The tractor has the following main units and assemblies. Power unit including the engine with all its auxiliary devices - radiator, fan, starter device, fuel tank, pumps, etc. Transmission assembly which consists of a clutch, a speed control unit, central gearing mechanism, universal joints, shafts, differentials or steering mechanism in track-laying tractors, final drives, axles. Transmission is designed for transmitting the torque of the engine to the tractor driving wheels and to different working and auxiliary equipment.
Driver including driving, supporting and controlling mechanisms and serving for converting the rotary movement of the tractor driving wheels into the forward propelling of the tractor and also for the tractor body support. Steering unit, which includes devices and drives to them, by means of which the operator may control the work of the tractor as a whole and of its separate units. By means of the steering device, the tractor may be caused to move, to change the direction and speed of the movement, to stop on steep hills. The tractor frame including the parts to which different tractor assemblies are secured. Working and auxiliary equipment by means of which the tractor power is applied to perform different jobs, includes
This group of row-crop or all-purpose tractors includes both 3-wheeled and 4-wheeled machines specially designed for row-crop work. The modern row-crop tractor possesses the following distinctive features, which enable it to work between crops drilled in rows: 1) high ground clearance; 2) wheels with narrow rims; 3) wheels adjustable for various width of rows; 4) a small turning radius; 5) special fittings for the attachment of various tools. When row-crop tractors appeared, the cultivators were mounted on the tractor, making a single unit of the power and the machine. The following: PTO, pulleys, trailed and mounted implements.
:
1. What are the auxiliary devices of the power unit? What is transmission designed for?
2. How many parts are there in the transmission assembly? What mechanism converts the rotary movement of the tractor driving wheels into the forward propelling of the tractor?
3. What is the row-crop tractor designed for? What rims do the wheels of a row-crop tractor have?
:
main units, assemblies, power unit, auxiliary devices, a fan, a pump, a fuel tank, a clutch, a shaft, mounted implements, an axle, a wheel, to move, to change, a frame, to secure, to apply, to perform, PTO, a pulley, a starter device, a gearing mechanism, a steering unit, equipment, torque, a driver.
:
(engine, units, frame, power unit, wheels, driver, PTO, steering, transmission)
1. The tractor _____ has the parts to which different tractor assemblies are secured. Power unit includes the _______ with different auxilary devices.
2. One of the tractor units is _____ unit, which includes devices and drives to them to control the work of the tractor as a whole and of its separate ________. Working and auxiliary equipment includes the following: pulleys, trailed and mounted implements and ________.
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3.______ is used to transmit the torque of the engine to the tractor driving... and to auxiliary equipment. The main units and assemblies of a tractor are transmission assembly, steering unit, the tractor frame, ______ ______, working and auxiliary equipment.
2
( )
1.
1.
:
1. What helps you in your work? 1. Yes, I have.
2. Have you ever seen the rain? 2. Id like to go to the cinema.
3. Can you help her? 3. My good sense of humour does.
4. What would you like to do: 4 No, I can't.
watch TV or go to the cinema?
( ) : You can't speak Spanish. You can't speak Spanish, can you?
5. He is reading an interesting book.
6. They have not had English today.
C , .
7. No, I haven't been to London.
Past Perfect, Past Simple Past Continuous .
8. By six oclock yesterday I (to do) my homework and at six I (to watch) a videofilm.
9. By two oclock the boy (to come) home and at two he (to have) dinner.
10. The father (to come) home by six oclock.
, ( ).
11. Christina (repair) her car by the next Saturday.
12. They (do) the washing by nine oclock of the evening.
2.
:
1. There is a man and a woman ____ the picture.
2. We did not want to stay ___town on such a hot day, so we went ___ the village.
3. The teacher hung a picture ___ the wall.
4. America was discovered _____ Columbus.
Let`s go ______ a walk.
3.
Present Simple Present Continuous.
1. A lot of interesting places (to attract) tourists to Britain.
2. There (to be) a lot of old castles in England where people lived many years ago.
3. Listen! Who (to play) the piano in the next room?
4. Excuse me, you (speak) English? Yes, a little.
.
5. Hurry! The bus comes. I not wanting to miss it.
Past Simple :
6. travel/ you / time / by / first / plane / last / did/ year/ for the/?
will / to be going to.
7. Whats Olgas phone number? Just a minute. I look it up in my notebook.
, to be going to : My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.
8. His plan is to visit Moscow.
Present Continuous.
9. Helen (to learn) an English poem now.
, Participle I.
10. The captain watched the sailors unloading the steamer.
, Participle I. .
11. (To write) out all the words, I started to learn them.
12. - Lets meet at the station at 5 oclock. - OK. I (______)for you there.
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ll wait
will be waiting
wait
4.
Past Progressive, . : I went to the cinema yesterday. I was going to the cinema yesterday at 3.
1. I read newspapers in the evening.
, . : No, I was not playing chess at 6. Were you playing chess at 6?
2. Yes, I was busy yesterday.
, Past Indefinite Past Continuous.
3. I (to play) computer games yesterday.
4. I (to play) computer games at 5 o'clock yesterday.
Present Perfect.
5. We... (to know) each other since 2008.
6. My brother... (not to go) out the whole evening yesterday.
: already, just, since, for, ever, yet.
7. I have come from the library.
8. Have you been to Paris?
. .
9. This programme are bad.
10. These boy are my pupils.
11. He speak English badly.
12. When have you bought the book?
5.
1. I hope they (not forget) all this by tomorrow.
, .
2. My son is to finish school in a year.
3. She has to come to the party.
, .
4. I wish you had explained the situation to me.
Should You ______ the situation to me.
neednt / have to / mustnt / didnt need to / have to neednt have.
5) You _____ enter this area without permission.
(may, can, must, could).
6) Hello, _____ I speak to Tom, please?
could, was / were able to or couldnt.
7. He had hurt his leg, so he _______ walk very well.
mustnt or dont / doesnt have to.
8. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I _______ work.
6. .
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Economists have long thought of the environment as an unlimited source of resources. They have thought that the atmosphere, forests, rivers and seas are capable of absorbing all the rubbish the economy throws into them. In fact, the economy and the environment are closely related. The environment supplies the economy with all its resources, such as water, timber, minerals and oil. The environment has to absorb all its waste products.
Nevertheless, some economists have always argued that pollution damages the resources. For example, pumping waste gases cause acid rain; this leads to forest damage and therefore reduces the resources of forestry industry.
There are many consequences of damaging the environment. One of them is acid rain. Another one is water shortage resulting from abuse of arable lands in agriculture. The third one is destroying the ozone layer of the Earth through pollution from factories and plants. The fourth problem is damage to water and soils. The fifth one is damage to wildlife: numerous species of animals and plants can disappear. This is the danger for the life and health of the man.
Many territories, lakes, rivers, seas, oceans and the atmosphere are polluted with all kinds of technological, chemical, nuclear and other wastes. Awful harm is caused to our home by nuclear tests and accidents on the atomic power stations.
English writer John Galsworthy said: If you dont think about the future you will not have it. We must protect our planet from littering, air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution and destruction of natural resources.
7. .
What are the consequences of damaging the environment?
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What environmental problems do the territories of Russia suffer?
What could happen if we don`t learn to use the environment carefully?
8. .
1. .
2. .
2.
1.
:
1. Is your mother sleeping? 1. It is on the window.
2. Who likes to play? 2. No, she isn't.
3. How was the match? 3. It was very interesting.
4. Where is your book: 4. Children do.
on the window or on the table?
( ) : You can't speak Spanish. You can't speak Spanish, can you?
5. I can't go to London now.
6. He must know English very well.
C , .
7. No, they haven't seen this film.
Past Perfect, Past Simple Past Continuous .
8. When I (to ring) him up, he already (to do) his homework.
9. When we (to come) to the station, the train already (to leave).
10. He (to thank) me for what I (to do) for him.
, ( ).
11. We (visit) some European countries the next fall.
12. I (finish) this work by two oclock of the morning.
2.
:
1. The lesson finishes ____ four o`clock.
2. The son ____ the King is called the Crown Prince.
2. We have to get up early ____ week-days.
3. In winter I usually go ___ bed at ten o'clock because have to get up early.
4. There are many people ______ the park today.
They couldn`t come ____ the party.
3.
Present Simple Present Continuous.
1. Look! A big white bird (sit) in our garden.
2. What you (to do) now? You (to play) football?
3. I (not to walk) around on rainy days.
4. What... she (do)? She is a teacher.
.
5. The river Nile is flow into the Mediterranean.
Past Simple :
6. morning / you / time / get / up / what / last / did?
will / to be going to.
7. Why are you buying so much food? Because I cook for ten people.
, to be going to : My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.
8. My intention is to study at the University.
Present Continuous.
9. The children (to look) at the blackboard now.
, Participle I.
10. I saw the workers packing the goods.
, Participle I. .
11. (To buy) food, they left supermarket.
12. I (______)for my exam on Philosophy all day tomorrow.
works
am working
will be working
4.
Past Progressive, . : I went to the cinema yesterday. I was going to the cinema yesterday at 3.
1. Tom wrote a letter to his grandmother.
, . : No, I was not playing chess at 6. Were you playing chess at 6?
2. Yes, my mother was watching TV at 9.
, Past Indefinite Past Continuous.
3. He (to play) computer games from 2 till 3 yesterday.
Present Perfect.
4. When... you... (see) him last?
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5. We . (to play) computer games the whole evening yesterday.
6. Where they (to be) all the time?
: already, just, since, for, ever, yet.
7. I have come from the library.
8. We havent seen him ages.
. .
9. I have sister.
10. He just wrote a letter.
11. Now they is playing tennis.
12. We are listening to the concert yesterday at 4 p. m.
5.
1. I think he (cook) dinner by the time mother (come) home.
, .
2. They have to come to the meeting.
3. They have to get up early on week-days.
, .
4) Simon left the waiter a bigger tip then was necessary.
Have to Simon _______ the waiter such a big tip.
neednt / have to / mustnt / didnt need to / have to neednt have.
5) You _____ wash the clothes. Ill do it tomorrow.
(may, can, must, could).
6) _____ I use your telephone?
could, was / were able to or couldnt.
7. She wasnt at home when I phoned but I _______ contact her at her office.
mustnt or dont / doesnt have to.
8. Whatever you do, you _______ touch that switch. Its very dangerous!
6. .
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Today we often say that we live in an age of science and technology. In recent years, scientific and technological developments have drastically changed live on our planet as well as our views both of ourselves as individuals in society and of the Universe as whole.
Today, science and technology are closely related. Many modern technologies such as nuclear power and space flights depend on science and the application of scientific knowledge and principles. Each advance in pure science creates new opportunities for the development of new ways of making things to be used in daily life.
Technology refers to the ways in which people use discoveries to satisfy needs and desires, to alter the environment, to improve their lives. Throughout human history, men and women have invented tools, machines, materials and techniques, to make their lives easier.
When we speak of technology today, generally, we mean industrial technology, or the technology that began about 200 years ago with the development of power-driven machines, growth of the factory system, and mass production of goods that has created the basis for our modern society.
The scientific revolution that began in the 16th century was the first time that science and technology began to work together. Thus, Galileo, who made revolutionary discoveries in astronomy and physics, also built an improved telescope and patented a system of lifting water. However, it wasn`t until the 19th century, that technology truly was based on science and inventors began to build on the work of scientists. For example Thomas Edison built on the early experiments of Faraday and Henry in his invention of the first practical system of electrical lighting. So too, Edison carried on his investigation until he found the carbon filament for the electric bulb in a research laboratory.
7. .
What does the term industrial technology mean?
What role has scientific and technological development played in man`s life?
What was the first true technological research?
8. .
1. .
2. , , , .
3.
1.
:
1. Do you love her or does your friend? 1. No, they didn't.
2. Did their friends come here last time? 2. Our friends' children did.
3. Whose children came? 3. My friend does.
4. Is your house being built? 4. No, it isn't.
( ) : You can't speak Spanish. You can't speak Spanish, can you?
5. We shall soon see the Black Sea.
6. He has seen this film on TV.
C , .
7. Yes, we have come a long way since breakfast.
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Past Perfect, Past Simple Past Continuous .
8. She (to thank) me for what I (to do) for him.
9. The telegram (to arrive) five minutes after you (to leave) the house.
10. Suddenly I (to remember) that I (to leave) my exercise book at home.
, ( ).
11. Grace (leave) by the end of the week.
12. Girls (discuss) this with their mother by tonight.
2.
:
1. ____ the plate there were some apples and oranges.
2. There were some cigarettes ____ the box.
3. London is the capital _____ Great Britain.
4. I wrote __________him asking to send me a box __________ chocolates.
3.
Present Simple Present Continuous
1. She (not to do) her homework she (to watch) TV now.
2. Where is Nick? He (play) football in the yard.
3. That French girl (speak) English very well.
4. Sorry, I am very busy. I (to have) a lesson.
.
5. The river flow very fast today much faster than usual.
Past Simple :
will / to be going to.
6. What shall we have for dinner today? We have chicken and chips.
, to be going to : My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.
7. I'm afraid I shall be late.
Present Continuous.
9. Mary (to open) the window now.
, Participle I.
10. We watched them repairing the car.
, Participle I. .
11. (to bark) dog doesnt bite.
12. Next Friday, the President (______) ten years in power.
Celebrates
will celebrate
will be celebrating
4.
Past Progressive, . : I went to the cinema yesterday. I was going to the cinema yesterday at 3.
1.We listened to music yesterday.
, . : No, I was not playing chess at 6. Were you playing chess at 6?
2. No, he was not writing a letter from 2 till 3 yesterday.
, Past Indefinite Past Continuous.
3. What Nick (to do) yesterday?
4. What you (to do) when I rang you up?
Present Perfect.
5. When... they... (see) her last?
6. He (to give) me the dictionary.
: already, just, since, for, ever, yet.
7. My grand parents have lived with us June.
8. Has your sister been to Paris?
. .
9. We know each other for many year. He is my best friend.
10. He go to the library every week
11. Now my children is playing tennis.
12. We are listening to the concert yesterday at 4 p.m.
5.
1. My grandmother (be) a pensioner for ten years by next spring.
, .
2. I have to get up early on week-days.
3. She has to come.
, .
4. Visitors are not allowed to feed the animals.
Must Visitors ____________ the animals.
neednt / have to / mustnt / didnt need to / have to neednt have.
5) He _____ give me a lift, because I had arranged to go by taxi.
(may, can, must, could).
6) You _____ smoke if you like.
could, was / were able to or couldnt.
7. I looked very carefully and I _______ see a figure in the distance.
mustnt or dont / doesnt have to.
8. You _______ forget what I told you. Its very important!
6. .
SCIENCE
Science is important to most people living in the modern world for a number of reasons. In particular, science is important to world peace and understanding of technology, and to our understanding of the world.Science is important to world peace in many ways. On one hand, scientists have helped to develop many of modern tools of war. On the other hand, they also helped to keep the peace through research which has improved life for people. Scientists have helped us understand the problem of supplying the world with enough energy; they have begun to develop a number of solutions to energy problem for example, using energy from the sun and from the atom. Scientists have also analysed the world`s resources. We can begin to learn to share the resources with the knowledge provided to us by science. Science studies Universe and how to use its possibilities for the benefit of men.
Science is also important to everyone who is affected by modern technology. Many of the things that make our lives easier and better are the results of advances in technology and technology will affect us even more in the future than it does now. In some cases, such technology for taking salt out of ocean water, technology may be essential for our lives on Earth.
The study of science also provides people with an understanding of natural worlds. Scientists are learning to predict earthquakes, are continuing to study many other natural events such as storms. Scientists are also studying various aspects of human biology and nature. The study of the natural world may help improve life for many people all over the world.
7. .
Why is science so important in the modern world?
How does science help keep peace in the world?
How does science help solve the energy program?
8. .
1. .
2. .
4.
1.
:
1. Must he or must his brother help me? 1. These books (are).
2. Do you feel well? 2. Yes, I do.
3. Will that house be built next month? 3. His brother must.
4. What books are interesting? 4. No, it won't.
( ) : You can't speak Spanish. You can't speak Spanish, can you?
5. Mary is playing the piano very well.
6. He was listening to the concert on TV at 7 p.m.
C , .
7. No, I haven't been to Paris.
Past Perfect, Past Simple Past Continuous .
8. By six oclock yesterday you (to do) your homework and at six you (to watch) a videofilm.
9. By 4 oclock the girl (to come) home and at two she (to have) dinner.
10. My parents (to come) home by six oclock.
, ( ).
11. The police (arrest) the thief by the next morning.
12. If they can do it then they (fulfill) their mission.
2.
:
1. There was a big pot ____ water ____ the top ____ the stove.
2. She spoke English ____ a French accent.
3. The teacher was pleased _______ our work.
4. Put these flowers _______the window-sill.
3.
Present Simple Present Continuous
1. Dan is in Britain now and he (to write) a letter about his holidays.
2. Sams future (to depend) on his parents.
3. Now tourists (to take) part in a band festival.
4. We... three English lessons a week.
.
5. You can borrow my umbrella. I not needs it at the moment.
Past Simple :
6. did / train / last / you / by / when / travel?
will / to be going to.
7. This room is very hot. You are right. I open the window.
, to be going to : My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.
8. I decided to move to the country.
Present Continuous.
9. My parents (to work) now.
, Participle I.
10. I heard him shouting something from the opposite shore.
, Participle I. .
11. She entered the room (to smile).
12. I wonder if that terrible wind (______) tomorrow. Oh, yes. The weather forecast says it (______)for another two weeks.
will blow, will blow
will be blowing, will be blowing
will blow, blows
4.
Past Progressive, . : I went to the cinema yesterday. I was going to the cinema yesterday at 3.
1. They watched a good film.
, . : No, I was not playing chess at 6. Were you playing chess at 6?
2. Yes, we were passing the British Museumyesterday at 5 p.m.
, Past Indefinite Past Continuous.
3. He (to play) computer games from 2 till 3 yesterday.
4. We (to play) computer games the whole evening yesterday.
Present Perfect.
5. They... (to know) each other since 2013.
6. I (to read) a lot of Russian books.
: already, just, since, for, ever, yet.
7. They have finished their breakfast.
8. Our children havent been at school a week.
. .
9. Now they is playing tennis.
10. We are listening to the concert yesterday at 4 p. m.
11. We know each other for many year. He is my best friend.
12. He go to the library every week.
5.
1. We hope they (tell) her the news by the time they (come).
, .
2. She`ll be able to come.
3. I needn`t walk, there is a bus going there.
, .
4. You didnt thank your grandmother for the lovely gift.
Ought to You ____________ your grandmother for the lovely gift.
neednt / have to / mustnt / didnt need to / have to neednt have.
5) The notice says that club members _____ use the pool unattended.
(may, can, must, could).
6) You _____ drive for a year in Britain with an international licence.
could, was / were able to or couldnt.
7. My grandmother loved music. She _______ play the piano very well.
mustnt or dont / doesnt have to.
8. You _______ forget what I told you. Its very important!
6.
POLLUTION
Man has been trying to make his life easier for many centuries. In doing so, he invented machines and instruments. They have been working-and polluting the world we live in.
In this world around us, there are two things that do not belong to any country: air and ocean water. In both the air and the water, there is much pollution. People are concerned about the air and the water used by everyone, and they are also concerned about the future of the Earth.
One of the most important pollution problems is in the oceans. Many ships sail in the ocean water-fishing ships, some ships carrying people, some carrying oil. If a ship loses some of the oil in the water, or trash from the ships is put into the ocean, the water becomes dirty. Many birds and fish die because of the polluted water. Many fish are dying in the sea, others are getting contaminated. Fishermen catch contaminated fish which may be sold in markets and people may get sick from eating them. Fish may also move to another part of the ocean. Lakes and rivers are getting polluted, too. Some beaches are dangerous for swimming.
The second important problem is air pollution. Cars and factories pollute the air we use. It also destroys the ozone layer which protects the Earth from the dangerous light of the Sun.
If we want our children to live in the same world we live in, or in a better and healthier world, we must learn to protect the water, the air and the earth from pollution.
7. .
What are the consequences of water pollution?
What are the consequences of air pollution?
What should people do if they want to live on the Earth?
8. .
1. , .
2. .
5.
1.
:
1. Can you or can your friend play tennis? 1.Those new books (are).
2. Do you like the King or the Queen? 2. My friend can.
3. Has the post come yet? 3. I like the Queen
4. Which books are interesting? 4. No, it hasn't.
( ) : You can't speak Spanish. You can't speak Spanish, can you?
5. London is on the River Thames.
6. They have not had English today.
C , .
7. No, I haven't seen this book.
Past Perfect, Past Simple Past Continuous .
8. When they (to come) to the station, the train already (to leave).
9. She (to thank) me for what I (to do) for her.
10. The telegram (to arrive) 20 minutes after he (to leave) the house.
, ( ).
11. The boy (finish) his essay by three oclock in the morning.
12. Pete (manage) the team for seven years by next month.
2.
:
1. Here`s a birthday present ________you.
2. You can buy tea and sugar ____ the shop.
3. I explained ___ the teacher that by the end ___ the lesson I had not finished the translation ___ the text and that's why I had not handed it ___him.
4. He was cured _____ a very skilful doctor.
3.
Present Simple Present Continuous.
1. My brother (to play) the drums in parade now.
2. Ulster (to attract) many people every year, it (to have) its own symbol and flag.
3. People (to choose) different ways of travelling in England.
4. He usually (come) home at 3 p.m.
.
5. George say hes 80 years old but I not believing him.
Past Simple :
6. do / what / Sunday / you / last / did?
will / to be going to.
7. Ive lost my dog. Dont worry. I help you to find it.
, to be going to : My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.
8. Our intention is to learn French.
Present Continuous.
9. Mandy still in the garden (to work).
, Participle I.
10.He watched them going down the mountain.
, Participle I. .
11. (To drink) coffee she was talking to her friend.
12. She (______)every day until the end of the month.
performs
will be performing
will perform
4.
Past Progressive, . : I went to the cinema yesterday. I was going to the cinema yesterday at 3.
1.We had dinner in the kitchen.
, . : No, I was not playing chess at 6. Were you playing chess at 6?
2. Yes, I was working from 16 till 19 yesterday.
, Past Indefinite Past Continuous.
3. What Nick (to do) when you came to his place?
4. What he (to do) yesterday?
Present Perfect.
5. Two years ago we... (to be) in London.
6. He a very interesting film (to see).
: already, just, since, for, ever, yet.
7. He hasnt bought him a present .
8. They havent been at school a week.
. .
11. My sister speak German badly.
12. When have you bought the book?
9. I have brother.
10. We just wrote a letter.
5.
1. What you (do) when I (call) on you at 5 tomorrow?
, .
2. She has to come.
3. He is to finish school in a year.
, .
4. Exam candidates are obliged to follow the instructions.
Haveto Exam candidates _____________ the instructions.
neednt / have to / mustnt / didnt need to / have to neednt have.
5) Elaine _____ cook dinner as she had arranged to go to an Italian restaurant with Lisa.
(may, can, must, could).
6) _____ I borrow your camera?
could, was / were able to or couldnt.
7. The boy fell into the river but fortunately we _______ rescue him.
mustnt or dont / doesnt have to.
8. We _______ leave yet. Weve got plenty of time
6.
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY
Ecology is the science of how living things are related to their environment. Many people all over the world are concerned about the ecology today. The word ecology came from the Greek which means home. This idea of home includes the whole planet of ours.
Air pollution is the result of man`s use of chemicals, and is a common hazard in both industrial and developing countries. One form of air pollution is acid rains.
Acid rain results from the release into the atmosphere of sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide. Electrical plants, industrial boilers and automobiles are among chief sources of these emissions. The gases react with water droplets, forming a mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid, this mixture returns to earth in form of acid rain, mist or snow.
Acid rain is killing vast stretches of forests in Canada, in the USA, and central and northern Europe. Acid rain has acidified lakes and streams making unable to support fish, wildlife, plants or insects.
High above the Earth`s atmosphere there is a thin veil called the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from the sun`s destructive ultraviolet (UV) rays. This protective layer is being damaged by chemicals, which are released into the atmosphere by the daily use of industrial and household products. The chlorine attacks the ozone molecules, thinning or even making a hole in ozone layer. This hole allows more UV rays to penetrate to the Earth. Overexposure to UV rays can increase the risk of skin cancer, weaken the immune system. Not only are humans at risk, so are animals, plants, and the environment in general.
7. .
What are the sources of acid rains?
How is the ozone layer being damaged?
Why are acid rains so dangerous?
8. .
1. , , .
2. .
6.
1.
:
1. When will you read my letter: 1. No, I can't
today or tomorrow?
2. Do you have to help your father? 2. One / A bottle.
3. Can you rely on the strength of the ice? 3. Ill do it tomorrow.
4. How much liquid was used? 4. No, I don't.
( ) : You can't speak Spanish. You can't speak Spanish, can you?
5. She was born in 1996.
6. He is playing football now.
C , .
7. Yes, we have a very nice room.
Past Perfect, Past Simple Past Continuous .
8. When we (to come) to the station, the train already (to leave).
9. The telegram (to arrive) 10 minutes after they (to leave) the house.
10. Suddenly he (to remember) that he (to leave) his exercise book at home.
, ( ).
11. They (do) the washing by nine oclock of the evening.
12. He (repair) his car by the next Saturday.
2.
:
1. A gentleman opened the door ____ his wife.
2. What`s _____TV tonight?
3. The young scientist was trying to prove _____ the professor the necessity ___ the experiment.
4. My explanation seemed strange _____the teacher.
3.
Present Simple Present Continuous
1. There (to be) many travellers that come to France every year.
2. Mike and I (to swim) in the swimming pool at the moment.
3. Wales (to have) many old traditions.
4. He is a good tennis player. But he... (play) very often.
.
5. You can borrow my bike. I not needs it at the moment.
Past Simple :
6. did / summer / go / where / last / you?
will / to be going to.
7. Did you post the letters for me? Sorry, I forgot. I do it.
, to be going to : My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.
8. My mother's intention is to see this monument.
Present Continuous.
9. The boys (to play) table-tennis now.
, Participle I.
10.We saw him walking along the bank of the river.
, Participle I. .
11. (To find) the keys, we were able to open the door.
12. What time your friends (______) tomorrow?
do your friends arrive
will be your friends arriving
will your friends be arriving
are your friends arriving
4.
Past Progressive, . : I went to the cinema yesterday. I was going to the cinema yesterday at 3.
1. Bill phoned his friend in the morning.
, . : No, I was not playing chess at 6. Were you playing chess at 6?
2. No, she was not playing computer games from 8 till 9 yesterday.
, Past Indefinite Past Continuous.
3. He (to read) a book yesterday.
4. I (not to sleep) at 9 o'clock yesterday.
Present Perfect.
5. Two years ago we... (to be) in London.
6. My friend... (not phone) me whole evening yesterday.
: already, just, since, for, ever, yet.
7. We havent bought her a present .
8. She has come from the library.
. .
9. They know each other for many year.
10. My friend go to the library every week.
11. Now they is playing tennis.
12. You are listening to the concert yesterday at 4 p.m.
5.
1. She (search) every corner of your room before she (leave).
, .
2. She can walk.
3. She has to get up early on week-days.
can be able to. .
4. George has travelled a lot. He _______ speak four languages.
neednt / have to / mustnt / didnt need to / have to neednt have.
5) You _____ pick me up after school. Ill take the bus.
(may, can, must, could).
6) _____ I give you a lift?
could, was / were able to or couldnt.
7. My friend had hurt his leg, so he _______ walk very well.
mustnt or dont / doesnt have to.
8. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I _______ work.
6. .
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
A national park is a large piece of land, where animals are free to come and go. People go to a national park to enjoy nature. Many people stay in campgrounds in national parks. They also walk on trails or paths in the park. On a gate at the entrance of Yellowstone, a sign says, For the Benefit and Enjoyment of the people.
Yellowstone is the United States` first and most famous national park. This large wilderness area is very high in the Rocky Mountains of the north-western US. It includes large areas of Montana, Wyoming and Idaho.
Yellowstone became the world`s first national park in 1872. Although millions of people visit the park, the land is still unchanged still a wilderness. The valley of the Yellowstone River has beautifully colored rocks and three large waterfalls. In the valley you can come across moose, large deer-like animals, or buffalo eating grass along the shores of Lake Yellowstone. The high mountains around Yellowstone are covered with evergreen forests. Great grizzly bears live there.
Yellowstone is famous for its geysers. These holes in the ground shoot hot water into the air. There are about seventy geysers in the park. The most famous is Old Faithful. About every hour Old Faithful shoots hot water hundreds of feet into the air. In winter Yellowstone Park is covered with heavy snow. With clouds of steam above geysers and snow all around, Yellowstone`s hot springs look even more spectacular.
Two-and-half million people visit this beautiful park each year. Park rangers give information to visitors. They also take care of the park.
7.
How old is the Yellowstone national park?
What areas does the Yellowstone national park include?
What is Yellowstone famous for?
8.
1. .
2. .
7.
1.
:
1. Was there any water in that bottle? 1. I can.
2.What is the train fare from Moscow to Vnukovo? 2. I did it because of her.
3. Why did you do that: 3. About 400 roubles.
because of me or her?
4. Who can cook? 4. No, there wasn't.
( ) : You can't speak Spanish. You can't speak Spanish, can you?
5. You haven't visited Oxford.
6. They were dancing very well.
C , .
7. No, he didn't work yesterday.
Past Perfect, Past Simple Past Continuous .
8. By 5 oclock yesterday he (to do) his homework and at six he (to watch) a film.
9. By two oclock the boy (to come) home and at two he (to have) dinner.
10. When I (to ring) him up, he already (to do) his homework.
, ( ).
11. We (finish) this work by two oclock of the morning.
12. He (visit) some European countries the next fall.
2.
:
1. The train is ____ the platform ____ the station.
2. I arrived ______ England last month.
3. The embankments___the Neva are faced _____ granite.
4. The roof... the house is very old.
3.
Present Simple Present Continuous.
1. Ads (can help) you to know about new interesting information.
2. The children (sleep) for two hours every afternoon.
3. I (to dance) to the music at the concert now.
4. Where they (play)? They... at the stadium.
.
5. Michael is married not. He live in Oxford.
Past Simple :
6. visit / you / art gallery / an / last / did / when?
will / to be going to.
7. They play football at the institute.
, to be going to : My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.
8. Our plan is to build a new cottage.
Present Continuous.
9. She a new coat (to try on).
, Participle I.
10. I saw the girl reading a book.
, Participle I. .
11. (To make) the report, Tom left the room.
12. Mike (______) for his exam on Philosophy all day tomorrow.
work
is working
will be working
4.
Past Progressive, . : I went to the cinema yesterday. I was going to the cinema yesterday at 3.
1. He (to read) a book yesterday.
, . : No, I was not playing chess at 6. Were you playing chess at 6?
2. Yes, we were passing the British Museumyesterday at 3 p. m.
, Past Indefinite Past Continuous.
3. He (to play) computer games from 2 till 3 yesterday.
4. We (to play) computer games the whole evening yesterday.
Present Perfect.
5. My son (to play) computer games the whole evening yesterday.
6. The boy his eyes (to open).
: already, just, since, for, ever, yet.
7. They have written this composition.
8. Has she been to London?
. .
9. Now we is playing tennis.
10. They are listening to the concert yesterday at 4 p.m.
11. We know each other for many year.
12. We are listening to the concert yesterday at 4 p.m.
5.
1. The plane (approach) Kazan at this time tomorrow.
, .
2. She can speak three foreign languages.
3. She must be in this room.
can be able to. .
4. Tom _______ drive but he hasnt got a car.
neednt / have to / mustnt / didnt need to / have to neednt have.
5) You _____ sent me the package. I was going to come and collect it.
(may, can, must, could).
6) You _____ tell anyone what I said.
could, was / were able to or couldnt.
7. He wasnt at home when I phoned but I _______ contact him at his office.
mustnt or dont / doesnt have to.
8. Whatever you do, you _______ touch that switch. Its very dangerous!
6. :
COLORS IN NATURE
Beauty in nature is seen everywhere. Nature is full of colors. Nature is full of color. Plants, animals, birds and insects have many beautiful colors. Color, however, for animals, birds, and insects not only for beauty. It means life to them because it helps them hide from their enemies.
Birds, for example, use their color to tell other birds to stay away from their nests. They sing and move their wings to show their colors as a warning to the other birds. One kind of butterfly is orange and black. It has a bad taste to the birds. Once a bird eats this kind of butterfly it remembers the bad taste. After that, it will never eat another orange and black butterfly. Some moths use color to make birds afraid of them. The color or the mark on the moth`s body is sign to a bird. The bird sees the color or the marks and doesn`t eat the moth! One kind of fish changes its color. The color is the same as the surrounding sea plants or rocks. Then the fish`s enemy can`t see it. Color is very important to nature`s animals, birds, and insects. Often it can save their lives.
SEQUOIA
Sequoias, or redwood trees, grow in the western of United States, mostly in California and Oregon. Sequoias are some of the oldest living things on earth. They are also among the biggest. They often grow more than 30 meters high.
To tell the age of a tree it is necessary to cut it down. The trunk of the tree has rings. There is a ring for each year of life of the tree. By counting the rings, people can learn the age of a tree. Some sequoias have more 3000 rings. Sequoias are evergreen trees and their bark is very tough. It is about 15 centimeters thick and almost fireproof. The fireproof bark has helped sequoias live through many fires.
7. .
What is a sequoia?
Where does sequoia grow?
How can you prove that nature colors are very important for animals?
8. .
1. , .
2. 30 .
8.
1.
:
1. Have you got any money? 1. About twenty.
2. Is it pleasant to work with 2. She did it fast.
good-natured people, isn`t it?
3. How did she do her work: fast or slow? 3. Yes, it is.
4. How many cigars had been smoked? 4. No, I have not.
( ) : You can't speak Spanish. You can't speak Spanish, can you?
5. My sister was out at 12 p.m.
6. You haven't been in Rome.
C , .
7. No, my mother hasn't bought this book.
Past Perfect, Past Simple Past Continuous .
8. When we (to come) to the station, the train already (to leave).
9. He (to thank) me for what I (to do) for him.
10. Suddenly I (to remember) that I (to leave) my exercise book at home.
, ( ).
11. If he can do it then he (fulfill) their mission.
12. Mike (leave) by the end of the week.
2.
:
1. The doctor sent a bill ____ the writer ____ his visits.
2. There are many horses and donkeys ____ the field.
3. My father sometimes comes ___the country after work and goes back ___town early in the morning, when I am still ____bed.
4. He was treated____ very effective drugs.
3.
Present Simple Present Continuous.
1. Britain (to invite) you to visit charming places.
2. A lot of families (to spend) their leisure time in the national parks: they (to go) boating and fishing.
3. Now I (to write) the letter to my parents.
4. He often (clean) windows? Yes, he often (help) his parents.
.
5. Sally is married not. She sometimes eat in a restaurant.
Past Simple :
6. travel / on / you / how / work / did / to / Monday?
will / to be going to.
7. . water they the flowers every 3 days?
, to be going to : My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.
8. Our plan is to build a new cottage.
Present Continuous.
9. She a new dress (to try on).
, Participle I.
10.The children watched the boys playing football.
, Participle I. .
11. (To see) her he raised his hat.
12. Jane (______) for her exam on Philosophy all day tomorrow.
work
is working
will be working
4.
Past Progressive, . : I went to the cinema yesterday. I was
