, :
1. (free forms): birthday, , (bound forms).
2. , , , (a form-word stem): mother-in-law, bread-and-butter. , , , .
3. ( ).
4. , , , N → V, .
5. N + N, , .
6. , .. (last-minute changes).
7. (nonce-compounds).
8. .
, , . to enthuse enthusiasm, to legislate a legislator.
, ( ), . , , , . . to burgle a burglar, to beg a beggar.
:
→ ;
-ing → ;
→ ;
→ ;
→ .
1. -er, -or, -our/-eur, -ar, -ard. : broker → broke, wafter → waft, hawker → hawk, butler → butle, editor → edit, sculptor → sculpt.
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2. -ing. : kittling → to kittle ; awning → to awn , .
Quisling → to quisle, (Quisling , 1940 . ), , , . . , , : -ing Quisling -ing, .
-r -ing, . : woolder , woolding , to woold ; stoker , stoking , to stoke ; farrier , , farring , to farry .
3. -ence, -tion, -sion, -is, -y, -ment, -age, -ery. : reminiscence → reminisce, infraction → infract, television → televise, catalysis → catalyze, emplacement → emplace.
4. , : luminescent → luminesce, reminiscent → reminisce, frivolous → frivol, peevish → peeve.
5. , : greedy → greed, nasty → nast.
() , : motor → to mote (to go by motor), beauty → beat, honey → hon. [I] , .
. , , .
+ II (spoon-fed to spoon-feed). . , . -, , -d, , , , , fed feed. -, , , . . : spoon-fed →to spoon-feed. spoon-fed : hen-pecked → to hen-peck, smoke-dried → to smoke-dry.
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II . + II , , , *to man-make man-made.
, , , ( ), ( ).
, , , , , . .
, , , .
, , , . : ( ) ( ) .
- , , :
) , : doc (doctor), sis (sister), exam (examination);
) , : phone (telephone), drome (aerodrome), plane (aeroplane);
) , , , : flu (influenza), flu (influence), fridge (refrigerator);
) , : maths (mathematics), comms (communications), mart (market).
: , , hanky, unkie handkerchief uncle, han n, - -ie, - . baccy (tobacco) , (-).
() .
, , . , , . , avanguarde vanguard, . estrange strange, capitain captain, brigantine brig . . : taxi taxi-cab, , , taxi-motorcab, cab ( cabriolet), perm ( permanent wave), bus ( omnibus). , , , , , .
, , , . : mend , amend , spy , espy , fence , defence , sprite , spirit . .
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. , , - . : referee ref; professor prof; second sec; difference dif; promenade prom; operation op.
sitter baby-sitter, char charwoman, public public house, , , , , . , , , pub public house, pop popular music, perm permanent wave, zoo zoological garden.
: mike microphone, telly television.
: telephone phone phony a person who makes obscene phone calls. , , , : phone to phone , taxi to taxi . , , labware laboratory ware.
, , : dems democrats, Liberals Liberal party.
( ) , . .
: ) , (): 1) , (..D. cash on delivery, EEC European Economic Community, FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation, MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology, UN the United Nations); 2) , (TV television, GHQ General Headquarters, Tuberculosis); ) , , , . . (). : UNESCO the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization; laser light-wave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation; W.A.A.F. Women's Auxiliary Air Force; TEWT tactical exercises without troops.
, , , , : A-bomb atom bomb ; H-bomb hydrogen bomb ; g-man government man ; V. J.-Day Victory over Japan Day .
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.
() ( ). , . : page ( : pages); min minute; ft feet foot; N-Y New York .
. , , ; , .
, . : Gen. (General), Col. (Colonel), UK (United Kingdom), RAF (Royal Air Force), Ky (Kentucky), rkt (rocket), gvt (government).
, :. i. e. (. id est) that is; e. g. (exempli gratia) for example; cf (confer) compare; lb. (libra) pound; v. (versus) against.
, , . , , : Member of Parliament; p.m. post meridiem; GI ( government issue); a VC , ( Victoria Cross).
, , , , . , , master of ceremonies ; ; , to emce , ; .P'ess a woman member of Parliament , ; L.S.D'ism money-worship : L.S.D. pound sterling, shilling, n ( libra , solidum , denarius ).
, , , , .
, , , , , CAR Canadian Association of Radiologists, . . . Civil Air Transport. camp campaign, art artillery, camp campaign camp , art artillery art .
. , -, : sub subaltern, sub subeditor, sub subject, sub subjunctive, sub sublimation, sub submarine, sub subscription.
, , , , , : RTC Railway Transport Corps, RTC Recruit Training Centre, RTC Reserve Training Corps, R. . Royal Tanks Corps. ( art art ) , , , , . ., .
, ( ) , , . , , , , .
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, : , , -, , , , portmanteau words, blends, amalgam word, fusion, telescope word, brunch word, cross form, contamination .
, , , ( ) , , - . : ice-travaganza (ice + extravaganza) ; swacket (sweater + jacket) ; diamonair (diamond + air) ; angrageous (angry + rageous) , ; begincement (beginning + commencement) ; superjet (supersonic + jet) ; psyop (psychological + operation) ; Ameringlish ; apartmate (apartment + mate) .
, , .
, , , , , , . , , , . : travelogue ( , , ) , , .
, :
1) ( ) , : dramedy - (dra ma + co medy); memberlect -, - (re member + recol lect);
2) , : video-log (video + cata log ue); pocketphone (pocket + tele phone); jazzercise (jazz + ex ercise);
3) , : teleplay , , (tele vision + play); mocamp (mo tor-car + camp);
4) , , , : faction (fact + fiction); Singlish (Singapore English); businesspeak (business + speak).
, , , : Ameslan American sign language.
, , : fantabulous, adj (fanta stic + fa bulous); to babynap, v (to kid nap a baby).
, . , . : brunch breakfast + lunch , dunch dinner + lunch , telebook, telecomms, teledish, telenovela, teleoperated.