.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





(foreign exchange) , , , , . . ( ) , .
(convertible currency) (hard currency) , . (inconvertible currency) (soft currency) , .

 

 

.

 

 

 

 

 

  (exchange rate).  

 


.

 

(exchange rate) - .  

 

 

. , . ( ) . . ( ) ( ). .  

 

 

  1. (direct exchange rate), (direct quote), , . 2. (indirect exchange rate), (indirect quote), , .  

 


.

 

 

- -

 

 

  , . . ( ). .

 

 

  - () , .     , (, , , ). () , . , ( ). , . .  

 


.

, .
"". . .
  - ( . spot , ), , - , - . - , . , . - ( ) 40 % . (forward market) , , . , 30, 90 180 .

.

  - (swap transaction) - , , (" "). (currency future) - , . (currency option) - , ( ) . -. -, , . -, , .

 

(arbitrage) - , .     - - "" "". (), . , . . : (two-point arbitrage), (geographic arbitrage) . (three-point arbitrage) - .

 

 

.

 

 





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