Wheeled tractors occupy an important place on the farm as a source of power, and on many farms, they, together with trucks, have entirely displaced horses for farm work. An advantage of tractor power over the horse is that the tractor can be used continuously for heavy work. In addition to pulling implements like ploughs and cultivators, a wheeled tractor may be used with implements for bush clearing, ditch-filling and land-levelling. Small tractors of from 1 to 10 horsepower, fitted with single-or twin-powered petrol engines, may be used for garden and orchard work.
Wheeled tractors may be further subdivided into standard and row-crop types. Standard wheeled tractors are used for general farm work and do not have special features associated with row-crop tractors. Row-crop tractors can be used for all ordinary purposes, but in addition they are specially designed for working on root and other row crops.
The main difference between the general-purpose tractor and the tracklayer is the replacement of the four wheels by two endless tracks. These tracks transmit the power and the weight of the tractor to the soil and it is therefore able to pull or push very heavy loads. The weight of the crawler is distributed over a large track area and this keeps damage to a wet soil to a minimum, and allows a tracklayer to operate under conditions unsuitable for wheeled tractors. It is steered by controlling the speed of one track relative to the other. Hydraulic power is available for the operation of external equipment but PTO and three-point linkage are seldom fitted. Also, the work it can perform on the farm is limited and therefore tracklayers are used as farm tractors only on heavy land arable farms, where they can work in conditions unsuitable for wheeled tractors. They are used for heavy tasks such as mole drainage and earth moving.
:
What is the advantage of tractor power over horsepower?
What tractors are used for garden and orchard work?
What kinds of wheeled tractors do you know?
What is the difference between wheeled and tracklayer?
:
(Crops, pulling, engines, internal-combustion, horsepower)
Ploughs and cultivators are _______ implements. Nearly all farm tractors are fitted with ________ engines.
Tractors with engines of 10 to 23 _______ are considered small farm tractors. Some small orchard tractors are fitted with single-cylinder ________.
Row-crop tractors are designed for working on row ___________.
:
Row-crop tractors are adapted for cultivating row-crops as well as for ordinary work such as plowing, harrowing, and so on.
Standard wheeled tractors do not have the special features associated with row-crop tractors.
There are many kinds of implements used for bush clearing, ditch filling and land levelling. Farm tractors are fitted with internal-combustion engines.
8.
1.
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1. Have you got any money? 1. About twenty.
2. Is it pleasant to work with 2. She did it fast.
good-natured people, isn`t it?
3. How did she do her work: fast or slow? 3. Yes, it is.
4. How many cigars had been smoked? 4. No, I have not.
: You can't speak Spanish. You can't speak Spanish, can you?
5. My sister was out at 12 p.m.
6. They haven't been in Rome.
, .
7. No, my grandmother has not bought this book.
Past Perfect, Past Simple Past Continuous .
8. When we (to come) to the station, the train already (to leave).
9. He (to thank) me for what I (to do) for him.
10. Suddenly I (to remember) that I (to leave) my exercise book at home.
, ( ).
11. If she can do it then she (fulfill) her mission.
12. Mike (leave) by the end of the week.
2.
:
1. The doctor sent a bill ____ the writer ____ his visits.
2. There are many horses and donkeys ____ the field.
3. My grandfather sometimes comes ___the country after work and goes back ___town early in the morning, when I am still ____bed.
4. She was treated____ very effective drugs.
5. We will deal with the problem later.
6. They ended up visiting their friends after shopping last night.
7. He finally figured out how to solve the problem.
8. I plan to go over your task later.
up : wake pick bring eat give look set get tidy break
9. You should not up boxing. You are really talented.
10. I have not up the living room. Its dirty.
11. Dont her up too early in the morning.
12. I always up the new words in the dictionary.
3.
Present Simple Present Continuous.
1. Britain (to invite) you to visit charming places.
2. Many families (to spend) their leisure time in the national parks: they (to go) boating and fishing.
3. Now I (to write) the letter to my parents.
4. He often (clean) windows? Yes, he often (help) his parents.
.
5. Sally is married not. She sometimes eat in a restaurant.
Past Simple :
6. travel / on / you / how / work / did / to / Monday?
will / to be going to.
7. . water they the flowers every 3 days?
, to be going to : My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.
8. Their plan is to build a new cottage.
Present Continuous.
9. My mother a new dress (to try on).
, Participle I.
10. The children watched the boys playing football.
, Participle I. .
11. (To see) her he raised his hat.
12. Jane (______) for her exam on German all day tomorrow.
work
is working
will be working
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4.
Past Progressive, . : I went to the cinema yesterday. I was going to the cinema yesterday at 3.
1.We listened to music yesterday.
, . : No, I was not playing chess at 6. Were you playing chess at 6?
2. No, she was not writing a letter from 2till 3 yesterday.
, Past Indefinite Past Continuous.
3. What Linda (to do) yesterday?
4. I (not to sleep) at 9 o'clock yesterday.
Present Perfect.
5. We... just .. (discuss) this book.
6. I (to see) a very interesting film in the morning.
: already, just, since, for, ever, yet.
7. I have not seen you ages.
8. Tom has not been at school a week.
. .
9. These programs are bad.
10. These boy is my pupils.
11. They speaks English bad.
12. We are listening to the concert yesterday at 4 p.m.
5.
1. By the time they (get) home we (prepare) everything for the party.
, .
2. Jane can speak three foreign languages.
3. My sister has to work hard at her English if she want to know it.
can be able to. .
4. I ____t understand Martin.
neednt / have to / mustnt / didnt need to / have to neednt have.
5) You _____ drop litter in the park.
(may, can, must, could).
6) You _____ have a passport to visit most foreign countries.
could, was / were able to or couldntt.
7. I looked very carefully and I _______ see a figure in the distance.
mustnt or dont / doesnt have to.
8. You _______ forget what I told you. It is very important!
9. .
10. ?
11. Where are my gloves? I put them on because its cold today.
a) cant
b) have to
c) neednt
12. We have got plenty of time. We hurry.
a) must
b) neednt
c) should
6.
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