1. .
.
, , , , ? ? , ? , , . . |
1
, (Y) (). () 6 .. 4 .. , () 4 .. 5 .. , () 8 .. 2 .. . , (), ? ? , . ?
. . 18 , 0 , 11 , 0 . , (). . , . .
.. (. Y) | .. (. ) | . = -DY/+DX | |
-1,5 Y | |||
-0,8 Y | |||
-4 Y | |||
: |
, , .
.. , Y | DY | .. , X | + DX | . . . = DY/+DX | |
3 | |||||
2 +1 | 4 | +5 | 0,8 Y | ||
1 +2 | 6 | +4 | 1,5 Y | ||
3 | 8 | +2 | 4 Y |
, , . . , ( ), .. , ( ) .
|
|
. , , , ( ) . (.. ). , . . .
. 15
2
, :
: 60 . . 40 . . 50 . ____ . . .
0,8 | |||||
1,25 |
:
X ( ), Y ( ), Y: .
3
45 . 40 ./ , 60 ./ . ? , ?
. , . , . 45 . : , X . :
40 X + 45 < 60 X
45 < 20 X
2,25 < X
X > 2,25
, 2,25 .
4
1 .
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | |
.. |
.
:
10 . , 1 . . (7-6 /10-0), .. 1/10.
19 . , 1 . . (6-5/19-10), .. 1/9.
|
|
D 27 . , 1. . (5-4/27-19), .. 1/8.
D E 34 . , 1 . . (4-3 /34-27), .. 1/7.
E F 40 . , 1 . . (3-2/40-34), .. 1/6.
F G 45 . , 1 . . (2-1/45-40), .. 1/5.
G H 49 . , 1 . . (1-0/49-45), .. 1/4.
.
2. . .
, , , . . , , -. . , ? , . , ... |
1
:
QD = 2400 10 P,
QS = 1000 + 25 P,
P ( ),
Q .
.
30 . , ?
:
, . .
QD = QS
2400 10 P = 1000 + 25 P
2400-1000=25 + 10
1400=35
= 40 .
, , .
QD = 2400 10 P = 2400 10 . 40 = 2000
30 ., : 1000 + 25 . 30 = 1750 ,
QD = 2400 10 . 30 = 2100 , .. 2100 1750 = 350 , .
2
QD = 80 5 P. QS = 30 + 5 P. , , 2$ . ( ) . . , ( ). . . , . . , 1992 , . 2, . 33, . 207.
. , QD = QS:
80 5 P = 30 + 5 P
P = 5; QD = QS = 55.
.
t = 2 $ , , P t P, : P = Pt t. P (Pt t). :
|
|
QS = 30 + 5(Pt t) = 30 + 5 Pt 5 t = 30 + 5 Pt 5 . 2 = 30 + 5 Pt 10 = 20+5 Pt.
, , 2$ 10 . . :
80 5 P = 20+5 Pt PD = Pst = 6; QD = QS = 50.
S1 S
P D
20 30 50 55 80 Q
. 16
, . , , , . :
T = t . Qet = 2 . 50 = 100.
. . 50 5$ 50 . 5 = 250$ 50 . 6 = 300$. 50$.
. 50 5$ 250$. 300$ 50 6$. , . 2$, 100$ 4$, 50 200$, 50$, ( ).
, . ( ). , . , .
. , , , .
3
, .
( .) | ||||
Q() |
:
(TR) : TR= P Q,
P ,
Q .
:
1) TR= P Q= 180 200 = 36000 .
2) TR= P Q= 150 300 = 45000 .
3) TR= P Q= 120 400 = 48000 .
4) TR= P Q= 90 500 = 45000 .
:
. = , ( ).
.= =
=
.= =
=
.= =
=
, . (2,2),(1,28), 1, (1), (0,78), .. 1. .
|
|
( 2,2) (45000-36000) 9000 .
( 1,28) (48000-45000) 3000 .
(0,78) (45000-48000) 3000 .
4
QD = 20 2 P, QS = 2 + P.
1) , .
2) , .
3) , ?
4) , 3 ? 5 ?
5) ( ).
. 1) , . , . :
QD = QS 20 2 P = 2 + P 20 2 = 2 +
18 = 3 P
= 6 .
QD = QS = 8 .
. , . . P = 10, QD = 0, QD = 20 P = 0. , P = 6, QD = 8. . QS = 2 P = 0 P = 6, QS = 8. .
. 17
, QD QS () . , P = 0. , QD = 0. , . , QD = 0, P = 10. , 2 , (). P = 0 QD = 20 (max). , , .
P = 6 . , QD = QS = 8 .
P, . | QD, . | QS . | TR = P . Q | ED | |||
QS +3 . | QS +6 . | ∆Q %/ ∆P % | ∆Q/∆P . P / Q | ||||
∞ | |||||||
5,7 | ... | ||||||
... | ... | ||||||
6 | 8 | 8 | 1,85 | 1,5 | |||
1,2 | |||||||
0,8 | ... | ||||||
... | ... | ||||||
... | ... | ||||||
... | 0,1 | ||||||
0,05 |
2) . . , , .
TR = P . Q. TR , , . TR , . TR .
3) , , TR = P . Q = 6 . 8 = 48 , .
|
|
4) 3 , QS = 5 + P 3 . . . 5 ., 10 ., TR = P . Q = 5 . 10 = 50 . 6., 4 ., TR = P . Q = 4 . 6 = 48 , .
, , . , ( ) . TR = P . QD. , QD = 20 2 P, P = 10 0,5 QD.
TR = (10 0,5 QD) . QD = 10 QD 0,5 QD 2.
TR΄ = MR = 0.
TR ΄ = (10 QD 0,5 QD 2)΄ = 10 QD = 0. QD = 10, P = 5.
10 . 5 . , ED = 1. , , , .
5) . , :
;
∆Q (%) ;
∆P (%) .
, .
, :
, :
, ;
, :
10 . 9 .:
ED = (2 0)/(2 + 0) . (10 + 9)/(10 9) = 1 . 19 = 19 > 1 . → ∞
9 . 8 .:
ED = (4 2)/(4 + 2) . (9 + 8)/(9 8) = 1/3 . 17/1 = 5,7 > 1 . → ∞
7 . 6 .:
ED = (8 6)/(8 + 6) . (7+6)/(7 6) = 1/7 . 13/1 = 1,85 > 1 .
6 . 5 .:
ED = (10 8)/(10 + 8) . (6+5)/(6 5) = 1/9 . 11/1 = 1,2 →1 .
5 . 4 .:
ED = (12 10)/(12+10) . (5+4)/(5 4) = 1/11 . 9/1 = 0,8 < 1 .
1 . 0 .:
ED = (20 18)/(20 + 18) . (1 + 0)/(1 0) = 1/19 . 1 = 0,05 → 0 .
QD = a bP, , , . :
;
b () , -b = ∆Q/∆P. ∆Q/∆P b, . :
;
b .
QD = 20 2 P ∆Q/∆P = 2,
;
, .
:
P = 10, Q = 0:
ED = 2 . 10/0 = ∞ ;
P = 9, Q = 2:
ED = 2 . 9/2 = 9 > 1 ;
P = 6, Q = 8:
ED = 2 . 6/8 = 1,5 > 1 ;
P = 5, Q = 10:
ED = 2 . 5/10 = 1 .
P = 1, Q = 18:
ED = 2 . 1/18 = 0,1 < 1 .
P = 0, Q = 20:
ED = 2 . 0/20 = 0 .
, .
5
2, 30 20 ? ?
. :
;
∆Q (%) ;
∆P (%) .
() :
∆P (%) = (20 30):(20 + 30)/2 = 10:25 = 0,4 = 40% ↓ ().
. :
∆Q (%) = ED . ∆P = 2 . 40% = 80% ↑ ()
ED = 2 > 1, . , , TR = P*Q , , .
6
5000 400 . 0,3. , 7%?
. , , . . , , ( ):
;
∆Q (%) ;
∆I (%) .
∆Q (%) = EI . ∆I (%) = 0,3 . 7% = 2,1% ↑
2,1% 400 8,4 . , (400 8,4) = 391,6 . .