bureaucrat (n)
office (n)
a) , , to be in the ~ , ; at/in an ~ She works at our ~. .
) , ; Foreign Office
official (n)
; ; (, . .) appointed ~ ; , customs ~
official (adj)
1) ; ; ~ duties
2) ~ statement Syn: authoritative
officer (n)
1) , ; ; probation ~; public ~; public relations ~; revenue ~
2) dismiss an ~ , to promote an ~
effective (adj)
1) , , the first ~ shot Fewer men, better trained and disciplined, could be made more ~. , , . Syn: efficient
2) , ( . .) The tax becomes ~ next year. . Syn: effectual
3) , , a gold lame fabric studded with ~ precious stones Syn: impressive, striking
efficient (adj)
) , , (in) She was very ~ in reducing waste. . Syn: efficacious, effectual ) , Syn: expedient, advisable
empire (n)
1) to break up an ~ to build up an ~
2) , ,
emperor (n)
sophisticated (adj)
) , , ; , ~ modern taste ) , ( ),
skill (n)
, , ; , ~ at/in using a computer to demonstrate, display, show ~
skilled (adj)
, , , ~ craftsman Syn: qualified, competent, expert, clever, able, skillful
loyalty (n)
, ; (to) to command ~ to demonstrate, show ~ to swear ~
subordinate (v)
, (to) All other considerations had to be ~ed to the needs of the family. .
subordinate (n)
Syn: assistant
subordination (n)
1) , ; , the yoke of ~ Syn: subjection
|
|
2)
underling (n)
1) ;
2) ,
person (n)
1) ; , ; not a single ~ , missing ~ a real ~
2) the first ~ the second ~
personnel (n)
1) , (, ); government ~ ; qualified ~
2) enlisted ~ ; military ~
petition (n)
; , to circulate a ~ to present a ~ to grant a ~ , ,
judiciary (adj)
, - ~ law ~ Syn: judicial
claim (v)
1) ; ; -. (for) This matter ~s for attention. . to ~ the inheritance
2) , He ~ that he'd been cheated. , .
3) ( ) (against/from; for) You should be able to ~ against the car insurance. , , .
claim (n)
1) ; ; ; , raise a ~ lay ~ to (-.) put smth. in a ~ -.
2) ; ,
rule (v)
1) ; , (. ) Queen Victoria ~ed over the British Empire for more than 60 years. 60 . Syn: dominate, control
2) , ; to ~ one's actions He ~ed his appetites. .
3) , I'm afraid that the judge might ~ against you. , .
disrupt (v)
1) , , , ; ; to ~ surface Syn: shatter
2) ; to ~ radio communication
monarch (n)
absolute ~, constitutional ~ Syn: sovereign
monarchy (n)
to establish, set up a ~ to overthrow a ~
institution (n)
1) , , , ~ of higher learning (education) charitable, philanthropic ~ ,
2) , , , ~ of a ceremony
resign (v)
, ; to ~ office Is he going to resign from the chairmanship? ? Syn: quit, surrender
resignation (n)
Unit 2
scholar (n)
1) (. ) eminent ~
2) ) ) , ;
3) a) ) (.) , Syn: student, disciple
routine (n)
1) ; ,
2) 1) ; ; daily, ordinary ~ dull ~ practice ~
|
|
routine (adj)
1) ; So many days are ~ and uninteresting, especially in winter. , .
2) , ; , ; ~ attention ~ repairs ~ inspection ~ functions
manage (v)
1) , , ; to ~ a baseball team . Syn: control
2) , She can't ~ her child. .
3) , , He ~ed his resources carefully. .
manager (n)
, ; , , account ~ assistant ~ , , branch ~ , business ~ ; , general ~ hotel ~ office ~ sales ~ service ~ stage ~
management (n)
1) ; , , The zoo needed better ~ rather than more money. . the ~t of the mining industry having just completed a ~ studies course
2) (the management) ; ,
insure (v)
1) (), () (against; for) to ~ one's home against loss from fire to ~ one's life for fifty thousand dollars fully ~ed
2) ,
insurance (n)
1) (against; on)
2) ~ free of particular average ,
private (adj)
1) ; , , ~ life ~ secretary ~ school ~ investigator, ~ detective, ~ eye ,
2) ~ vehicle ~ apartment
3) , ,
case (n)
1) c ; , to argue, plead a ~ , to decide a ~, to settle a ~ to hear, try a ~ to lose ~ ,
2) ; , ; , ; , Some ~ or ~s, strictly in point to the problem at hand, must be produced. , .
3) , , ,
4) c ; ; acute ~ chronic ~
academy (n)
1). ; ; ( ) c. academia
2) ) , , ( ) The Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences and Arts . ) , ( , .) the British Academy of Film and Television Arts a
3) ( )
) ( ); ) , ( , , ) military academy ( , )
|
|
academic (adj)
1) ; ; ( , ) ~ books the ~ discipline
2) ~ garden
academician (n)
1) ;
2) , ,
compare (v)
1) , , We can start by ~ing the work of the historian with the work of the politician. .
2) (, ),
comparison (n)
, , there is no ~ between them
comparative (adj)
1) , ~ linguistics
2) I sat out in the open air in ~ comfort. .
society (n)
1) to polarize a ~ to unite a ~
2)
3) , The couple quickly became a fixture of ~ pages. .
social (adj)
1) ; ~ amenities - ~ appropriation ~ consumption ~ conditions -
2) , , ; , - ~ dancing
3) ~ reporter
develop (v)
1) () (from; into) Who knows what results will ~ from your first success? , ?
2)
3) , ,
development (n)
, , , ; Creation belongs to eternity and ~ to time. , - . arrested ~ economic ~
developing (adj)
(~ countries)
industry (n)
1) , , to build up, develop (an) ~
2) (defense ~, film ~)
analyze (v)
1) , , We haven't had time to ~ those samples yet. .
2) () She showed us different methods of how to ~ simple sentences. .
analysis (n)
(pl. analyses), , to make an ~ careful, thorough ~ ,
decide (v)
(), , that decides me! ! to ~ unanimously
decision (n)
value (n)
1) ) ; , Syn: merit ) , to cherish ~s, to foster ~s , -. cultural ~s moral ~s sense of ~s ) , , He had nothing of ~ to say. . Syn: worth, utility, importance
2) ) , ; at a certain~ set a ~ on ) surplus ~ e xchange ~
|
|
3) , to acquire ~ , a discovery of great ~ , to attach ~ to -.
value (v)
1) , , ( ) to ~ a painting at five thousand pounds 2) , , , to ~ highly, to ~ very much -./-. to ~ smb. as a friend -.
Unit 3
specific (adj)
1) ) , , ~ situation Syn: special, particular ) ; ; ~ facial features Syn: peculiar
2) , ; ~ guarantee
3) , ; Syn: exact, precise, definite
employ (v)
1) ) , ) ; to be ~ ed by , ; Syn: hire
2) ) , , (in, on, for) Art was ~ed for the display of religious facts. . ) , (-. ..) to ~ at -. How long have you been ~ed at this job? ?
employ (n)
1) , Syn: occupation, job, employment
2) ( , ) in the government's ~
employer (n)
, , ~ of labour ~ 's liability Syn: boss
employee (n)
; to engage, hire, take on an ~ to dismiss, fire, sack an ~ to make an ~ redundant ; government ~; white-collar ~; full-time ~; part-time ~; a new type of ~
employment (n)
unemployment (n)
employed (adj)
unemployed (adj)
Red tape
1) , , to create/eliminate (the) ~ / to get caught up in ~, get involved in ~ , Syn: bureaucratism
2)
abuse (v)
1) ; - ~ a child - ~ a horse
2) , -. to ~ one's eyesight Syn: wrong
3) ) ~ one's rights; ~ one's authority; ~ ones power
)
4) , ; ();
5) ; ; , to ~ smb. left and right -. Syn: wrong.
6) /
abuse (n)
~ of power ; ~ of words ; ~ of children ; drug and alcohol ~
profit (n)
1) , , to make a ~ on Syn: benefit, use, good
2) , ; , to bring (in), yield a ~ , to earn, make a ~ He sold his house at a ~. . clear/net ~ gross ~
profit (v)
1) ) , It profited him nothing. . ) , ; You can even ~ from your mistakes. .
2) to profit by/over a transaction .
scrutiny (n)
1) , He was looking downward with the ~ of curiosity. .
2) ; , to bear/withstand ~ , , close, strict ~ under ~ under constant ~ Syn: examination, inquiry, investigation
3) to demand ~
scrutinize (v)
1) ,
2) to ~ closely, thoroughly , -. Syn: examine
dominate (v)
1) ; (over) Powerful nations ~ over small weak countries. . The teacher must learn not to ~ over her class. . Syn: rule, control
|
|
2) , countries where life is ~ed by war , .
3) , -. It's one of the biggest buildings in this area, and it ~s this whole place. , .
dominant (adj)
1) ; , , , , ; ~ form of administration Syn: prevaling, dominating
2)
execute (v)
1) ) , , ; ( -. - in); The artist ~ed his imaginative ideas in stone. . Syn: perform ) , .. The boy departed to ~ his commission. . ) (, ..); , The question arose how his office was to be ~ed. , . Syn: fulfil, discharge
2) ) (), ( -.) to ~ a mortgage if called on to do so. , . ) ( ..) ) He was ~ed by the head the following day. . Syn: kill
executive (adj)
1) ) , ~ secretary ; ; ) : ~ personnel ~ order
2) , : ~ duties (, );
executive (n)
1) ) (the executive) ) Syn: performer
2) , top ~; ) (Executive) Chief Executive ) , , (- )
hire (v)
, , We ~ed her to mow our lawn. . ~ employees Syn: employ, recruit
hire (n)
1) for ~
2) ~ purchase
promote (v)
1) ; ; / He was promoted colonel (to the rank of colonel, to be a colonel). . If I am not promoted within the next two years I am going to change jobs. , .
2) ) , , ; Regular exercise promotes all-round good health. .
) , ; , to ~ disorder Syn: encourage
3) to ~ a company
4) ) ) ; -. Advertising companies are always having to think up new ways to ~ products. .
5)
promotion (n)
resist (n)
1) , ; ; , The soldiers ~ed for two days. . Syn: oppose, withstand
2) ) ; ; to ~ temptation ) -.) They couldn't ~ making fun of him. .
resistance (n)
stable (adj)
; ; , , , : ~ equilibrium ; ~ result Syn: firm, strong, firm; constant, continual, permanent
stability (n)
~ need; forces of ~
legal (adj)
1) , ; ~ advice ~ aid bureau ~ capacity , ~ profession ~ system Syn: juridical
2) ; ; What I did was perfectly ~. , , . Syn: lawful
mandate (n)
1) , clear ~ We had a ~ to eliminate illiteracy. . under a ~ Syn: warrant, credentials
2) () to carry out a ~
declare (v)
1) , to ~ one's love ; to ~ bankruptcy ; to ~ war on (-., -.) The court ~ed the law to be unconstitutional. . Syn: proclaim
2) , , The President ~ed that the situation would improve. , . Syn: affirm, assert
3) (for ; against ) The workers declared against the new rules. .
4) , ( )
declaration (n)
secure (adj)
1) , Syn: confident
2) ) , ; ; ~ investment Syn: trustworthy, dependable )
3) a ~ victory Syn: assured, certain
secure (v)
1) ; ; ( -.) to ~ one's life -. Syn: guard, protect
2) ) , ) ) . ( -.) He was ~ed in the existence of soul. , .
3) , , Syn: imprison
4) , to ~ the sympathy of smb. -. , -.
security (n)
1) ) ; to ensure, provide ~ to strengthen ~ security to undermine/threaten security feeling, sense of~ Syn: safety ) ( -.) She told them they might count on her with ~. , . Syn: confidence, assurance
2) ; in ~ for ;
3) ,
4) (. .) to issue ~ies government ~ies
need (n)
1) , , to create a ~ , ; to fill, meet, satisfy a ~ , -.; acute, crying, desperate, dire, pressing, urgent ~ , ; physical ~ spiritual ~ ; unfulfilled ~ ; ~ of self-actualization Syn: necessity
2) (. .) bodily~s, material ~s fundamental ~, individual ~s
3) , , , , (-.); to live in dire ~ badly in ~ ,
need (v)
motive (n)
1) , , ; ; (behind, for) to establish, find a ~ , base ~s noble, honorable ~s Syn: incentive, reason
2) , , Syn: motif
motivation (n)
1) ;
2) ; ,
satisfy (v)
1) (-.; -. , ). I am not ~ied with your work. . Syn: please
2) , () Syn: indemnify
3) , (-. ) to ~ completely Syn: answer, meet
satisfaction (n)
reward (n)
1) , to receive a ~ to offer a ~ to pay a ~ , just ~ tangible ~ well-deserved ~ Syn: award
2) in reward for smth. -. social rewards: friendship, conversation, impact, satisfaction; rewards distributed my managerial staff: pay, promotion, recognition, etc. Syn: recompense, remuneration
reward (v)
1) , We ~ed him for finding our lost dog. , .
2) ; A magnificent view ~s the traveller. .
rewarding (adj)
a ~ job
lack (v)
, ; (for) You shall never ~ for money while I am alive. , . Syn: require
lack (n)
, ; (-.) ~ of interest; ~ of coordination; ~ of discipline; ~ of experience; ~ of knowledge Syn: absence, shortage, deficiency, need.
collaborate (v)
1) , (. , ; with) One of my students ~ed with me on this book. . Syn: co-operate
2) ( ; with) People who ~ed with the enemy during the war were punished afterwards. .
collaboration (n)
collaborator (n)
depend (v)
, ( -., -. - on, upon) to ~ upon smb. for advice -. , it (all) depends !
dependence (n)
independence (n)
interdependence (n)
share (v)
1) ) , ; to ~ the money equally between two brothers ~ and ~ alike ) to ~ one's sandwich with smb. -. to ~ one's problems with smb. -. ) to ~ a house with four other people ;
2) (, . .) I ~ your opinion. . All your neighbours ~ in your sorrow at the loss of your son. . to ~ common interest;
3) ;
share (n)
1) , ; a ~ in (-.) to do one's ~ ; to have a ~ in the profits equal ~ ~ of the responsibility fair ~ full ~
2) ; , , on shares - ordinary ~s; preference ~s
effect (n)
1) , have ~; produce an ~; of no ~; without ~; cause an ~ Syn: result, consequence
2) a) ; to have a profound ~ on smth. -. minimal ~ ) , ; put into ~; come into ~ Syn: operation ) , A law was made but it had little effect. , . Syn: efficacy
3) ) , ; general ~; calculated for ~ Syn: ) , ; Doppler ~
4) ) ( , ) ; leave no ~s;- sale of household ~s; personal ~ Syn: belonging ) Syn: money
effect (v)
dimensions (n)
; tangible ~; symbolic ~; cultural ~
produce (v)
1) , ; ; ; ; ~ an endless stream of paperwork Syn: create, generate
2) , Their efforts ~ed no results. . Syn: yield
3) , to ~changes Syn: bring about
4) , ( , , );
5) , to ~ an identity card
produce (n)
1) , ; , home ~ / dairy ~ Syn: production, output
2) (); ; Syn: yield
participate (v)
(in), I like the whole school to ~ in the sports. , . Syn: take part
participant (n)
, active ~ reluctant ~ Syn: participator, partaker, sharer
legislature (n)
; to convene a ~ to disband, dismiss, dissolve a ~ bicameral ~ , unicameral ~
court (n)
1) court-yard (, ..) Syn: yard
2) ( )
3) ( . .) Court of Rome
4) ; ; superior court Court of Appeal probate court territorial court traffic court Supreme Court
5) (, , . .); court of directors, governors ,
6) , , pay court to smb. -.
neglect (v)
1) (-.); ( -.) , ( -., -.) Syn: ignore That noble discourse had been ~ed by the generation to which it was addressed. , , .
2) , (-.) ; He sometimes ~ed that duty. .
3) , Their own education has been ~ed. . Syn: forget
neglect (n)
1) ) , ) complete ~, total ~ parental ~ Syn: carelessness, negligence, thoughtlessness, disregard
2) ,
jeopardy (n)
, in ~ ; be in ~; put in jeopardy Syn: danger, peril
jeopardize (v)
, ; ~ one's life Syn: risk
Unit 4
Lead (v) - led
1) , , ; ( , . .); The prisoners were led into the courtroom. . to ~ a child by the hand
2) ( . .); , The path ~s down to the river. .
3) , ( ) He ~s a full, active life. .
4) , , , to ~ a campaign to ~ a band, an orchestra , The vice-chairman will ~ the meeting. .
lead (n)
) ; ; to assume the ~, take the ~ , ; (in) to build up one's ~, increase one's ~ to give up/ lose the ~ to hold/ maintain the ~ Syn: precedence, precedency, advance, first place ) , ; , Most of the legislators followed the ~ of the governor. to give a ~ Syn: guidance, model, example, direction, leadership
leader (n)
1) ) , , ; , ; ; , born/ natural ~; majority ~; minority ~; military ~ Syn: boss, commander, captain ) , , ) , ; Syn: guide ) ();
2) ) , ( ) Syn: editorial ) , ;
3) ) )
leadership (n)
Lend (v) - lent
1) ) , She lent the money to him. ) ,
2) a dispassionate manner which ~s great force to his criticisms , Syn: afford, impart
3) , , a topic that ~s itself admirably to class discussion , Syn: accommodate
identify (v)
1) ; (with) Voters tend to ~ the Party with unfair treatment of poorer and weaker members of society. .
2) , ; (as) She ~ed the intruder to the police. . to ~ oneself
3) , to ~ the limits
identity (n)
overload (n)
,
overload (v)
(), () Syn: overburden
demand (v)
1) , (of, from - -., -.); The thieves ~ed money from the passengers. . Syn: ask for, claim, order, request, require
2) , ; Syn: ask, request
3) , Syn: summon
demand (n)
1) , excessive ~ moderate/ modest/ reasonable ~ ; make ~; meet ~; satisfy ~; give in to ~; yield to ~; reject ~; payment on ~
2)
3) ( -. for) to create a ~ to meet/ satisfy a ~ enormous/ great/ brisk/ strong ~ There is a brisk ~ for home computers. . Small cars are in great ~. . limited ~ the law of supply and ~
overwhelm (v)
1. ) Syn: overturn, overthrow, upset ) , , (, ); Syn: overcome, overpower, crush, destroy ) , ) , ( ; "" ( ) , ) Pompeii was ~ed by a vast accumulation of dust and ashes. . Syn: submerge
2) , , ; , ( ..)
appoint (v)
1) , (, ..) The time ~ed for the meeting was 7 p. m. . Syn: assign, designate
2) ( ), ( ) to ~ smb. professor of the University -. He was ~ed to the position. . Syn: assign, designate, name
3) ; to ~ smb. task -. They ~ed him to conduct the negotiations. .
appointment (n)
1) ( , ) Syn: designation
2) , () hold an ~ Syn: post, position
3) , according to a natural order or ~ Syn: direction
4) , I shall break an ~. . keep an ~ make an ~ (with), set up an ~ (with), book an ~ (with) , ; ( , ..) Syn: engagement
role (n)
to assume, take (on) a ~ to assign, hand out ~s , to perform, play, support a ~ , ; key ~; leading ~; secondary ~; starring ~ Syn: part
initiate (v)
1) ) , ( -.) ) ( ..; into)
2) ) , .. (into) The organization is known for its ceremony of ~ing new members into the society. . )
3) , , to ~ a program of reform Syn: begin
initiate (n)
1) , Syn: beginner, novice
2) ) ( ..) ) ( ..)
initiate (adj)
1) ,
2) ) ( ..) ) ( ..)