.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





L.

6

C , " ÎL C = + . C = + .

, :R2R2 , " = [ 1, 2]ÎR2 = [ 1+ 2, 2 2], :R2R2 , " = [ 1, 2] = [3 1, 1 2 2], C = + , " = [ 1, 2]ÎR2

C = + = [ 1+ 2, 2 2] + [3 1, 1 2 2] = [4 1+ 2, 1].

6, , :

C ( + ) = ( + ) + ( + ) = + + + =

= ( + ) + ( + ) = C + C ,

C (a ) = (a ) + (a ) = a( ) +a( D) = a( + ) = a C .

C = + .

L . ÎL. :

;

A= ;

B = ;

C = C C .

= , = , = .

, C = + , :

C = ( + ) = + ,

,

= + = + = ( + ),

= = ( + ), = + . , .

7

a C, C = a( ). C = a .

, : R2R2 , " = [ 1, 2]ÎR2 = [ 1+ 2, 2 2], ()

= 3( ) = 3[ 1+ 2, 2 2] = [3 1+3 2, 6 2].

, :

1) , a .

2) C = a = a, .

 

, :

( ) = ( +( )) = .

, , .

8

() C, C = ( ). C = .

, .

, :R2R2 , " =[ 1, 2]ÎR2 = [ 1+ 2, 2 2], :R2R2, " = [ 1, 2]ÎR2 = [3 1, 1 2 2], C = . = [ 1, 2]ÎR2

C = ( ) = ([3 1, 1 2 2]) = [3 1 + ( 1 2 2), 2( 1 2 2)] =

= [ 4 x 1 2 x 2, 2 x 1 4 x 2].

, , , .

, , C1 = :

C1 = ( ) = ([ 1+ 2, 2 2]) = [3( 1 + 1), 1+ 2 2(2 2)] =

= [ 3 x 1 +3 x 2, x 1 3 x 2].

, C ≠ C1 .

, - , :

2 = ( ), 3 = ( ( )), ..

, , .

L . C = . :

L ,

,

Z ( ).

= , Z = , Z = .

Z = = () = () Z = ,

, =..

, -.

( ) , , .

.

 

4

ÎV2 ( + ) (. ) , , 180 . - .

, (, ) . ( 1)

= (, ), = ( , ).

C = + = . .

C = ( + ) = (, ) + ( , ) = (0,2 ),

= (. ) = ( ) = (( ), ( )) = ( , )

1
( , , ).

, .

= (1, 0) Þ , , C = ( + ) = (0, 0),

=(. ) = (1, 0),

= (0, 1) Þ = (0, 1), = (0, 1), C = ( + ) = (0, 2),

= (. ) = (0, 1).

,

= , = ,

= ( +), D = ( ).

, C = + .

.

9

1 , , L.

,

. 1 = 1. = .

, 1 1.

, , .

, 1 , .., 9,

1( + ) = 1() = = 1()+ 1(),

1(l ) = 1() = =l 1().

, .

, , , , :

+ = + , +( + C) = ( + ) + C;

, :

C ( ) = (C ) , .

, .

 

( l) =

l , . ( l) ,

| l | = 0 = 0

.

, | A l | l. , () .

, , , , .

, , , , . , , . . .

10

L n , :L n L n . , l , ..

= l ,

l . l , .

, . , ( ), - ¹ 0 ( ), , l , = l.

, , l , .. = l , ¹ 0. = , = l

= l Þ l = , ( l) = .

= , l = ,

( l) =

(*)

-, , , , .. .

, l ( ) , .. ().

, l0 , .. l0 . l = l0 (*) , , . (*) , , = , , = l0 , .. , l0.

, , , .

-, - . , .

:

1. .

2. .

3. ,

, ..

, . , , .

4. (7.1)

, l l i, i = . i = i = , l i.

5. 4 .

, l i (7. 1) , , l i.

 

6

, = .

1 2 . . :

= = (1l)(1+l) 3 = (1l2) 3 = l2 4,

l2 4 = 0 Þ l1 = 2, l2 = 2.

, , .

(7.1): .

, , 1, , , , 1 = 3 2. 2 = t, x 1 = 3 t, 1 = (3 t, t) .

1, 1 + 2 = 0, 1 = 2. , , 2 = ( s, s), l1 = 2.

, 1 = (3 t, t), l1 = 2 2 = ( s, s), l1 = 2.





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