:
| I shall/will/ have played | We shall/will/ have played |
| You will have played | You will have played |
| He / she / it will have played | They will have played |
| Shall /will/ I have played? | Shall/will/ we have played? |
| Will you have played? | Will you have played? |
| Will he / she / it have played? | Will they have played? |
| I shall/will/ not have played | We shall/will/ not have played |
| You will not have played | You will not have played |
| He / she / it will not have played | They will not have played |
Future : ll wont/ shant.
Youll have worked.
Wont he have worked?
:
| 1. We hope our luggage will have arrived . | a before they spend a week there |
| 2. They will have become worst enemies . | b before the train starts |
| 3. Everything will have been ready . | c before he is fifty |
| 4. He will have been in film industry for years . | d by the time the children come back from school |
| 5. We shall have packed our suitcase long before . | e the taxi comes |
| 6. The children will have decorated the fir-tree . | f by 10 oclock |
| 7. The doctor will have examined his last patient . | g before they leave England forever |
| 8. They will have made some arrangements for the boy . | h by 3 p.m. |
| 9. People will have forgotten him and his book long before. | i he comes back from his office |
| 10. She will have done the shopping before | j he dies |
| 11. He will have looked through many books before . | k the conference is over |
| 12. They will have arrived at some agreement before | l he finds some useful information |
. : Future Indefinite, Future Continuous Future Perfect:
1. I (to do) my homework tomorrow. 2. I (to do) my homework at 6 oclock tomorrow. 3. I (to do) my homework by 6 oclock tomorrow, my family (to have) supper. 4. When you come to my place tomorrow, I (to read) your book. I (to do) my homework by the time you come. 5. Dont come to place tomorrow. I (to write) a composition the whole evening. 6. I (not to go) to the cinema tomorrow. I (to watch) TV the whole evening. 7. What you (to do) tomorrow? 8. What you (to do) at * oclock tomorrow? 9. You (to play) chess tomorrow?
: Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect:
1. This man (to be) a writer. He (to write) books. He (to write) books since he was a young man. He already (to write) eight books. 2. What you (to do) here since morning? 3. Lena is a very good girl. She always (to help) her mother about the house. They already (to wash) the floor and (to dust) the furniture. Now they (to cook) dinner together. 4. He (to run) now. He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest. 5. What they (to do) now? They (to work) in the reading room. They (to work) there for already three hours. 6. Where he (to be) in the garden. He (to play) volleyball with his friends. 7. I (to live) in St. Petersburg. 8. This is the factory where my father (to work). He (to work) here for fifteen years. 9. You (to find) your notebook? No! I still (to look) for nit. I already (to look) for it for two hours, but (not yet to find) it. 10. You (to play) with a ball for already three hours. Go home and do your homework.
|
|
|
: n (, ), may (, ), must ( , ). , , .
, , , , , , . can, may, must , - , . :1) s 3- ;2) ;3) , .. ;4) to. 3 . , I, II (). .
1) must . to have to, .
I had to help the old man.
I will have to write a test soon.
to be to . , , , .
I am to inform you... .
was to go to the south. .
What is to be done? ? ( ?)
You are not to say anything. .
must , :
I must help my friend.
was ill.
must .
You mustn't make the room dirty.
must needn't.
Must I come to the consultation today?
No, you needn't. (He , .)
should .
Should I switch off the gas?
Certainly, you should.
Should I take my skates?
No, you shouldn't.
ought . , must. , must, ought , :
You ought to read more. ( ( ) .) Your brother ought to smoke less. ( ).
|
|
|
should, , , . You should stop smoking. ( , ).
need . You needn't (need not) go so early, need you? ( , ? need , : I need, he need .. Present Indfinite. (.. to need , -, , .
He needs a dictionary .
Do we need these maps? ?
2) can can, could. () to be able , . Pete will not be able to come tomorrow. : to be unable .
I am able = I can =
I was able = I could =
I shall be able = .
can ( ) - : She can play the piano. They could make the loads safe. can could ( ). Can I take your pen? You can. (). You can't ().
may . , : may might. to be allowed, . may - . . May I come in? Yes, you may. () Do, please (). may . : May I take this book? No, you must not. ( ) No, you can't. ( ) No, don't, please ( ).
3) May . , . You may come in. ( ) She may take my pencil. ( .) My dog may sleep there. ( .) may - . To come to our city may take them five hours. ( ).
can (could), may (might), must, should, need. must, should , , could might - .
| It could be so. | , . |
| It may not be true. | , (, , ). |
| I might be wrong. | ( , ). |
| You must be cold. | , , . |
| That should be the book, you are looking for. | , , , . |
| That needn't be so. | ( ). |
, :
I cant find George anywhere. I wonder where he is.
(He might (go) shopping.)
Why didnt Tom answer the doorbell? I am sure he was in the house at the time.
(He may (go) to bed early.)
(He might not (hear) the bell.)
George didnt come to the party. I wonder why not.
(He might (have) to go somewhere else.)
|
|
|
(He may not (know) about it.)
I cant find my bag anywhere.
(You might (leave) it in the shop.)
, :
1. ? , . 2. . 3. ? , , . 4. . ? 5. . . 6. , . 7. , . 8. ? , . . 9. . . 10. ? , . 11. , , , .
2
( )
1.
1.
:
1. What helps you in your work? 1. Yes, I have.
2. Have you ever seen the rain? 2. I would like to go to the cinema.
3. Can you help her? 3. My good sense of humor does.
4. What would you like to do: 4 No, I can't.
watch TV or go to the cinema?
:
You cannot speak Spanish. You can't speak Spanish, can you?
5. He is reading an interesting book.
6. They have not had English today.
C , :
7. No, I have not been to London.
Past Perfect, Past Simple Past Continuous :
8. By six oclock yesterday I (to do) my homework and at six I (to watch) a video film.
9. By two oclock the boy (to come) home and at two he (to have) dinner.
10. The father (to come) home by six oclock.
, ( ):
11. Christina (repair) her car by the next Saturday.
12. They (do) the washing by nine oclock in the evening.
2.
:
1. There is a man and a woman ____ the picture.
2. We did not want to stay ___town on such a hot day, so we went ___ the village.
3. The teacher hung a picture ___ the wall.
4. America was discovered _____ Columbus.
Let`s go ______ a walk.
:
5. I want to get rid of my old computer.
6. I have to get through my reading before tomorrow.
7. Scout girls never give in/ give up.
8. Go ahead, were all listening.
up : wake pick bring eat give look set get tidy break
9. My dad will me up at the airport.
10. We have not up the living room. Its dirty.
11. My sister always up the new words in the dictionary.
12. We are going to up a joint venture.
3.
Present Simple Present Continuous:
1. A lot of interesting places (to attract) tourists to Britain.
2. There (to be) a lot of old castles in England where people lived many years ago.
3. Listen! Who (to play) the piano in the next room?
4. Excuse me, you (speak) English? Yes, a little.
:
5. Hurry! The bus comes. I not wanting to miss it.
Past Simple :
6. travel/ you / time / by / first / plane / last / did/ year/ for the/?
will / to be going to:
|
|
|
7. Whats Olgas phone number? Just a minute. I look it up in my notebook.
, to be going to :
My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight
8. His plan is to visit Moscow.
Present Continuous:
9. Helen (to learn) an English poem now.
, Participle I:
10. The captain watched the sailors unloading the steamer.
, Participle I. :
11. (To write) out all the words, I started to learn them.
:
12. - Lets meet at the station at 5 oclock. - OK. I (______) for you there.
ll wait
will be waiting
wait
4.
Past Progressive, :
: I went to the cinema yesterday. I was going to the cinema yesterday at 3
1. I read newspapers in the evening.
, :
: No, I was not playing chess at 6. Were you playing chess at 6?
2. Yes, I was busy yesterday.
, Past Indefinite Past Continuous:
3. I (to play) computer games yesterday.
4. I (to play) computer games at 5 o'clock yesterday.
Present Perfect
5. We... (to know) each other since 2008.
6. My brother... (not to go) out all day long yesterday.
: already, just, since, for, ever, yet:
7. I have come from the library.
8. Have you been to Paris?
:
9. This programs are bad.
10. These boys are my pupils.
11. He speak English badly.
12. When have you bought the book?
5.
:
1. I hope they (not forget) all this by tomorrow.
:
2. My son is to finish school in a year.
3. She can come to the party.
, :
4. I wish you had explained the situation to me.
Should You ______ the situation to me.
neednt/ have to / mustnt / didnt need to / have to neednt have:
5. You _____ enter this area without permission.
(may, can, must, could):
6. Hello, _____ I speak to Tom, please?
could, was/ were able to or couldnt:
7. He had hurt his leg, so he _______ walk very well.
mustnt dont / doesnt have to:
8. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I _______ work.
:
9. .
10. . .
:
11. We didnt want to be late for the meeting. We meet at 5 p.m.
a) were to
b) had to
c) could
12. I have got plenty of time. I hurry.
a) must
b) neednt
c) should
6.
,
Before you read
- Do you think most countries have a market that is free from government management?
The market economy
The market economy is sometimes called the free market. A free market is not controlled in any way by a government. It is also free from the influence of custom or tradition. In a free market the only reason why things are bought or sold is because there is a demand for them. Prices for goods and services are simply what people are prepared to pay. The market economy is not really controlled by anyone. It controls itself. Supply and demand control what is on the market and how much it sells for.
The role of the company in the free market is to supply what people want. However, companies need an incentive. The incentive is profit. The first way is to raise their prices. The second way is to reduce their production costs. And this brings us to two more features of the market economy: competition and technology.
Competition exists in a free market because theoretically, anyone can be producer. This means that companies have to compete with each other for a share of the market. Competition is good for consumers because it helps to control prices and quality.
Technology exists in a free market because producers need ways to reduce their costs. They cannot buy cheaper raw materials. Instead, they must make better use of time and labor. Technology is the use of tools and machines to do jobs in a better way. This helps companies produce more goods in less time and with less effort.
|
|
|
People often think that most economies are free markets. However, at the macroeconomic level, a truly free market economy does not exist anywhere in the world. This is because all governments set limits in order to control the economy. Some governments set many limits, other governments set very few, but they all set some.
Now read the text and answer these questions:
1. Who controls a market economy?
2. Who decides what products are for sale in a free market?
3. What do companies want?
4. Why does technology exist in the market economy?
5. Why are there no true market economies in the world today?
Complete each sentence with a word (profit, reduce, prepared, raise, incentive):
1. I bought this old camera for $50 and sold it for $75. That is $25 ______.
2. Making money is the main _________ to work.
3. People are ______ to pay a lot for services if they are of good quality.
4. If there is only one producer in the market, there is no __________.
5. When there is a demand we _______ prices but we _________ them if we want to sell something quickly.
Form the derivatives from the words given below and fill in the table:
| Verb | Noun | Adjective | Adverb |
Nature, sell, location, relative (2), basis, require, come out, know, locate, natural, activity, particularly, efficient, requirement, necessarily, basic, relate, production, productive, organize, particular, sale, organization, outcome, local, saleable, interaction, part (2), efficiently, necessary, relation, organizational, take part, knowledge, produce (2), act (2), participant.
2.
1.
:
1. Is your mother sleeping? 1. It is on the window.
2. Who likes to play? 2. No, she isn't.
3. How was the match? 3. It was very interesting.
4. Where is your book: 4. Children do.
on the windowsill or on the table?
:
You can't speak Spanish. You cannot speak Spanish, can you?
5. I can't go to London now.
6. He must know English very well.
, :
7. No, they have not seen this film.
Past Perfect, Past Simple Past Continuous :
8. When I (to ring) him up, he already (to do) his homework.
9. When we (to come) to the station, the train already (to leave).
10. He (to thank) me for what I (to do) for him.
, :
11. We (visit) some European countries the next fall.
12. I (finish) this work by two oclock of the morning.
2.
:
1. The lesson finishes ____ four o`clock.
2. The son ____ the King is called the Crown Prince.
2. We have to get up early ____ weekdays.
3. In winter, I usually go ___ bed at ten o'clock because I have to get up early.
4. There are many people ______ the park today. They couldn`t come ____ the party.
:
5. I never get into an argument with my boss.
6. He dreams about getting into a good university.
7. Now, lets get out of here.
8. The film will probably go on for another hour.
up : wake pick bring eat give look set get tidy break
9. Boys, stop chatting and up your breakfast.
10. Little Alice was up by a nanny.
11. He always up the new words in the dictionary.
12. He is going to up a joint venture.
3.
Present Simple Present Continuous:
1. Look! A big whit e bird (sit) in our garden.
2. What you (to do) now? You (to play) football?
3. I (not to walk) around in rainy days.
4. What... she (do)? She is a teacher.
:
5. The river Nile is flow into the Mediterranean.
Past Simple :
6. Morning/ you / time / get / up / what / last / did?
will / to be going to.
7. Why are you buying so much food? Because I cook for ten people.
, to be going to :
My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight
8. My intention is to study at the University.
:
9. The children (to look) at the blackboard now.
, Participle I:
10. I saw the workers packing the goods.
, Participle I. :
11. (To buy) food, they left supermarket.
:
12. I (______) for my exam on Philosophy all day tomorrow.
works
am working
will be working
4.
Past Progressive, :
: I went to the cinema yesterday. I was going to the cinema yesterday at three
1. Tom wrote a letter to his grandmother.
, . :
No, I was not playing chess at six.. Were you playing chess at six?
2. Yes, my mother was watching TV at nine.
, Past Indefinite Past Continuous:
3. He (to play) computer games from two until three yesterday.
Present Perfect:
4. When... you... (see) him last?
5. We . (to play) computer games out all day long yesterday.
6. Where they (to be) all the time?
: already, just, since, for, ever, yet:
7. I have come from the library.
8. We havent seen him ages.
:
9. I have sister.
10. He just wrote a letter.
11. Now they is playing tennis.
12. We are listening to the concert yesterday at 4 p. m.
5.
:
1. I think he (cook) dinner by the time mother (come) home.
, :
2. They have to come to the meeting.
3. They have to get up early on weekdays.
, :
4. Simon left the waiter a bigger tip then was necessary.
Have to Simon _______ the waiter such a big tip.
neednt / have to / mustnt / didnt need to / have to neednt have:
5. You _____ wash the clothes. Ill do it tomorrow.
:
6. _____ I use your telephone?
could, was / were able to or couldnt:
7. She wasnt at home when I phoned but I _______ contact her at her office.
mustnt dont / doesnt have to:
8. Whatever you do, you _______ touch that switch. It is very dangerous!
:
9. .
10. .
:
11. Where are my gloves? I put them on because its cold today.
a) cant
b) have to
c) neednt
12. Well, its 10 oclock. I go now.
a) can
b) has to
c) must
6.
,
Before you read
- Why do you think gold is expensive?
The Law of Demand
Economics can often be very confusing. Econometric formulas and impressive charts are sometimes impossible to understand. Thankfully, though, some economic ideas are completely obvious. One of these ideas is the law of demand. Economists are always disagreeing with each other, but the law of demand is the only thing they are all agree on. They all agree on it because it makes sense even to non-economists.
Demand is how of the same good or service people would like to buy. The law of demand says that demand for something falls as its price rises. Economists show this concept with the demand curve.
The reason why the law of demand works is obvious: the money we have is limited. If something becomes more expensive, we will have less money available to spend on our other needs. If the product or service is not a necessity, we will decide to buy less of it.
Most rules have exceptions, but economists agree that there very few exceptions to the law of demand. It even applies to the necessities like water. When water becomes more expensive, people find ways to use less. When the government put higher taxes on petrol, people try not to use their cars so often. The fall in demand might be very small, but it is real.
Therefore, price has an effect on demand, but the strength of effect varies. The strength of the price / demand relationship is called price elasticity. Economists use a simple econometric formula to measure price elasticity product in a particular market. This helps governments and companies set price at the correct level for a particular time and plan price increases.
In addition, other things affect demand apart from price. For example, during a very cold winter, demand for heating fuel as gas or coal will rise at any price. If the winter is unusually warm, then demand for fuel will fall. Economists say that these situations cause a shift in the demand curve.
Now read the text and answer these questions:
1. What does the price elasticity show?
2. What do economists use to measure price elasticity for product?
3. Why does the law of demand work in market economy?
4. What might be the reason that so many electrical goods are quite cheap now?
5. Apart from price, what other things affect demand for a product or service?
Complete each sentence with a word (taxes, demand, limited, confusing,):
1. Some of the puzzles in this book are really ______.
2. There is a lot of_________ for organic fruit and vegetables these days.
3. Gold is expensive because there is only a very ______ supply.
4. Everyone who earns a salary must pay __________ to the government.
5. Normally, I arrive at work at 8.00 am, but Thursday is an________.
Complete the table with the derivatives:
| Verb | Noun | Adjective | Adverb |
Ownership, respond, director, able, taxation, effect, essential (2), basic, defense, develop, responsible, changeable, deliver, act, secure (2), defend, owner, directly, tax (2), require, required, dominate, actively, response, change (2), defensive, ability, predominant, effectively, basically, apply, taxable, activity, requirement, application, securely, effectiveness, active, applicable, basis, delivery, predominance, own, base, security, essence, profit, direct (2), responsibility, predominantly, effective, development, profitable.
3.
1.
:
1. Do you love her or does your friend? 1. No, they didn't.
2. Did their friends come here last time? 2. Our friends' children did.
3. Whose children came? 3. My friend does.
4. Is your house being built? 4. No, itisn't.
:
You can't speak Spanish. You can't speak Spanish, can you?
5. We shall soon see the Black Sea.
6. He has seen this film on TV.
, :
7. Yes, we have come a long way since breakfast.
Past Perfect, Past Simple Past Continuous :
8. She (to thank) me for what I (to do) for him.
9. The telegram (to arrive) five minutes after you (to leave) the house.
10. Suddenly I (to remember) that I (to leave) my exercise book at home.
, ( ):
11. Grace (leave) by the end of the week.
12. Girls (discuss) this with their mother by tonight.
2.
:
1. ____ the plate there were some apples and oranges.
2. There were some cigarettes ____ the box.
3. London is the capital _____ Great Britain.
4. I wrote __________him asking to send me a box __________ chocolate.
:
5. His parents got furious when they found out that their son was expelled.
6. The murderer wont get away with his crime.
7. He is always happy to get back to his work after the holidays.
8. The film will probably go on for another hour.
up : wake pick bring eat give look set get tidy break
9. My brother will me up at the airport.
10. She usually up at five to milk her cow.
11. Sorry to hear that Harry up with his girlfriend yesterday.
12. Im going to up a joint venture.
3.
Present Simple Present Continuous:
1. She (not to do) her homework she (to watch) TV now.
2. Where is Nick? He (play) football in the yard.
3. That French girl (speak) English very well.
4. Sorry, I am very busy. I (to have) a lesson.
:
5. The river flow very fast today much faster than usual.
will/ to be going to:
6. What shall we have for dinner today? We have chicken and chips.
, to be going to :
My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight
7. I'm afraid I shall be late.
:
9. Mary (to open) the window now.
, Participle I:
10. We watched them repairing the car.
, Participle I. \
11. (to bark) dog doesnt bite.
:
12. Next Friday, the President (______) ten years in power.
Celebrates
will celebrate
will be celebrating
4.
Past Progressive, . : I went to the cinema yesterday. I was going to the cinema yesterday at three
1. We listened to music yesterday.
,
: No, I was not playing chess at 6. Were you playing chess at 6?
2. No, he was not writing a letters from two until three yesterday.
, Past Indefinite Past Continuous:
3. What Nick (to do) yesterday?
4. What you (to do) when I rang you up?
Present Perfect:
5. When... they... (see) her last?
6. He (not to give) me the dictionary yet.
: already, just, since, for, ever, yet:
7. My grandparents have lived with us June.
8. Has your sister been to Paris?
:
9. We know each other for many year. He is my best friend.
10. He go to the library every week
11. My children is playing tennis now.
12. We are listening to the concert yesterday at 4 p.m.
5.
:
1. My grandmother (be) a pensioner for ten years by next spring.
:
2. I have to get up early on weekdays.
3. She must come to the meeting.
, :
4. Visitors are not allowed to feed the animals.
Must Visitors ____________ the animals.
neednt/ have to/ mustnt/ didnt need to/ have to neednt have:
5. He _____ give me a lift, because I had arranged to go by taxi.
(may, can, must, could):
6. You _____ smoke if you like.
could, was/ were able to couldnt:
7. I looked very carefully and I _______ see a figure in the distance.
mustnt dont / doesnt have to:
8. You _______ forget what I told you. Its very important!
:
9. , .
10. ?
:
11. Tom play tennis well but he play a game yesterday because he was ill.
a) couldnt, could
b) can, was able
c) can, couldnt
12. I didnt want to be late for the meeting. We meet at 5 sharp.
a) were to
b) had to
c) could
6.
, :
Before you read
- What are the features of legal monopolies?
