 200 / 10 = 20;
ATC = 280 / 20 = 14;
ATC = 390 / 30 = 13;
ATC = 520 / 40 = 13;
ATC = 700 / 50 = 14.
MC = / Q
MC = (200-100) / (10-0) = 10
MC = (280-200) / (20-10) = 8
MC = (390-280) / (30-20) = 11
MC = (520-390) / (40-30) = 13
MC = (700-520) / (50-40) = 18
.
Q | FC | VC | AFC | AVC | ATC | MC | |
- | - | - | - | ||||
3,3 | 9,7 | ||||||
2,5 | 10,5 | ||||||
2
1000 600 , 400 . 1,2.
: ) 20%,
) 10%,
) . : 1% 0,75%, 1% 1%.
:
) 20% . , , .
.
TR = PQ, , 120% . 600 = 720
TR = 720 . 760 = 547 200 .
:
1% 1%, 24% 24%.
ATC = ATC + ΔATC = 400 + (24 . 400) / 100 = 400+ 96 = 496 .
= TR TC = 547200 496 . 760 = 547 200 376 960 = 170 240 .
) 10% . , , .
.
TR = P . Q,
, 90% . 600 = 540 .
TRA = 540 . 1240 = 669 600
:
1% 0,75%, 12% 9%.
ATCA = ATC + ΔATC = 400 + (9 . 400) / 100 = 400 36 = 364 .
= TR TC = 669600 364 1240 = 218 240 .
) = 400 1000 = 400 000 .
R = 600 1000 = 600 000 .
= TR TC = 600 000 400 000 = 200 000 .
.
3
TC Q:
|
|
Q, / | ||||||||
T, $. |
1. : FC, VC, AC, AFC, AVC, MC.
2. , .
.
1. :
). () TC FC VC, : TC = FC + VC.
Q = 0 VC = 0, , TC = FC Q = 0.
FC , , FC = TC 0 = 10$ = const Q.
). : VC = TC FC.
). MC , :
.
). :
2. :
Q | TC | FC | VC | MC | AC | AFC | AVC |
- | - | - | - | - | |||
10,5 | 5,5 | ||||||
3,3 | 4,7 | ||||||
2,5 | 4,5 | ||||||
6,8 | 4,8 | ||||||
7,3 | 1,7 | 5,7 | |||||
8,4 | 1,4 | 7,0 |
3. .
TC FC,
VC TC
VC
10 FC
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
. 20
4. . MC , . , 0 3 MC . , , MC , . TC VC, TC = FC+VC, FC = const. , .
5.
, i, . , . , . ? , , ... |
1
(). = 8$. TR, AR, MR . ( 4) ().
1. .
2. , = 8$; 5$; 3$?
3. ( ) .
(+) (+)
Q P TR MR AR TC VC MC AC AVC (-) Q P TR MR AR (-)
0 8 10 0 5
1 17 1
2 21 2
3 24 3
4 28 4
5 34 5
6 44 6
7 59 7
. TR, AR, MR. TC, AC, MC 1 ( 4). .
|
|
(+) (+)
Q P TR MR TC FC VC MC AC AVC (-) Q P TR MR AR (-)
0 8 0 10 10 0 --10 0 5 0 5 -10
1 8 8 8 17 10 7 7 17 7 -9 1 5 5 5 5 -12
2 8 16 8 21 10 11 4 10.5 5,5 -5 2 5 10 5 5 -11
3 8 24 8 24 10 14 3 8 4,7 0 3 5 15 5 5 -9
4 8 32 8 28 10 18 4 7 4,5 +4 4 5 20 5 5 -8
5 8 40 8 34 10 24 6 6.8 4,8 +6 5 5 25 5 5 -9
6 8 48 8 44 10 34 10 7.3 5,7 +4 6 5 30 5 5 -14
7 8 56 8 59 10 49 15 8.4 7 -3 7 5 35 5 5 -24
, P = 8$.
1. .
2. () .
3. , MR = MC. CK→MC = MR = P.
Qoptim = 5., MR = 8 > MC = 6 ( ). , .. MR = 8, MC = 10, , ( ).
4. , Qoptim = 5 .: ? AR(= P) = 8. ACmin = 6,8, , . Q>3. Q = 6, AR(= P)>AC, Qoptim = 5 .
5. () () Qoptim = 5 .
6. , , 4 - 6 -.
, Qoptim = 5.
5. () Qoptim = 5 ( ):
, Qoptim, .
, = 5 . TR, AR, MR.
1. , = 5 Amin = 6,8 . , .
:
1) P < AC, P > AVC min, ;
2) P < AVC min, .
Q = 3 Q = 5 . P(= AR)>AVC. Qoptim , 4, MR = MC, , > .
4 TR VC, FC. FC, , Q = 0.
, Q = 0 FC, , ( , ).
Q = 0 FCo = 10. .
4 = P AC = 5-7 = -2 .
P AVC = 5 4,5 = 0,5 , .
|
|
, Qoptim = 4, .
2. Qoptim = 4 .
.
, . . Q = 0, .
P = 3. P < AVC min, , FC. FC VC, , . . .
TC TC
FC, VC TR1 TR2 AC, AVC
TR VC MC, MR MC
P AC
TR3 AVC
8 P = 8
= MR
5 P = 5
10 3 P = 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Q
. 21
2
-! 250. . . 200. . 500. . 10%. ?
. , . . , . : T = , :
T ;
FC ;
AVC ;
P .
T1 = = = = 10 .
10% FC 550. . , .
T2 = = = = 11.
.
3
30 . TC = q3 6q2 + 18q. QD = 180-3P, P . .
. AC = MC = P.
AC = TC / q → AC = q2 6q + 18.
, MC = ∆TC / ∆q = TC΄ → MC = 3q2 12q + 18.
AC MC :
AC = MC → q2 6q + 18 = 3q2 12q + 18 → 2q2 6q = 0.
q = 3.
P = MC. MC q = 3 → MC = 3q2 12q + 18 = 3*32 12*3 + 18 = 9.
, , :
P = MC = 9.
QD = 180-3P = 180 3*9 = 153.
QD = QS = 153.
: N = QS / QS = 153 / 3 = 51.
30 , , 21 .
4
TC = Q3 8Q2 + 20Q + 50. , . ? ? ?
. , , P = min AVC. , . , FC = 50, . , , , .
1. .
:
, TVC , Q .
TVC TC = Q3 8Q2 + 20Q + 50, 50 FC ( ) :
|
|
TVC = TCFC = (Q3 8Q2 + 20Q + 50) 50 = → TVC = Q3 8Q2 + 20Q.
:
AVC = TVC: Q → AVC = (Q3 8Q2 + 20Q): Q → AVC = Q2 8Q + 20.
2. . AVC:
AVC΄ = (Q2 8Q + 20)΄ = 2Q 8.
AVC΄ Q AVC:
2Q 8 = 0, Q = 4.
Q = 4 min AVC:
AVC = Q2 8Q + 20 → min AVC = 42 8*4 + 20 = 16-32+20 = 4.
3. , P = min AVC = 4.
4. .
TC (4) = Q3 8Q2 + 20Q + 50 = 43 8*42 + 20*4 + 50 = 66..
TR = P * Q = 4*4 = 16..
(4) = TR TC (4) = 66 16 = 50 = FC.
→ TVC (4) = Q3 8Q2 + 20Q = 43 8*42 + 20*4 = 16..
TR = 16. ., TR = TVC4. , (4) FC(4) = 50.
, , , , FC(0) = 50.
5. MR(= P) = MC. MC MC = min AVC = 4.
6. AVC 4. min AVC Q = 4. MR(= P) = MC. , , Q = 4 , . :
Q = 5.→ TC(5) = 75; TR = 4*5. = 20; = TR(5)-TC(5) = 75-20 = -55.
Q = 3.→ TC(3) = 65; TR = 4*3. = 12; = TR(3)-TC(3) = 65-12 = -53.
6.
i. , . i, ! , . : , , ? i . . , , , ... |
1
10. . , 1 .
, :
Q . | ||||||||||
TC | 11.2 |
:
1. , ? ?
2. ?
3. , , , ?
4. , ?
. , QD = 10 P. TC, MC, AC TR, MR, AR(= P).
;
(-) . / .
Q TC MC AC Q P TR MR AR(= P) (+) . / .
0 4 0 10 0 -4 -
1 7 3 7 1 9 9 9 9 +2 +2
2 9 2 4,5 2 8 16 7 8 +7 +3,5
3 11,2 2,2 3,73 3 7 21 5 7 +9,8 +3,27
4 14 2,8 3,5 4 6 24 3 6 +10 +2,5
5 17 3 3,4 5 5 25 1 5 +8 +1,6
6 21 4 3,5 6 4 24 -1 4 +3 +0,5
7 30 9 4,3 7 3 21 -3 3 -9 -1,3
8 42 12 5,2 8 2 16 -5 2 -2 -3,2
9 58 16 6,4 9 1 9 -7 1 -49 -5,4
, (. 22).
1. . . , TR ( , ) . MR , MR>0. , TR , MR = 0. , = 10 = 5 0 Q = 5 ; TR . , TR , .
6 --------------
4 ---------------------
3 ------------
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
. 22 , ,
2. MC = MR. = 6 Qoptim = 4 , . , . , , , . , = 6 Qoptim = 4 .
3. Qoptim = 4, (= AR) :
:
, Qoptim, .
4. . Qoptim, MR = MC, , , >MC. >MC, , , . . , , . , , .
5. . , . (= MR) = MC. Qoptim = 6, = 4 = MC = 4. , , : < 10.
6. , , (= 4) = MC. , . , .. , P = AC, . , , , . : , .
7.
, , , ? , ? , , ? , , , ... |
, . , .
MRPL , . ( L), : MRPL = f (MPL, P).
L , L ( ). L: , / L.
( ), .
, :
() = const;
.
, MRP :
1. MRPL L. MRP = MPxP ().
2. MRPL : P . , MRPL , . MRP MRPL = RL / L, MRPL = (RL RL-1) / L.
: MRPL = MRCL.
: MRCL = / PL, : MRPL = PL (= MRCL).
1
, 4 . . , , . .
:
= () / () = (10-0) / (1-0) = 10
= () / () = (18-10) / (2-1) = 8
= () / () = (24-18) / (3-2) = 6
= () / () = (28-24) / (4-3) = 4
= () / () = (30-28) / (5-4) = 2
MRP = .
MRP =
1) MRP = 4 10 = 40 . .
2) MRP = 4 8 = 32 . .
3) MRP = 4 6 = 24 . .
4) MRP = 4 4 = 16 .
5) MRP = 4 2 = 8 . .
, , , ( ).
(.) | |||||
(.) | |||||
(. .) |
2
() (L) (). : 2 . , 3 . . 0,5 ..
) , 84 ?
) , ?
:
1) = = 10
2) = + = 10+8 = 18
3) = 18+6 = 24
4) = 24+5 = 29
5) = 29+4 = 31
1) = = 21
2) = + = 21+18 = 39
3) = 39+15 = 54
4) = 54+12 = 66
5) = 66+9 = 75
, / :
1) / = 10 / 2 = 5
2) / = 8 / 2 = 4
3) / = 6 / 2 = 3
4) / = 5 / 2 = 2,5
5) / = 4 / 2 = 2
1) / = 21 / 3 = 7
2) / = 18 / 3 = 6
3) / = 15 / 3 = 5
4) / = 12 / 3 = 4
5) / = 9 / 3 = 3
:
5 ( -1, -3)
4 4 ( -2, -4)
3 5 ( -3, -5)
:
1) ( -1, -3) 10+54 = 64 .
2) ( -2, -4) 18+66 = 84.
3) ( -3, -5) 24+75 = 99 .
2. 4 . 84 . .
) , , , .
:
1) MRP / = 5 / 2 = 2,5
2) MRP / = 4 / 2 = 2,0
3) MRP / = 3 / 2 = 1,5
4) MRP / = 2,5 / 2 = 1,25
5) MRP / = 2 / 2 = 1,0
1) MRP / = 10,5 / 3 = 3,5
2) MRP / = 9 / 3 = 3,0
3) MRP / = 7,5 / 3 = 2,5
4) MRP / = 6 / 3 = 2,0
5) MRP / = 4,5 / 3 = 1,5
/ | MRP, . | MRP / , | . | MR / | MRPK, . | MRP / , | |||||
2,5 | 10,5 | 3,5 | |||||||||
2,0 | 3,0 | ||||||||||
1,5 | 7,5 | 2,5 | |||||||||
2,5 | 2,5 | 1,25 | 2,0 | ||||||||
1,0 | 4,5 | 1,5 |
, , , , .
3
, : . 60 , = 5 . ; = 30 . , = 45 . ?
, | |||||
MP () | |||||
() |
, , , 1.
:
1) MRP = = 10 5 = 50
2) MRP = = 9 5 = 45
3) MRP = = 8 5 = 40
4) MRP = = 7 5 = 35
5) MRP = = 6 5 = 30
1) MRP = = 15 5 = 75
2) MRP = = 14 5 = 70
3) MRP = = 12 5 = 60
4) MRP = = 9 5 = 45
5) MRP = = 8 5 = 40
.
:
1) MRP / = 50 / 30 = 1,66
2) MRP / = 45 / 30 = 1,5
3) MRP / = 40 / 30 = 1,33
4) MRP / = 35 / 30 = 1,16
5) MRP / = 30 / 30 = 1,0
1) MRP / = 75 / 45 = 1,66
2) MRP / = 70 / 45 = 1,55
3) MRP / = 60 / 45 = 1,33
4) MRP / = 45 / 45 = 1,0
5) MRP / = 40 / 45 = 0,88
5 . 4 , . .
.
:
MP () | |||||
( |
() | |||||
= (5)+ (4) = 60+50 = 110
R = = 5 60+5 50 = 550 ..
( ) .
= . + . = 30 5+45 4 = 150+180 = 330
= R = 550-330 = 220 ..
4
. , (). , . 10, ?
. MRPL = MRCL MRPL = PL (= MRCL).
1 2 : MPL, RL, MRPL.
1.
L | TPL | MPL (- ) | P(.) | RL = TPL* P | MRPL |
2.
L | - TPL | MPL (- -) | PL | TRL = TPL*P | MRPL |
2,0 | |||||
1,8 | |||||
1,6 | 33,6 | 6,6 | |||
1,4 | 36,4 | 2,8 | |||
1,2 | -0,4 | ||||
1,0 | -3 |
MRPL = MRCL, . 4 , MRPL = PL(= MRCL) = 10. , , 2- , MRPL = 11> PL(= MRCL) = 11. , , / , , , ; . , .
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
. 23
5
, , PL = 2;, PC = 4$? , P = 0,5$? , , , .
) 4 . . MPL = 10 5 . . MPC = 12
) 6 . . MPL = 8 4 .. MPC = 16
. L C, .
, ( ) , :
MPL / PL = MPC / PC.
) 4.. 5.. , MPL / PL = MPC / PC → 10 / 2 ≠ 12 / 4 →5 / 1 (L) > 3 / 1 (C).
4- , 5- , .
. . : N = -∆C / +∆L = PL / PC →2 / 4 = -1 . C / +2 . L.
6 4 . .
MPL / PL , MPC / PC . ,