The first-ever four-wheel drive car (as well as hill-climb racer), the so-called Spyker 60 HP, was built in 1903 by Dutch brothers Jacobus and Hendrik-Jan Spijker of Amsterdam. Designs for four-wheel drive in the US, came from the Twyford company of Brookville, PA in 1905, six were made there around 1906; one still exists and is displayed annually. The second US four-wheel drive vehicle was built in 1911 by the Four-Wheel Drive auto company (FWD) of Wisconsin. FWD would later produce over 20,000 of its four-wheel drive Model B trucks for the British and American armies during World War I.
The Jeep, originally developed by American Bantam but mass-produced by Willys and Ford, became the best-known four-wheel drive vehicle in the world during World War II.
It was in 1948 that the vehicle whose name is synonymous with Four Wheel Drive in many countries was introduced. The Land Rover appeared at the Amsterdam Motor Show, originally conceived as a stop-gap product for the struggling Rover car company, and despite chronic under-investment succeeded far better than the passenger cars. Land Rover also had a luxury 4WD with the Range Rover in the 1970s, which unlike most subsequent offerings from other manufacturers, was capable of serious off-road use.
Kaiser Jeep introduced a 4WD wagon called the Wagoneer in 1963. It was revolutionary at the time, not only because of its technical innovations such as an independent front suspension and the first automatic transmission with 4WD, but also because it was equipped and finished as a regular passenger automobile.
Jensen applied the Formula Ferguson four-wheel drive system to their 1966 Jensen FF marking the first time 4WD was used in a production sports car. However, with a total of 320 build units this did not sell in appreciable numbers. The first manufacturer to develop four-wheel drive for road-going cars was Subaru, who introduced the mass-produced 4WD Leone in 1972. This model eventually became the best-selling 4WD car in the world.
:
1. When was the first AWD build?
2. When was the second AWD build?
3. What can you say about Land Rover?
4. What is the Wagoneer?
:
1. IBM PC . . .: . 1999
2. .., .. - . : , 1987.
3. .. -. -: . 2004
4. .., .., .. . - , , 2002 52.
5. .. . : , 1987.
: , .
Ҳ 14
: :
:
I. ( 10 ).
:
| distribution | [,distri`bju∫n] |
II. '
|
|
|
III. . 2, 4, 5
IV. ()
V. .
Modern cars
LamboDoor
Lambo door kits will make your car stand out of the crowd! This article will cover the installation of the lambo door conversion kit. The lamborghini door kit comes in a bolt on kit or a universal weld on kit. This door installation was on a mitsubishi 3000 gt using the weld on kit. The first thing that will need to be done is removal of the fenders. The top bolts are located under the hood where the fender wraps over from the side. There will be bolts on the bottom of the fender, the front, and possibly some in the back where the door opens. Remove all of the bolts and carefully pull back and out to remove the fender.
Pontiac solstice American soil is about to be graced with a two seater sports car originating from its own soil! And the solstice is a very stylish car! This from a company that once had a very capable 2 seat sports car called the fiero. Pontiacs first fieros released were done prematurely and gave the terrific later cars a bad reputation. Pontiac left the market saying that two seat cars were no longer interesting to the public. Only to have the Mazda miata successfully enter the market immediately after. On a positive note Pontiac is ready to re-enter the market with a very capable car. The two seater roadster has a hideaway soft top that manually retracts. The solstice will come standard with a five speed manual transmission with overdrive. The solstice will come equipped with a 2.4 liter four cylinder engine. The engine will have an output of 177 horsepower. With an engine displacement of 2.4 liters the aftermarket is sure to brew up some high performance parts. The solstice is sure to be a hit at its sales price of just under $20,000.
:
1. What are the main features of Lambo Door?
2. What are the main features of Pontiac?
:
1. .., .. - . : , 1987.
2. .., .., .. . - , , 2002 52.
3. .. . : , 1987.
: , .
Ҳ 15
: :
:
I. ( 10).
:
| natural | [`nət∫ərəl] | , |
II. '
III. .
IV. ()
V. .
When powering two wheels simultaneously, something must be done to allow the wheels to rotate at different speeds as the vehicle goes around curves. When driving all four wheels, the problem is much worse. A design that fails to account for this will cause the vehicle to handle poorly on turns, fighting the driver as the tires slip and skid from the mismatched speeds.
|
|
|
A differential allows one input shaft to drive two output shafts with different speeds. The differential distributes torque (angular force) evenly, while distributing angular velocity (turning speed) such that the average for the two output shafts is equal to that of the input shaft. Each powered axle requires a differential to distribute power between the left and right sides. If all four wheels are to be driven, a third differential can be used to distribute power between the front and rear axles.
Such a design would handle very well. It distributes power evenly and smoothly, making it very unlikely to start slipping. Once it does slip though, recovery will be difficult. Suppose that the left front wheel (of a design that drives all four wheels) slips. Because of the way a differential works, the slipping wheel will spin twice as fast as desired while the wheel on the other side stops moving. (the average speed remains unchanged, and neither wheel gets any torque) Since this example is a vehicle that drives all four wheels, a similar problem occurs between the front and rear axles via the center differential. The average speed between front and rear will not change, torque will be matched, torque goes to zero, speed at the rear goes to zero, and the speed at the front goes to double what it should be, making the left front wheel actually turn four times as fast as it should be turning.
:
1. What does a differential allow?
2. What can you the average speed between front and rear?
:
1. .., .. - . : , 1987.
2. .., .., .. . - , , 2002 52.
3. .. . : , 1987.
: , .
Ҳ 16
:
:
I. ( )
1. course project -
2. diploma project -
3. to present the project -
4. in the present course project is shown -
5. the main aim of my course project is -
6. the process of course designing is contained of the following sections (parts) -
7. the first part is -
8. the economical part -
9. the explanatory note -
10. the report is over -
II. '.
III. - :
- Translate the words into English:
, , , , , , , , , () , .
- Translate the sentences into English language:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. ...
- Translate the phrases into Ukrainian:
To provide required level of system`s protection, to make datebase, to save time, to improve the employee work efficiency, the programme doesn`t require pre-installation, the theme of my course project is actual at present, the aim of economic part is, to display selected information in a form of graphics, the purpose of this diploma project creation is.
IV. :
|
|
|
- presentation;
- the theme;
- the main aim;
- the tasks;
- the sections;
- the conclusion.
V. :
| ²IJ ˲ | |
| . . - - - - - | ( ) |
:
1. How many parts does your course project consist of?
2. What is the main aim of your course project?
3. Are you going to continue to study in ONPU and get high education?
:
- .., .., .. . ϳ. : , 2008.252c.
- ., ., . . : ϳ / . . : C, 2007.432c.
: , .
1. Business Writing Clear and Simple Copyright 2007 Learning Express, LLC Careers in Focus. Mechanics. Third Edition. Info based Publishing, 2008 209p
2. David Chappell, Derek Marshall Vinsent, Power-Smith Simon Cavender. Building Contract Dictionary.Third Edition. Dictionary of Engineering, Second Edition, McGraw - Hill, 2008-656p.
3. IBM PC . . .: . 1999
4. John Forster.Effectiv writing skills for Public Relations. Forth Edition. Oxford English for Electrical and Mechanical Engineering. Eric H. Glendenning, Normal Glendenning, Oxford University Press, 2006, - 189p.
5. Multitran[ ]. : http: // ru. multitran. org.
6. .., .., .. . ϳ. : , 2008.252c.
7. [ ]. : http: // ru. wikipedia. org.
8. .., .. - . : , 1987-347.
- ' . . English study. ϳ IX , , , . 2 ., . . : ', 2005
10. .. -. -: . 2004
11. ., ., . . : ϳ / . . : C, 2007.432c.
12. B.. - ..: -.-2004-768 .
13. . ...: B , 2003.- 243
14. .., .., .. . - , : , 2002 52.
15. .. . : , 1987-260.
16. .., . . .- : , 1981.-328.
