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English in the 21st century
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I. :
transition [trasn'zi∫n] ;
competitive [kam 'petativ] ,
availability [ə.veilə'bilti]
threat [θret]
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penetration [.pene'trei∫n]
billion [ 'biljan] ;
competence ['kompitens] ;
mail [meil]
retrieval [ri'tri:vl]
store [sto:]
exceed [ik'si:d]
genre ['onrə]
obscure [əb'skjuə]
encompass [in'kΛmpəs]
alert [ə'l3:t]
findings [faindiŋz]
executives [ig'zekjutivz]
entrepreneur [.ntəprə`n:]
negotiate [ni.gəu∫ieit]
acceptability [ək,septə 'biləti]
overall [.əuvə`ro:l] ;
border [bo:də]
redefine [,ri:di'fain]
mediated [`mi:dieitid]
gap [gǽp]
fairly ['feəli] ,
cognates ['kogneits]
borrow ['borəu]
Hebrew ['hi:bru:]
guard [ga:d]
purity ['pjuərəti]
diversity [dai 'v3:səti]
unity [ju:nəti]
core [ko:]
inject [in'dekt]
unpredictable [.Λnpri'diktəbl]
precedent ['presidənt]
genuine ['denjuin] ,
pattern [pǽtn]
supra- ['su:prə] -, -
exert pressure [ig`z:t]
decline [di'klain]
vehicle [vi:ikl]
lingua franca [.liŋgwə'frǽŋkə] -
oligopoly [o'ligəupəuli]
shift [∫ift]
allegiance [ə'lidəns]
substantial [səb'stǽn∫l]
occur [ə'k:]
community [kə'mju:nəti] ,
supplement ['sΛplimənt]
boundary ['baundəri] /
tool [tu:l]
expand [iks'pǽnd]
II. 3(Worldwide), 5(When Mexican), 9(English, like many languages) .
English in the 21st century
1. The world is in various stages of social, economic, and demographic transition. Economically and politically, the world has changed more rapidly in the past few years than at any time since 1945. The emerging global economy is both competitive and interdependent. It reflects the availability of modern communications and production technologies in most parts of the world. So, do we need to be concerned about the future of the English language in the 21st century? English continues to be the world standard language, and there is no major threat to the language or to its global popularity. But, changes are coming.
Spread of English
2. The global spread of English over the last 40 years is remarkable. It is unprecedented in several ways: by the increasing number of users of the language; by its depth of penetration into societies; by its range of functions.
3. Worldwide over 1.4 billion people live in countries where English has official status. One out of five of the worlds population speaks English with some degree of competence. And one in five over one billion people is learning English. Over 70% of the world's scientists read English. About 85% of the world's mail is written in English. And 90% of all information in the worlds electronic retrieval systems is stored in English.
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4. English is used for more purposes than ever before. Vocabularies, grammatical forms, and ways of speaking and writing have emerged influenced by technological and scientific developments, economics and management, literature and so on. What began some 1.500 years ago as a rude language, originally spoken by obscure Germanic tribes who invaded England, now encompasses the globe.
5. When Mexican pilots land their airplanes in France, they and the ground controllers use English. When German physicists want to alert the international scientific community to new discoveries, they first publish their findings in English. When Japanese executives conduct business with Scandinavian entrepreneurs, they negotiate in English. When pop singers write their songs, they often use lyrics or phrases in English. When demonstrators want to alert the world to their problems, they display signs in English.
6. Three factors continue to contribute to this spread of English: English usage in science, technology and commerce; the ability to incorporate vocabulary from other languages; and the acceptability of various English dialects.
7. In science, English replaced German after World War II. With this technical and scientific dominance came the beginning of overall linguistic dominance, first in Europe and then globally.
8. Today, the information age has replaced the industrial age and has compressed time and distance. This is transforming world economics from industrial production to information-based goods and services. Ignoring geography and borders, the information revolution is redefining our world. In less than 20 years, information processing, once limited to the printed word, has given way to computers and the Internet.
9. English, like many languages, uses a phonetic alphabet and fairly basic syntax. But most importantly, it has a large and extensive vocabulary, of which about 80% is foreign. Therefore, it has cognates from virtually every language in Europe and has borrowed words from Spanish and French, Hebrew and Arabic, Hindi-Urdu and Bengali, Malay and Chinese, as well as languages from West Africa and Polynesia. This language characteristic makes it unique in history.
10. Finally, no English language central authority guards the purity of the language, therefore, many dialects have developed: American, British, Canadian, Indian, and Australian, to name a few
11. However, the future is unpredictable, as there are no precedents to help us predict what happens to a language when it achieves genuine world status.
Conclusion
12. English has been an international language for only 60 years. If the pattern follows the previous language trends, we still have about 100 years before a hew language dominates the world. However, this does not mean that English is replacing or will replace other languages as many fear. Instead, it may supplement or co-exist with languages by allowing strangers to communicate across linguistic boundaries. It may become one tool that opens windows to the world, unlocks doors to opportunities, and expands our minds to new ideas.
III. , , +, , 0
1. English is used in medicine.
2. Over 1.4 billion people live in countries where English is official language.
3. It is normal that English is studied in schools and universities.
4. French replaced German after World War II in science.
5. When Japanese executive conduct business with Scandinavian entrepreneurs. They negotiate in English.
6. English has large and extensive vocabulary, of which about 80% is native.
7. There is no standard pronunciation in English.
8. The world is only in one stage of economic transition.
9. English continues to borrow words from Spanish and French, Hebrew and Arabic, Hindi-Urdu and Bengali.
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10. English, like many languages, uses a phonetic alphabet and basic syntax.
IV. .
:
The title () of the article is
- This article deals with the most important questions, such as
- For example, about government, laws of society, the education, health, sport, and so on.
- The author () of this article is
- The main idea of this article is
- To show () events
- To describe ()
- To underline ()
- The main theme of this article is...
- To reflect ()
- This article is taken from... ()
- In conclusion () I want to say that this article is very interesting, because it helps me to know more about
- I dont like this article, because it is hard to understand and I am not interested in topic of
:
1. What is the global spread of English determined by?
2. What is the number of people who live in countries, where English has official status?
3. When did the development of English start?
4. Why is English so popular in the world?
5. What are three factors of English language spread?
6. From what language does English continue to borrow the words?
7. What are dialects of English?
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1. Who is the outstanding person, you wrote about?
2. In what sphere of knowledge did he/she work?
3. What is his/her contribution to the world science?
| MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE, THE YOUTH AND SPORT OF UKRAINE ODESSA NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC UNIVERCITY KHERSON POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE NAME AND SURNAME OF THE FAMOUS PERSON Report Students name and surname Group Kherson 20__ |
:
1. www.multitran.ru
2. www.wikipedia.org
3. Oxford English for Electrical and Mechanical Engineering. Eric H. Glendenning, Normal Glendenning, Oxford University Press, 2006, - 189p.
4. Careers in Focus. Mechanics. Third Edition. Info based Publishing, 2008 209p.
5. Dictionary of Engineering, Second Edition, McGraw - Hill, 2008-656p.
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Automobile
An automobile, usually called a car (an old word for carriage) or a truck, is a wheeled vehicle that carries its own engine. Older terms include horseless carriage and motor car, with "motor" referring to what is now usually called the engine. It has seats for the driver and, almost without exception, for at least one passenger. Automobiles are designed to travel on roads, although some, notably sport utility vehicles, allow off-road driving. Roads and highways are shared with other traffic such as motorcycles, tractor trailers, and farm implements. The typical vehicle has an internal combustion engine, although in 2001, hybrid cars powered by gas-electric hybrid engines began to enter the market. Other vehicles run on electricity and fuel cells, though these are not widely available as of 2004. While most cars have four wheels, three-wheeled automobiles have also been built, but are not common due to stability problems. Some gyro car, two wheeled automobiles have been built as well, using gyroscopic stabilization. There are many classes of car and car body styles. The 1923 Stanley Steam Car Steam-powered self propelled vehicles were devised in the late 18th century. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot successfully demonstrated such a vehicle as early as 1769. The first vehicles were steam engine powered, then electric vehicles were produced by a small number of manufacturers. In the 1890s, ethanol was the first fuel used by cars in the U.S. In 1919, alcohol Prohibition destroyed corn-alcohol stills which many farmers used to make low cost ethanol fuel. Later on gasoline and diesel engines were implemented.
:
1.What is called automobile?
2. For what aims are automobiles designed for?
3.What parts of the car typical vehicle has?
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2. . . .-, 1995
3. Heywood,J.B.Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals.London:McGrau-Hill,1988.
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History of the Bicycle
Many centuries ago, a man could get around either on foot or on the back of animals.Bicycles were developed to add another transportation option that multiplied human efficiency by a factor of approximately five.
But the history of bicycles is very fuzzy. Sources often disagree as to the names of the inventers and the dates of their inventions. Leonardo Da Vinci sketched a facsimile of the modern bicycle in 1490. It was way ahead of its time and, as far as we know, never left the drawing board.
Around 1790 a French craftsman named de Sivrac developed a Celerifere running machine, which had two in-lined wheels connected by a beam.The rider straddled the beam and propelled the Celerifere by pushing his on the ground, scooter fashion
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In 1817 German Baron Karl von Drais added steering. Several versions appeared around France and England by the early 1800s.
Scottish blacksmith Kirkpatrick MacMillan developed a rear-drive bike in 1839 using a treadle and rod for the rear drive mechanism.But he lived in the Northern British Isles where people and ideas traveled slowly, so his invention didnt spread. R.W.Thompson patented a pneumatic tube in 1845. Prior to this invention, bikes had metal wheels.
The French anointed Ernest Michaux father of the bicycle, as he and his brother Pierre added cranks and pedals.Their Velocipede started a bicycle boom.The larger front wheel made it faster but less stable. The war of 1812 brought an end to the French bicycle boom.
British engineers were next to pick up the design and improve upon it by adding ball bearings, pneumatic tires, wire-spoked wheels, chain drive, variable gears, and cable controls. Over a twenty year span, the British brought the bicycle to its present form, thanks mainly to James Starley of the Coventry Sewing Machine Company. In 1885 the Starley Rover safety bike was born, returning wheels to a reasonable size and improving the bikes stability.
:
1.Can a men get around by bicycle many centures ago?
2. Did Leonardo Da Vinci sketch a facsimile?
3. When did P.W Thompson patent a pneumatic tube?
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- Heywood,J.B.Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. London: McGrau-Hill,1988.
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III. (tasks)1-3.
Task 1: Learn new words and word combinations:
Signs
Air-port
Information/Inquiry-
Passport control-
Flight departure-
Customs-
Arrival-
Destination-
Fasten safety belts-
Flight-
The railway station
Tickets-
Left luggage-
Station manager-
Stuff only-
Underground (subway) ()
Way out-
Emergency exit-
No exit-
No entry-
Service entrance-
Pull-
Push-
Watch. Mind your head- . .
Watch. Mind the step- . .
In a train
Exit to next car -
Emergency use only -
Danger -
Luggage/baggage -
Vacant -
Engaged-
No smoking. Penalty $ 50 - . 50$
In the hotel
Receptionist-
Conference room-
W.C.-
Underground car pack-
Swimming pool-
Travel agency-
Restaurant-
Please, do not disturb.-
Taken/reserved- ,
Admission free-
In the street
Mailbox/postbox-
Stop. Dont walk- .
Walk-
No swimming
No photographing-
Private property-
No parking-
Task 2. Combine the words from the column A with the words from the column B:
A
1) Conference
2) Left
3) Fasten safety
4) Passport
5) Admission
6) Flight
7) Private
8) Emergency
9) Travel
10)Station
B
a) agency
b) property
c) manager
d) departures
e) exit
f) belts
g) room
h) free
i) luggage
j) control
Task 3. Translate the signs and learn them 
EXIT
ENTRANCE
ELEVATOR
POST OFFICE
INFORMATION
NO SMOKING
EXCHANGE
TAXI
BAGGAGE CLAIM
CAFE
BUS
TELEPHONE
SOUVENIRS
RESTAURANT
HAIRDRESSER
DEPARTURES
LUGGAGE LOCKERS
FIRST AID
MEETING POINT
ARRIVAL
RESTROOM
PORTERS
CHECK ROOM
FACILITY FOR THE DISABLED
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1.Please show tickets.
2.Do not lean out of the window when the train is moving.
3.Adjust temperature before showering.
4.Service entrance is only for stuff usage.
5.You can leave the key and order at the receptionist.
6.To be used only in event of fire.
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My first driving lesson
Dad stopped the car on the deserted country road, and we changed seats. He had taught me before how all the pedals and levers worked, and I felt proud of myself as I sat at the controls. Nothing can be easier than driving I thought.
Don't say another word. Dad! I know what to do", I said.
I pressed on the clutch pedal with my left foot, fiddled with the gear lever, and at last stamped on the accelerator. The car did not budge. Oh! The hand-brake was still on! I released it and the car began to move. With a shock I found out that we were traveling backwards. Dad laughed to himself. I pulled on the break and tried again. This time the car at last began to run smoothly. I tried to change gear. There was a terrible noise which made us both shudder.
I took my eyes off the road to look at what I was doing when I glanced up; a big bus was slowly approaching us. The road was very narrow. I braked as fast as I could; jumped out and shouted "Take over. Dad!"
My eyes burned with shame as I sank into the front passenger seat.
:
1.Does the son know what to do?
2.Did dad laugh to himself?
3.Was there a terrible noise which made them both shudder?
:
1. . - .-: , 2003.-195.
2. . . .: ,2003-242
3. Heywood,J.B.Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. London: McGrau-Hill, 1988.
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