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1 70 . . . Howard Clark Kee, The Transformation of the Synagogue after 7 C. E.: Its Import for Early Christianity, NTS 36 (1990), pp. 481500; The Changing Meaning of Synagogue: A Response to Richard Oster, NTS 40 (1994), pp. 281283; Defining the First-Century CE Synagogue: Problems and Progress, NTS 41 (1995), pp. 481500; reprinted in Howard Clark Kee and Lynn H. Cohick (eds), The Evolution of the Synagogue: Problems and Progress (Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 1999), pp. 7-26. , .

2 70 . Richard E. Oster, Supposed Anachronism in Luke-Acts Use of auvaywy: A Rejoinder to H.C. Kee, NTS 39 (1993), pp. 178208; Rainer Riesner, Synagogues in Jerusalem, in Richard Bauckham (ed.), The Book of Acts in its Palestinian Setting (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995), pp. 179211; Lee I. Levine, The Nature and Origin of the Palestine Synagogue Reconsidered, JBL 115 (1996), pp. 425448; Kenneth Atkinson, On Further Defining the First-Century C. E. Synagogue: Fact or Fiction? A Rejoinder to H. C. Kee, NTS 43 (1997), pp. 491502; John S. Kloppenborg Verbin, Dating Theodotos (CIJ 1404), JJS 51 (2000), pp. 243280; The Theodotos Synagogue Inscription and the Problem of First-Century Synagogue Buildings, in James H. Charlesworth (ed.), Jesus and Archaeology (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2006), pp. 236282; Lester L. Grabbe, Synagogue and Sanhedrin in the First Century, in Stanley E. Porter and Tom Holmen (eds), Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus (4 vols, Leiden: Brill, 2011), pp. 2:17231745, esp. 17231729. , .

3 . SEG XVII 823 (= CJZ no. 72). . Oster, Supposed Anachronism, p. 187; Kloppenborg Verbin, Dating Theodotos, pp. 247248.

4 . Kloppenborg Verbin, Dating Theodotos, p. 248, n. 16.

5 . Raimund Weill, La Cite de David: Compte rendu des fouilles executees a Jerusalem sur le site de la ville primitive. Campaigne de 19131914, REJ 69 (1919), pp. 3-85 + pls, esp. pl. XXVa; La Cite de David: Compte rendu des fouilles executees a Jerusalem sur le site de la ville primitive. Campaigne de 19131914, REJ 70 (1920), pp. 1-36, esp. 3034.

6 . Kloppenborg Verbin, The Theodotos Synagogue Inscription, pp. 266277.

7 . Kloppenborg Verbin, The Theodotos Synagogue Inscription, pp. 260266. , .

8 , 70 . ., . Kloppenborg Verbin, The Theodotos Synagogue Inscription, pp. 248250 + nn. 3948; Anders Runesson, Donald D. Binder and Birger Olsson, The Ancient Synagogue from its Origins to 200 ce: A Source Book (Leiden: Brill, 2010), pp. 2576. . Lee I. Levine (ed.), Ancient Synagogues Revealed (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1981); and Hanswulf Bloedhorn and Gil Huttenmeister, The Synagogue, in W. Horbury et al. (eds), The Cambridge History of Judaism, Vol 3, The Early Roman Period (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 267297.

9 . Michael Avi-Yonah, Some Comments on the Capernaum Excavations, in Levine (ed.), Ancient Synagogues Revealed, pp. 6062; Runesson, Binder and Olsson, The Ancient Synagogue, pp. 2532; John Dominic Crossan and Jonathan Reed, Excavating Jesus (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 2001), pp. 9091. , I . , I , .

10 . Shmaryahu Gutman, The Synagogue at Gamla, in Levine (ed.), Ancient Synagogues Revealed, pp. 3034; Gamala, NEAEHL, pp. 2:459463; Runesson, Binder and Olsson, The Ancient Synagogue, pp. 3334.

11 . Z. Maoz, The Synagogue of Gamla and the Typology of Second-Temple Synagogues, in Levine (ed.),

Ancient Synagogues Revealed, pp. 3541; James F. Strange, Archaeol ogy and Ancient Synagogues up to about 20 C.E., in Alan J. Avery-Peck, Daniel J. Harrington and Jacob Neusner (eds), When Judaism and Christianity Began: Essays in Memory of Anthony J. Saldarini (2 vols, JSJSup 85; Leiden: Brill, 2004), pp. 2:483508.

12 . Gideon Foerster, Herodium, NEAEHL, pp. 2:618621; Runesson, Binder and Olsson, The Ancient Synagogue, pp. 3536. , 2010 , 76 . , , . Ehud Netzer, The Architecture of Herod, the Great Builder (TSAJ 117; T bingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006).

13 . Ehud Netzer, Yaakov Kalman and Rachel Laureys, A Synagogue from the Hasmonean Period Recently Discovered in the Western Plain of Jericho, IEJ 49 (1999), pp. 203221; Ehud Netzer, Jericho, NEAEHL Sup. pp. 17981800; Runesson, Binder and Olsson, The Ancient Synagogue, pp. 4042.

14 . Jurgen K. Zan-genberg, Archaeological News from the Galilee: Tiberias, Magdala and Rural Galilee, Early Christianity 1 (2010), pp. 471484, 476477 ( ); J. Corbett, New Synagogue Excavations in Israel and Beyond, BAR 37/4 (2011), pp. 5259, . 5356. . Runesson, Binder and Olsson, The Ancient Synagogue, p. 55.

15 . Yigael Yadin, Masada: Herods Fortress and the Zealots Last Stand (New York: Random House, 1966).

16 . Yigael Yadin, The Synagogue at Masada and Gideon Foerster, The Synagogues at Masada and Herodium, in Levine (ed.), Ancient Synagogues Revealed, pp. 1923, 2429, ; Ehud Netzer, Masada, NEAEHL, pp. 3:973985, esp. 981; Runesson, Binder and Olsson, The Ancient Synagogue, pp. 5557.

17 . See Alexander Onn and Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah, Umm el-Umdan, Khirbet (Modiin), NEAEHL Sup. pp. 20612063; Runesson, Binder and Olsson, The Ancient Synagogue, pp. 5758.

18 - . Yitzhak Magen and Yoav Tzionit, Qiryat Sefer (Khirbet Badd Isa), NEAEHL Sup. pp. 20002003; Runesson, Binder and Olsson, The Ancient Synagogue, pp. 6566.

19 . Abraham Rabinovich, Oldest Jewish Prayer Room Discovered on Shuafat Ridge, Jerusalem Post (8 April 1991); Runesson, Binder and Olsson, The Ancient Synagogue, pp. 7576.

20 I . Moshe Dothan, Research on Ancient Synagogues in the Land of Israel, in Benjamin Mazar and Hershel Shanks (eds), Recent Archaeology in the Land of Israel (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1984), pp. 8996. See also Yoran Tsafrir, The Synagogues at Capernaum and Meroth and the Dating of the Galilean Synagogue, in John H. Humphrey (ed.), The Roman and Byzantine Near East: Some Recent Archaeological Research (JRASup 14; Ann Arbor, MI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 1995), pp. 151161.

21 . Shemuel Safrai, Education and the Study of Torah, in Shemuel Safrai and Menahem Stern (eds), The Jewish People in the First Century (2 vols, CRINT 1.12; Assen: Van Gorcum; Philadelphia: Fortress, 19741976), pp. 2:945970; . 953. () . Emil Schurer, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (3 vols, rev. by Geza Vermes, Fergus Millar and Matthew Black; Edinburgh: T.&T. Clark, 19731987), pp. 2:415420; John T.Townsend, Education (Greco-Roman), in ABD, pp. 2:312317, esp. 315317.

22 , . , : , , . , (b. Sabb. 188b). , , . , ( , ). , . , .

23 . Yigael Yadin, Bar-Kokhba: The Rediscovery of the Legendary Hero of the Last Jewish Revolt against Imperial Rome (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971), pp. 8385. - , , , . .

24 . James D. G. Dunn, Did Jesus Attend the Synagogue? in Charlesworth (ed.), Jesus and Archaeology, pp. 206222. . 222 .

25 : ? . Mark Allan Powell, Do and Keep What Moses Says (Matthew 23:27), JBL 114 (1995), pp. 419435, esp. 431435. , ( ), , , .

26 . Pesiqta deRab Kahana 1.7: (3 10:19), , , [-: qetidra deMosheh]; Exod. Rab. 43.4 ( 32:22): ; Song Rab. 1.3 1: , , ; , , Esth. Rab. 1.11 ( 1:2): .

 





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