УТВЕРДИТЕЛЬНАЯ ФОРМА:
| I shall/will/ have played | We shall/will/ have played |
| You will have played | You will have played |
| He / she / it will have played | They will have played |
ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНАЯ ФОРМА
| Shall /will/ I have played? | Shall/will/ we have played? |
| Will you have played? | Will you have played? |
| Will he / she / it have played? | Will they have played? |
ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНАЯ ФОРМА
| I shall/will/ not have played | We shall/will/ not have played |
| You will not have played | You will not have played |
| He / she / it will not have played | They will not have played |
В качестве сокращенных форм используются обычные для всех времен группы Future сокращения: в утвердительной форме ‘ll и в отрицательной форме won’t/ shan’t.
You’ll have worked.
Won’t he have worked?
Тренировочные упражнения
Составьте предложения:
| 1. We hope our luggage will have arrived …. | a – before they spend a week there |
| 2. They will have become worst enemies …. | b – before the train starts |
| 3. Everything will have been ready …. | c – before he is fifty |
| 4. He will have been in film industry for years …. | d – by the time the children come back from school |
| 5. We shall have packed our suitcase long before …. | e – the taxi comes |
| 6. The children will have decorated the fir-tree …. | f – by 10 o’clock |
| 7. The doctor will have examined his last patient …. | g – before they leave England forever |
| 8. They will have made some arrangements for the boy …. | h – by 3 p.m. |
| 9. People will have forgotten him and his book long before. | i – he comes back from his office |
| 10. She will have done the shopping before … | j – he dies |
| 11. He will have looked through many books before …. | k – the conference is over |
| 12. They will have arrived at some agreement before | l – he finds some useful information |
Раскройте скобки. Поставьте глаголы в одном из будущих времен: Future Indefinite, Future Continuous или Future Perfect:
1. I (to do) my homework tomorrow. 2. I (to do) my homework at 6 o’clock tomorrow. 3. I (to do) my homework by 6 o’clock tomorrow, my family (to have) supper. 4. When you come to my place tomorrow, I (to read) your book. I (to do) my homework by the time you come. 5. Don’t come to place tomorrow. I (to write) a composition the whole evening. 6. I (not to go) to the cinema tomorrow. I (to watch) TV the whole evening. 7. What you (to do) tomorrow? 8. What you (to do) at * o’clock tomorrow? 9. You (to play) chess tomorrow?
Поставьте глаголы в одном из следующих времен: Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect:
1. This man (to be) a writer. He (to write) books. He (to write) books since he was a young man. He already (to write) eight books. 2. What you (to do) here since morning? 3. Lena is a very good girl. She always (to help) her mother about the house. They already (to wash) the floor and (to dust) the furniture. Now they (to cook) dinner together. 4. He (to run) now. He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest. 5. What they (to do) now? – They (to work) in the reading room. They (to work) there for already three hours. 6. Where he (to be) in the garden. He (to play) volleyball with his friends. 7. I (to live) in St. Petersburg. 8. This is the factory where my father (to work). He (to work) here for fifteen years. 9. You (to find) your notebook? – No! I still (to look) for nit. I already (to look) for it for two hours, but (not yet to find) it. 10. You (to play) with a ball for already three hours. Go home and do your homework.
МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ
Основными модальными глаголами являются: саn (мочь, уметь), may (возможно, можно), must (быть обязанным, должным). Очень часто в соответствующих русских предложениях, модальные глаголы обозначены наречиями типа необходимо, можнои другие.
Модальными называются глаголы, не обозначающие никакого действия, но одновременно с этим обозначающие отношение к тому или иному действию, умение, необходимость, вероятность, возможность совершения действия. Главное отличие модальных глаголов can, may, must от смысловых в том, что они выражают отношение к какому-либо действию со стороны говорящего, а не само действие. Модальные глаголы имеют следующие особенности:1) Отсутствие суффикса – s в 3-ем лице единственного числа настоящего времени;2) Отсутствие форм прошедшего и будущего времени у некоторых глаголов;3) Вопросительная и отрицательная формы образуются без вспомогательных глаголов, т.е. путем изменения порядка слов;4) После модальных глаголов инфинитив употребляется без частицы to. У всех 3 основных модальных глаголов есть некоторые общие черты. Так, у них нет форм причастия I, причастия II и неопределенной формы (инфинитива). Они не изменяются по лицам и числам.
1) Модальныйглагол must имеет только одну форму. Эквивалентом его является to have to, который может употребляться в любом времени и имеет оттенок «вынужденности» совершить действие.
I had to help the old man.
I will have to write a test soon.
Оборот to be to в качестве модального употребляется для выражения долженствования в связи с заранее намеченным планом. Переводится словами должен, суждено, предстоит, нужно.
I am to inform you... Я должен вас известить.
Не was to go to the south. Ему предстояло ехать на юг.
What is to be done? Что делать? (Что нужно сделать?)
You are not to say anything. Вам не нужно ничего говорить.
Глагол must в утвердительной форме выражает «долг», «необходимость» выполнения действия:
I must help my friend.
Не was ill.
В отрицательной форме must выражает «запрет».
You mustn't make the room dirty.
В отрицательном ответе на вопрос с must употребляется модальный глагол needn't.
– Must I come to the consultation today?
– No, you needn't. (He нужно, нет необходимости.)
Модальный глагол should обозначает «следует».
– Should I switch off the gas?
– Certainly, you should.
– Should I take my skates?
– No, you shouldn't.
Глагол ought употребляется только в данной форме вне зависимости от времени. Он выражает долженствование, являясь синонимом глагола must. Однако он менее категоричен, чем must, и часто ought переводится следует, следовало бы:
You ought to read more. (Вам следует (вы должны) больше читать.) Your brother ought to smoke less. (Вашему брату следовало бы меньше курить).
Глагол should, выражает долженствование, но с оттенком сомнения в том, что должное действие будет совершено. You should stop smoking. Вам следовало бы бросить курить (но я не уверен, что вы это сделаете).
Модальный глагол need выражает долг или обязанность в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях. You needn't (need not) go so early, need you? (Вам не нужно уходить так рано, правда? Модальный глагол need образует вопросительную и отрицательную формы без вспомогательного глагола, а в третьем лице единственного числа не принимает никакого окончания: I need, he need и т.д. употребляется этот модальный глагол только в Present Indfinite. Однако существует и смысловой (т.е. не модальный глагол to need нуждаться, иметь потребность в чем-либо, который имеет все формы, свойственные глаголам.
He needs a dictionary Ему нужен словарь.
Do we need these maps? Нужны нам эти карты?
2) Модальный глагол can имеет две временные формы – can, could. Эквивалентом (заменителем) данного глагола является to be able обозначает возможностьсовершить действие в конкретный момент или в конкретной ситуации, может употребляться и в будущем времени. Pete will not be able to come tomorrow. Невозможность часто выражается аналогичным оборотом: to be unable быть не в состоянии.
I am able = I can = я могу
I was able = I could = я мог
I shall be able = я смогу.
Глагол can обозначает способность (физическую или умственную) выполнить какое-либо действие: She can play the piano. They could make the loads safe. В разговорной речи глаголы can и could могут выражать просьбу (в вопросительной форме). Can I take your pen? – You can. (официально). You can't (запрет).
Модальныйглагол may обозначает– мочь в смысле иметь разрешение на действие. Переводится на русский язык словами можно, позволено имеет две временных формы: формы may и might. Эквивалентом данного глагола является to be allowed, который может употребляться и в будущем времени. Глагол may выражает разрешение что-либо сделать. В вопросительной форме выражает просьбу. May I come in? – Yes, you may. (официально) Do, please (вежливо). В отрицательной форме глагол may малоупотребителен. Предпочтительны следующие формы: May I take this book? – No, you must not. (запрет в силу правил) – No, you can't. (запрет в силу обстоятельств) – No, don't, please (менее строгий запрет).
3) May – мочь в смысле иметь разрешение на действие. Переводится на русский язык словами можно, позволено. You may come in. (Ты можешь войти) She may take my pencil. (Ты можешь взять мой карандаш.) My dog may sleep there. (Моя собака может спать там.) Глагол may может так же выражать возможность или вероятность какого -то события или действия. To come to our city may take them five hours. (Дорога до нашего города может занять у них пять часов).
ПРЕДПОЛОЖЕНИЯ И ВЕРОЯТНОСТЬ можно выразить глаголами can (could), may (might), must, should, а в отрицательных предложениях также глаголом need. При этом глаголы must, should выражают предположение, приближающееся к уверенности, а could и might - наиболее слабую вероятность или возможность.
| It could be so. | Возможно, что это и так. |
| It may not be true. | Возможно, это и неправда (это, может быть, и не так). |
| I might be wrong. | Я могу ошибаться (не исключено, что я ошибаюсь). |
| You must be cold. | Вам, наверное, холодно. |
| That should be the book, you are looking for. | Это, по всей вероятности, та книга, которую вы ищите. |
| That needn't be so. | Это не обязательно так (дело может обстоять совершенно иначе). |
Тренировочные упражнения
Составьте предложения, используя модальные глаголы:
– I can’t find George anywhere. I wonder where he is.
(He might (go) shopping.)
– Why didn’t Tom answer the doorbell? I am sure he was in the house at the time.
(He may (go) to bed early.)
(He might not (hear) the bell.)
– George didn’t come to the party. I wonder why not.
(He might (have) to go somewhere else.)
(He may not (know) about it.)
– I can’t find my bag anywhere.
(You might (leave) it in the shop.)
Переведите, используя модальные глаголы и модальные обороты:
1. Мы обязательно должны писать диктант сегодня? – Да, завтра мы будем учить новые слова. 2. Вчера мне пришлось ответить на эти письма. 3. Виктора тоже пригласить на обед? – Да, сделайте это, пожалуйста. 4. Вам пришлось остаться дома. Потому что была плохая погода? 5. Вы обязательно должны прийти и посмотреть нашу новую квартиру. – С удовольствием. 6. Я рад, что мне не пришлось заканчивать эту работу вчера. 7. Я не люблю поздно ложиться спать, но иногда мне приходится. 8. Можно мне пойти погулять сейчас? – Нет, нельзя. Ты должен скоро ложиться спать. 9. Вам следует навестить вашего друга. Он вчера пришел на урок. 10. Почему ты не пришла? – Я не могла, я должна была помочь маме по дому. 11. Вам не нужно идти в библиотеку, у нас много книг дома, и вы можете взять любую, какую хотите.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА 2
(для студентов Института экономики)
Вариант 1.
Задание 1.
Подберите к следующим вопросам ответы:
1. What helps you in your work? 1. Yes, I have.
2. Have you ever seen the rain? 2. I would like to go to the cinema.
3. Can you help her? 3. My good sense of humor does.
4. What would you like to do: 4 No, I can't.
watch TV or go to the cinema?
Образуйте вопросы по образцу:
You cannot speak Spanish. – You can't speak Spanish, can you?
5. He is reading an interesting book.
6. They have not had English today.
Cоставьте вопрос, на который это предложение может быть ответом:
7. No, I have not been to London.
Поставьте глагол Past Perfect, Past Simple или Past Continuous и переведите предложения:
8. By six o’clock yesterday I (to do) my homework and at six I (to watch) a video film.
9. By two o’clock the boy (to come) home and at two he (to have) dinner.
10. The father (to come) home by six o’clock.
Заполнить пропуски, поставив глагол в скобках в нужную форму (в будущее совершенное время):
11. Christina … (repair) her car by the next Saturday.
12. They … (do) the washing by nine o’clock in the evening.
Задание 2.
Вставьте предлоги:
1. There is a man and a woman ____ the picture.
2. We did not want to stay ___town on such a hot day, so we went ___ the village.
3. The teacher hung a picture ___ the wall.
4. America was discovered _____ Columbus.
Let`s go ______ a walk.
Переведите на русский язык предложения с фразовыми глаголами:
5. I want to get rid of my old computer.
6. I have to get through my reading before tomorrow.
7. Scout girls never give in/ give up.
8. Go ahead, we’re all listening.
Поставьте в предложения подходящие фразовые глаголы с предлогом up в необходимой грамматической форме: wake – pick – bring — eat — give – look – set — get — tidy – break
9. My dad will … me up at the airport.
10. We have not … up the living room. It’s dirty.
11. My sister always … up the new words in the dictionary.
12. We are going to … up a joint venture.
Задание 3.
Поставьте глагол в Present Simple или Present Continuous:
1. A lot of interesting places (to attract) tourists to Britain.
2. There (to be) a lot of old castles in England where people lived many years ago.
3. Listen! Who (to play) the piano in the next room?
4. Excuse me, you (speak) English? – Yes, a little.
Исправьте:
5. Hurry! The bus comes. I not wanting to miss it.
Составьте вопросительное предложение Past Simple из данных слов:
6. travel/ you / time / by / first / plane / last / did/ year/ for the/?
Вставьте will / to be going to:
7. – What’s Olga’s phone number? – Just a minute. I … look it up in my notebook.
Измените предложения, употребляя to be going to по образцу:
My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight
8. His plan is to visit Moscow.
Раскройте скобки и поставьте глаголы в Present Continuous:
9. Helen (to learn) an English poem now.
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание Participle I:
10. The captain watched the sailors unloading the steamer.
Раскройте скобки, употребив Participle I. Переведите предложение:
11. (To write) out all the words, I started to learn them.
Выберите правильный вариант:
12. - Let’s meet at the station at 5 o’clock. - OK. I (______) for you there.
’ll wait
will be waiting
wait
Задание 4.
Употребите следующие предложения в Past Progressive, уточняя действие наречиями:
Образец: I went to the cinema yesterday. – I was going to the cinema yesterday at 3
1. I read newspapers in the evening.
Поставьте вопросы, на которые нижеследующие предложения могут быть ответами:
Образец: No, I was not playing chess at 6. – Were you playing chess at 6?
2. Yes, I was busy yesterday.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Indefinite или Past Continuous:
3. I (to play) computer games yesterday.
4. I (to play) computer games at 5 o'clock yesterday.
Употребите Present Perfect
5. We... (to know) each other since 2008.
6. My brother... (not to go) out all day long yesterday.
Допишите предложения при помощи слов: already, just, since, for, ever, yet:
7. I have … come from the library.
8. Have you … been to Paris?
Исправьте ошибки и напишите правильный вариант:
9. This programs are bad.
10. These boys are my pupils.
11. He speak English badly.
12. When have you bought the book?
Задание 5.
Поставьте предложение в соответствующее будущее время:
1. I hope they (not forget) all this by tomorrow.
Переведите предложения:
2. My son is to finish school in a year.
3. She can come to the party.
Составьте предложения, используя модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты:
4. I wish you had explained the situation to me.
Should You ______ the situation to me.
Вставьтеneedn’t/ have to / mustn’t / didn’t need to / have to или needn’t have:
5. You _____ enter this area without permission.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол (may, can, must, could):
6. Hello, _____ I speak to Tom, please?
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборотcould, was/ were able to or couldn’t:
7. He had hurt his leg, so he _______ walk very well.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот mustn’t или don’t / doesn’t have to:
8. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I _______ work.
Переведите предложения на английский язык:
9. Вы должны бросить курить.
10. Вечеринка была замечательная. Вам следовало прийти.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот:
11. We didn’t want to be late for the meeting. We … meet at 5 p.m.
a) were to
b) had to
c) could
12. I have got plenty of time. I … hurry.
a) must
b) needn’t
c) should
Задание 6.
Переведите письменно текст, выполните задания к тексту
Before you read
- Do you think most countries have a market that is free from government management?
The market economy
The market economy is sometimes called the free market. A free market is not controlled in any way by a government. It is also free from the influence of custom or tradition. In a free market the only reason why things are bought or sold is because there is a demand for them. Prices for goods and services are simply what people are prepared to pay. The market economy is not really controlled by anyone. It controls itself. Supply and demand control what is on the market and how much it sells for.
The role of the company in the free market is to supply what people want. However, companies need an incentive. The incentive is profit. The first way is to raise their prices. The second way is to reduce their production costs. And this brings us to two more features of the market economy: competition and technology.
Competition exists in a free market because theoretically, anyone can be producer. This means that companies have to compete with each other for a share of the market. Competition is good for consumers because it helps to control prices and quality.
Technology exists in a free market because producers need ways to reduce their costs. They cannot buy cheaper raw materials. Instead, they must make better use of time and labor. Technology is the use of tools and machines to do jobs in a better way. This helps companies produce more goods in less time and with less effort.
People often think that most economies are free markets. However, at the macroeconomic level, a truly free market economy does not exist anywhere in the world. This is because all governments set limits in order to control the economy. Some governments set many limits, other governments set very few, but they all set some.
Now read the text and answer these questions:
1. Who controls a market economy?
2. Who decides what products are for sale in a free market?
3. What do companies want?
4. Why does technology exist in the market economy?
5. Why are there no true market economies in the world today?
Complete each sentence with a word (profit, reduce, prepared, raise, incentive):
1. I bought this old camera for $50 and sold it for $75. That is $25 ______.
2. Making money is the main _________ to work.
3. People are ______ to pay a lot for services if they are of good quality.
4. If there is only one producer in the market, there is no __________.
5. When there is a demand we _______ prices but we _________ them if we want to sell something quickly.
Form the derivatives from the words given below and fill in the table:
| Verb | Noun | Adjective | Adverb |
Nature, sell, location, relative (2), basis, require, come out, know, locate, natural, activity, particularly, efficient, requirement, necessarily, basic, relate, production, productive, organize, particular, sale, organization, outcome, local, saleable, interaction, part (2), efficiently, necessary, relation, organizational, take part, knowledge, produce (2), act (2), participant.
Вариант 2.
Задание 1.
Подберите к следующим вопросам ответы:
1. Is your mother sleeping? 1. It is on the window.
2. Who likes to play? 2. No, she isn't.
3. How was the match? 3. It was very interesting.
4. Where is your book: 4. Children do.
on the windowsill or on the table?
Образуйте вопросы по образцу:
You can't speak Spanish. – You cannot speak Spanish, can you?
5. I can't go to London now.
6. He must know English very well.
Составьте вопрос, на который это предложение может быть ответом:
7. No, they have not seen this film.
Поставьте глагол Past Perfect, Past Simple или Past Continuous и переведите предложения:
8. When I (to ring) him up, he already (to do) his homework.
9. When we (to come) to the station, the train already (to leave).
10. He (to thank) me for what I (to do) for him.
Заполнить пропуски, поставив глагол в будущее совершенное время:
11. We … (visit) some European countries the next fall.
12. I … (finish) this work by two o’clock of the morning.
Задание 2.
Вставьте соответствующие предлоги:
1. The lesson finishes ____ four o`clock.
2. The son ____ the King is called the Crown Prince.
2. We have to get up early ____ weekdays.
3. In winter, I usually go ___ bed at ten o'clock because I have to get up early.
4. There are many people ______ the park today. They couldn`t come ____ the party.
Переведите на русский язык предложения с фразовыми глаголами:
5. I never get into an argument with my boss.
6. He dreams about getting into a good university.
7. Now, let’s get out of here.
8. The film will probably go on for another hour.
Поставьте в предложения подходящие фразовые глаголы с предлогом up в необходимой грамматической форме: wake – pick – bring — eat — give – look – set — get — tidy – break
9. Boys, stop chatting and … up your breakfast.
10. Little Alice was … up by a nanny.
11. He always … up the new words in the dictionary.
12. He is going to … up a joint venture.
Задание 3.
Поставьте глагол в Present Simple или Present Continuous:
1. Look! A big whit e bird (sit) in our garden.
2. What you (to do) now? You (to play) football?
3. I (not to walk) around in rainy days.
4. What... she (do)? – She is a teacher.
Исправьте:
5. The river Nile is flow into the Mediterranean.
Составьте вопросительное предложение Past Simple из данных слов:
6. Morning/ you / time / get / up / what / last / did?
Вставьте слова will / to be going to.
7. – Why are you buying so much food? – Because I … cook for ten people.
Измените предложения, употребляя to be going to по образцу:
My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight
8. My intention is to study at the University.
Раскройте скобки:
9. The children (to look) at the blackboard now.
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание Participle I:
10. I saw the workers packing the goods.
Раскройте скобки, употребив Participle I. Переведите предложение:
11. (To buy) food, they left supermarket.
Выберите правильный вариант:
12. I (______) for my exam on Philosophy all day tomorrow.
works
am working
will be working
Задание 4.
Употребите следующие предложения в Past Progressive, уточняя действие наречиями:
Образец: I went to the cinema yesterday. – I was going to the cinema yesterday at three
1. Tom wrote a letter to his grandmother.
Поставьте вопросы, на которые нижеследующие предложения могут быть ответами. Образец:
No, I was not playing chess at six.. – Were you playing chess at six?
2. Yes, my mother was watching TV at nine.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Indefinite или Past Continuous:
3. He (to play) computer games from two until three yesterday.
УпотребитеPresent Perfect:
4. When... you... (see) him last?
5. We ……. (to play) computer games out all day long yesterday.
6. Where … they … (to be) all the time?
Допишите предложения при помощи слов: already, just, since, for, ever, yet:
7. I have … come from the library.
8. We haven’t seen him … ages.
Исправьте ошибки и напишите правильный вариант:
9. I have sister.
10. He just wrote a letter.
11. Now they is playing tennis.
12. We are listening to the concert yesterday at 4 p. m.
Задание 5.
Поставьте предложение в соответствующее будущее время:
1. I think he (cook) dinner by the time mother (come) home.
Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов:
2. They have to come to the meeting.
3. They have to get up early on weekdays.
Составьте предложения, используя модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты:
4. Simon left the waiter a bigger tip then was necessary.
Have to Simon _______ the waiter such a big tip.
Вставьтеneedn’t / have to / mustn’t / didn’t need to / have to или needn’t have:
5. You _____ wash the clothes. I’ll do it tomorrow.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол:
6. _____ I use your telephone?
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот could, was / were able to or couldn’t:
7. She wasn’t at home when I phoned but I _______ contact her at her office.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот mustn’t или don’t / doesn’t have to:
8. Whatever you do, you _______ touch that switch. It is very dangerous!
Переведите предложения на английский язык:
9. Ты можешь решить эту проблему.
10. Тебе следует навестить своего больного друга.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот:
11. Where are my gloves? — I … put them on because it’s cold today.
a) can’t
b) have to
c) needn’t
12. Well, it’s 10 o’clock. I … go now.
a) can
b) has to
c) must
Задание 6.
Переведите письменно текст, выполните задания к тексту
Before you read
- Why do you think gold is expensive?
The Law of Demand
Economics can often be very confusing. Econometric formulas and impressive charts are sometimes impossible to understand. Thankfully, though, some economic ideas are completely obvious. One of these ideas is the law of demand. Economists are always disagreeing with each other, but the law of demand is the only thing they are all agree on. They all agree on it because it makes sense even to non-economists.
Demand is how of the same good or service people would like to buy. The law of demand says that demand for something falls as its price rises. Economists show this concept with the demand curve.
The reason why the law of demand works is obvious: the money we have is limited. If something becomes more expensive, we will have less money available to spend on our other needs. If the product or service is not a necessity, we will decide to buy less of it.
Most rules have exceptions, but economists agree that there very few exceptions to the law of demand. It even applies to the necessities like water. When water becomes more expensive, people find ways to use less. When the government put higher taxes on petrol, people try not to use their cars so often. The fall in demand might be very small, but it is real.
Therefore, price has an effect on demand, but the strength of effect varies. The strength of the price / demand relationship is called price elasticity. Economists use a simple econometric formula to measure price elasticity product in a particular market. This helps governments and companies set price at the correct level for a particular time and plan price increases.
In addition, other things affect demand apart from price. For example, during a very cold winter, demand for heating fuel as gas or coal will rise at any price. If the winter is unusually warm, then demand for fuel will fall. Economists say that these situations cause a shift in the demand curve.
Now read the text and answer these questions:
1. What does the price elasticity show?
2. What do economists use to measure price elasticity for product?
3. Why does the law of demand work in market economy?
4. What might be the reason that so many electrical goods are quite cheap now?
5. Apart from price, what other things affect demand for a product or service?
Complete each sentence with a word (taxes, demand, limited, confusing,):
1. Some of the puzzles in this book are really ______.
2. There is a lot of_________ for organic fruit and vegetables these days.
3. Gold is expensive because there is only a very ______ supply.
4. Everyone who earns a salary must pay __________ to the government.
5. Normally, I arrive at work at 8.00 am, but Thursday is an________.
Complete the table with the derivatives:
| Verb | Noun | Adjective | Adverb |
Ownership, respond, director, able, taxation, effect, essential (2), basic, defense, develop, responsible, changeable, deliver, act, secure (2), defend, owner, directly, tax (2), require, required, dominate, actively, response, change (2), defensive, ability, predominant, effectively, basically, apply, taxable, activity, requirement, application, securely, effectiveness, active, applicable, basis, delivery, predominance, own, base, security, essence, profit, direct (2), responsibility, predominantly, effective, development, profitable.
Вариант 3.
Задание 1.
Подберите к следующим вопросам ответы:
1. Do you love her or does your friend? 1. No, they didn't.
2. Did their friends come here last time? 2. Our friends' children did.
3. Whose children came? 3. My friend does.
4. Is your house being built? 4. No, itisn't.
Образуйте вопросы по образцу:
You can't speak Spanish. – You can't speak Spanish, can you?
5. We shall soon see the Black Sea.
6. He has seen this film on TV.
Составьте вопрос, на который это предложение может быть ответом:
7. Yes, we have come a long way since breakfast.
Поставьте глагол Past Perfect, Past Simple или Past Continuous и переведите предложения:
8. She (to thank) me for what I (to do) for him.
9. The telegram (to arrive) five minutes after you (to leave) the house.
10. Suddenly I (to remember) that I (to leave) my exercise book at home.
Заполнить пропуски, поставив глагол (в будущее совершенное время):
11. Grace … (leave) by the end of the week.
12. Girls … (discuss) this with their mother by tonight.
Задание 2.
Вставьте соответствующие предлоги:
1. ____ the plate there were some apples and oranges.
2. There were some cigarettes ____ the box.
3. London is the capital _____ Great Britain.
4. I wrote __________him asking to send me a box __________ chocolate.
Переведите на русский язык предложения с фразовыми глаголами:
5. His parents got furious when they found out that their son was expelled.
6. The murderer won’t get away with his crime.
7. He is always happy to get back to his work after the holidays.
8. The film will probably go on for another hour.
Поставьте в предложения подходящие фразовые глаголы с предлогом up в необходимой грамматической форме: wake – pick – bring — eat — give – look – set — get — tidy – break
9. My brother will … me up at the airport.
10. She usually … up at five to milk her cow.
11. Sorry to hear that Harry … up with his girlfriend yesterday.
12. I’m going to … up a joint venture.
Задание 3.
Поставьте глагол в Present Simple или Present Continuous:
1. She (not to do) her homework she (to watch) TV now.
2. Where is Nick? He (play) football in the yard.
3. That French girl (speak) English very well.
4. Sorry, I am very busy. I (to have) a lesson.
Исправьте ошибки:
5. The river flow very fast today – much faster than usual.
Вставьте слова will/ to be going to:
6. – What shall we have for dinner today? – We … have chicken and chips.
Измените предложения, употребляя to be going to по образцу:
My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight
7. I'm afraid I shall be late.
Раскройте скобки:
9. Mary (to open) the window now.
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание Participle I:
10. We watched them repairing the car.
Раскройте скобки, употребив Participle I. Переведите предложение\
11. (to bark) dog doesn’t bite.
Выберите правильный вариант:
12. Next Friday, the President (______) ten years in power.
Celebrates
will celebrate
will be celebrating
Задание 4.
Употребите следующие предложения в Past Progressive, уточняя действие наречиями. Образец: I went to the cinema yesterday. – I was going to the cinema yesterday at three
1. We listened to music yesterday.
Поставьте вопросы, на которые нижеследующие предложения могут быть ответами
Образец: No, I was not playing chess at 6. – Were you playing chess at 6?
2. No, he was not writing a letters from two until three yesterday.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Indefinite или Past Continuous:
3. What Nick (to do) yesterday?
4. What you (to do) when I rang you up?
Употребите Present Perfect:
5. When... they... (see) her last?
6. He … (not to give) me the dictionary yet.
Допишите предложения при помощи слов: already, just, since, for, ever, yet:
7. My grandparents have lived with us … June.
8. Has your sister … been to Paris?
Исправьте ошибки и напишите правильный вариант:
9. We know each other for many year. He is my best friend.
10. He go to the library every week
11. My children is playing tennis now.
12. We are listening to the concert yesterday at 4 p.m.
Задание 5.
Поставьте предложение в соответствующее будущее время:
1. My grandmother (be) a pensioner for ten years by next spring.
Переведите предложения:
2. I have to get up early on weekdays.
3. She must come to the meeting.
Составьте предложения, используя модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты:
4. Visitors are not allowed to feed the animals.
Must Visitors ____________ the animals.
Вставьтеneedn’t/ have to/ mustn’t/ didn’t need to/ have to или needn’t have:
5. He _____ give me a lift, because I had arranged to go by taxi.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол (may, can, must, could):
6. You _____ smoke if you like.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборотcould, was/ were able to или couldn’t:
7. I looked very carefully and I _______ see a figure in the distance.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот mustn’t или don’t / doesn’t have to:
8. You _______ forget what I told you. It’s very important!
Переведите предложения на английский язык:
9. Тебе следовало навестить своего больного друга, но ты не навестил.
10. Не хотите еще кофе?
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот:
11. Tom … play tennis well but he … play a game yesterday because he was ill.
a) couldn’t, could
b) can, was able
c) can, couldn’t
12. I didn’t want to be late for the meeting. We … meet at 5 sharp.
a) were to
b) had to
c) could
Задание 6.
Переведите письменно текст, выполните задания к тексту:
Before you read
- What are the features of legal monopolies?
