E.g. We heard that a car stopped outside the door, A car was heard to stop outside the door. It is believed that the poem was written by Byron. The poem is believed to have been written by Byron.
1. We know Bernard Shaw to have been a very witty man. 2. People consider the climate there to be very healthful. 3. It was announced that the Chinese dancers were arriving next week. 4. It is expected that the performance will be a success. 5, It is said that the book is popular with both old and young. 6. It is believed that the poem was written by an unknown soldier. 7. It is supposed that the playwright is working at a new comedy. 8. It is reported that the flood has caused much damage to the crops. 9. It was supposed that the crops would be rich that year. 10. It has been found that this mineral water is very good for the liver. 11. Scientists consider that electricity exists throughout space. 12. It is said that the weather in Europe was exceedingly hot last summer. 13. It is said that this man was very handsome in his youth. 14. It was reported that five ships were missing after the battle.
18). Соедините два предложения в одно:
1 (Helen took some photographs. Have you seen them?)
Have you seen the photographs Helen took? 2 You gave me a pen. I've lost it.)
I've lost the…………………………….. 3 (Sue is wearing a jacket. I like it.)
I like the……………………………….. 4 (I gave you some flowers. Where are they?)
Where are the…………………………... 5 (He told us a story. I didn't believe it.)
I ……………………………………….. 6 (You bought some oranges. How much were they?)
Соедините два предложения в одно.
1 (I was carrying a bag. It was very heavy.)
The bag I was carrying was very heavy.
2 (You cooked a meal. It was excellent.)
The…………………………………..
3 (I'm wearing shoes. They aren't very comfortable.)
The shoes……………………………
4 (We invited some people to dinner. They didn't come.)
The………………………………….
Задайте вопросы и завершите предложения.
1 Your friend stayed at a hotel. You ask:
What's the name of the hotel, you stayed..at?
2 Your friend was talking to some people. You ask:
Who are the people…………………………..
3 Your friend was looking for some keys. You ask:
Did you find the……………………………..
4 Your friend is going to a party. You ask:
Where is the…………………………………..
5 Your friend was talking about a film. You ask:
What's the name of…………………………..
6 Your friend is listening to some music. You ask:
What's that……………………………………
Тексты для чтения и перевода
EMPLOYMENT
Getting a job is a very hard period in the life of most people. Companies choose an employee from hundreds of candidates according to special rules, that's why there're special 'typical' factors, influencing on employer's choice. Among such factors are: age, sex, experience, family background and marital status, personality and references. If you're to go to an interview tomorrow, sleep well before it and don't forget your CV at home - is the basic rule. Moreover, there're some recommendations, which can help you, for example, to read annual report, or company newspaper of the company to show your understanding of the corporate strategy on the interview. What's more, you should choose corresponding dress code for the interview. Even such advices are to help you make a good impression; some companies don't want to hire a man, who follows every advice. To illustrate this, I can quote Artemiy Lebedev, the most famous Russian web-designer: "If you enclose a standard stupid resume, written by the rules of American bureaucracy, we would delete it immediately after receiving. If your CV is composed according to all rules, we wouldn't choose you, as we might think, that your profession is to acquire a job". After getting a job, you may have some unexpected troubles with boss, too: e.g. if you dye your hair or wear something not appropriate. The best solution of such situation is to ask a trade union for advice, which can always help you in your fight with an employer. Of course, if you affect company discipline not coming in time or working badly, your dismissal wouldn't be unfair. To conclude, I can say that it is sometimes hard not only to get a job, but also to work in the staff, and if you don't want to be laid off, you should follow company rules, it is a must.
THE MARKET
Previously we defined markets in a very general way as arrangements through which prices guide resource allocation. We now adopt a narrower definition.
A market is a set of arrangements by which buyers and sellers are in contact to exchange goods or services.
Some markets (shops and fruit stalls) physically bring together the buyer and the seller. Other markets (The London Stock Exchange) operate chiefly through intermediaries (stockbrokers) who transact business on behalf of clients. In supermarkets, sellers choose the price, stock the shelves, and leave customers to choose whether or not to make a purchase. Antique auction force buyers to bid against each other with the seller taking a passive role.
Although superficially different, these markets perform the same economic function. They determine prices that ensure that the quantity people wish to buy equals the quantity people wish to sell. Price and quantity cannot be considered separately. In establishing that the price of a Rolls Royce is ten times the price of a small Ford, the market for motor cars simultaneoused ensures that production and sales of small Fords will greatly exceed the production and sales of Rolls Royces. These price guide society in choosing what, how, and for whom to purchase.
To understand this process more fully, we require a model of a typical market. The essential features on which such a model must concentrate are demand, the behavior of buyers, and supply, the behavior of sellers. It will then be possible to study the interaction of these forces to see how a market works in practice.
TYPES OF ADVERTISING
1. There are basically three types of advertising, namely:
Consumer advertising is advertising aimed at the ordinary consumer and is typified by what is seen on TV, heard on the radio or read in newspapers, magazines and so forth. This is mass communication aimed at large numbers of potential purchasers in an effort to pre-sell advertiser’s products to them and to create demand from targeted consumers.
2. Trade advertising, i.e. advertising aimed at wholesalers, retailers, brokers, agents and those who are part of an advertiser's distribution system. Wholesalers buy from the advertiser, retailers buy from me wholesaler and sell to the consumer. The purpose of trade advertising is to persuade wholesalers and retailers to stock the advertiser's products, which in turn is easier for the consumer to find and purchase the advertiser’s product.
3. Business to users advertising, i.e. advertising directed at industrial consumers. Here, advertisers' products are bought by industrial customers, who use them as suppliers of services, e.g. raw materials, or as consumers, e.g. buyers of disposable hats.
4. The basic principles of advertising are common to each type of advertising, apart from the fact that orientation and media selection will tend to be more specialised for the second and third types of advertising.
5. There are five stages through which a potential consumer passes before adopting a new product. We might call these acceptance stages, as follows. Each individual is likely to go through the process at a different rate and many will not become regular users.
WHAT IS BUSINESS?
Business is a word which is commonly used in many different languages. But exactly what does it mean? The concepts and activities of business have increased in modern times. Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed. Today it has a more technical definition. One definition of business is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for profit. To examine this definition, we will look at its various parts.
First, production is the creation of services or the changing of materials into products. One example is the conversion of iron ore into metal car parts. Next these products need to be moved from the factory to the marketplace. This is known as distribution. A car might be moved from factory in Detroit to a car dealership in Miami.
Third is the sale of goods and services. Sale is the exchange of a product or service for money. A car is sold to someone in exchange for money. Goods are products which people either need or want, for example, cars can be classified as goods. Services, on the other hand, are activities which a person or group performs for another person or organization. For instance, an auto mechanic performs a service when he repairs a car. A doctor also performs a service by taking care of people when they are sick.
Business, then, is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution, and sale. However, there is one other important factor. This factor is the creation of profit or economic surplus. A major goal in the functioning of an American business company is making a profit. Profit is the money that remains after all the expenses are paid. Creating an economic surplus or profit is, therefore, a primary goal of business activity.
EXPORTING
When a company exports goods abroad there are many problems it must consider, e.g. packaging, transportation, insurance and payment. First the goods must be packed to containers to protect them from damage. The containers or crates must be labeled clearly to show where they are going. The label may also show what the crates (containers) contain. Goods can be transported by sea or by air, by a shipping company or by an airline. If the goods are shipped then transportation must be arranged from the factory to the docks or quay. This can either be by road in tracks (or lorries) or by rail. The shipment must be insured (covered) against loss or damage in transit, i.e. while it is being transported. Sometimes the exporter takes out insurance and sometimes the importer insures the shipment. It depends on the terms of their agreement. If the goods are damaged in transit the company is covered by the insurance. Of course, someone has to pay for all these things. While goods are in transit they are called freight or cargo, so the company pays freight rates or shipping cost to the shipping company. If the goods are being transported by air, the company pays to the airline. The cargo is loaded at the docks or at the airport, and for this the company pays handling charges. Also the company must pay packaging charges or costs. Exporting brings foreign currency into the country, so governments encourage export trade by giving assistance to the exporters. Often companies borrow money (finance) from banks to finance exporting. This money is called export credit. A government department called the E.C.G.D. (Export Credit Guarantee Department) gives a guarantee to the bank. This guarantee means that the government carries the loss, if the foreign buyer does not pay. It is a kind of insurance cover for the bank and the exporting company. Another form of government assistance or incentive is tax relief or tax advantages. Every company must pay a proportion of its earnings to the government in the form of tax. Tax relief means that exporters pay less tax on money earned abroad.
