did, lid, gladly, Freely, lynx, courage, village, washes, rouges, boxes, worries, copies, loaded, fountain, biscuit, Friday, sieve, lettuce, forehead, forfeit, coffee
life
*S. Transcribe these words. Read and translate them into Russian.
bed, said, help, tell, yet, head, tennis, weather, member, letter, dressed, setter, helping, anyway, envied, pleasure, friendly, dressing, desolate, separate, hesitate, myself, remember, endeavour, hotel, instead, forget, eleven
*6. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the /e/ phoneme to orthography.
red, get, ten, seven, head, dead, ate, the Thames, burial *7. Transcribe these words. Read and translate them into Russian,
glad, bad, plan, can, swam, blank, drank, act, sat, fancy, gladly, shallow, added, anxious, badly, traffic, happen, Daddy, sadness, began, exactly, imagine, vocabulary, programme, sandwiches, manufactures, balcony, sacrifice
*8. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the' se/ phoneme to orthography.
carry, ample, have, salmon, plaid, champagne, absolutely, abstract, ambition
*9. Transcribe these words. Read and translate them into Russian.
are, bar, far, car, arm, ask, card, past, farm, half, part, large, France, grass, dark, guard, park, start, smart, last, hard, mask, dancing, basking, laughing, rather, hardly, harbour, answer, artist, father, basket, classes, articles, archangel, departure, enlarge, at last
*10. Tranicribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the /ct/ phoneme to orthography.
mast, answer, last, tar, part, laugh, Berkley, Hertford, heart *11. Transcribe these words. Read and translate them Into Russian.
on, nod, was, rod, want, gone, job, hot, long, song, bother, bonnet, doctor, model, hostel, honest, nodded, body, offer, Holland, rocky, solid, cannot, occupy, cottages, prosperous, geometry, following, holiday, wasn't, seen off
*12. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the Ivl phoneme to orthography.
■ hot, sorry, foreign, quality, almanac, sausage, knowledge, yacht
*13. Transcribe these words. Read and translate them into Russian.
more, draw, all, call, bore, thought, horse, talk, sort, bought, George, shore, always, forward, water, walking, morning, before, also, exports, importance, awfully, audience, orchestra, altogether, of course, forty-four
*H. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the phoneme to orthography.
port, fort, floor, door, course, court, four, pour, roar, war, broad, bought, wrath, cause, fall, yawn, paw, thaw
*15. Transcribe these words. Read and translate them into Russian.
good, room, would, cook, foot, took, put, soot, shook, looked, bushes, manufactures, wooden, couldn't, wouldn't, woodland, restful, woman, put out, put on, good-bye, naturally, recapitulate, carefully
*16. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the /a/ phoneme to orthography.
put, push, pull, worsted, wolf, look, stood, took, could, should, courier 17. Transcribe these words. Read and translate them into Russian.
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flue, zoo, too, who, two, use, you, few, true, food, soon, school youth, move, rule, huge, knew, usually, absolutely, pneutnona, moving, avenue, humour, beautiful, review, ruined, suicide, value, regular, pupils, human, assumed, constitution
*18. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the /u:/ phoneme to orthography.
blue, rude, rule, June, cool, tomb, group, wound, bruise, brew,
als^ribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the /a:/ pho
neme to orthography.,. uliow
tune, humour, use, cue, Tuesday, suit, neuter, few, beauty, Hughes
20. Transcribe these words. Read and translate them into Russian.
one, run, fun, shut, bus, much, ton, young, come other rammer, brother, mother/another, currents, chuckle, wor^ndwd £ money, funny, lovely, country, compass, must, just, trouble, wonuex ful, wonderland, instructor, introduction, meaning *21. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the U! pho-
neme to orthography.
must, unjust, judge, humbug, does, front, among, money, couple, rough, tough
*22. Transcribe these words. Read and translate them into y were, heard, word, workers thirty ^J^S her, years, Burlow, girls, birds, work, turkey, cu worse, Sherlock, certainly, worth, dirt, perfect *23. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to explain the relation
the hil phoneme to orthography. stir, myrtle, kernel, heard, worker, turner, nurse, fur *24. Transcribe these words. Read>nd;tramlate them into *ussia".
d again, along, about, across, obey, ^J^'Ä^
Piccadilly, confess, perhaps, suppose, condition, p
to pleasef to stop, the song, to do, to fish, the giris,.P
ably, finally, wonderland, woodland, decorate, gli
ehester, desolate, recognize, traveller, balcony stressed
25. Give examples to prove that the sound U the core of the unstressed vocal ism in Modern English.
Control Task
Transcribe and read the passages.1 Underline the vowels, which relate to the founds /i, i, e, , , >,,,1, , :,_ e/. Give their articulatory characteristics.
No. 1 /i:/
1. People seem to like it. 2. They help by sweeping and cleaning the rooms. 3. That doesn't mean sleeping and eating in tents. 4. The hotel at the seaside will cost you at least thirty pounds a week.
No. 2 /i/
I. "What is it?" I asked him. 2. He looked a sick and miserable boy. 3. He left different medicines with instructions for giving them. 4. The medicine w 1 bring down the fever.
No. 3 /el
1. It took him ten minutes to get to Kensington Gardens. 2. There's a special burial ground for dogs there. 3. You forget about Kensington Gardens, you could spend a couple of hours there. 4. They drive on the left side of the road instead of the right.
No. 4
1. Ann and Mary were happy in their ntw hats. 2. The fact is Mother packed the sandwiches herself. 3, He waved his hand back to> her till he hit his hand on the back edge. 4. She'd have gladly sacrificed1 anything for the family's sake. 5. The plate of sandwiches.' is standing on the mantelpiece.
No.
Arnold laughed at the artist. 2. She started to have classes last autumn. 3. Last time Arnold asked if they could have classes with the artist. 4. Arnold can't enlarge his vocabulary by starting to toss dictionaries into a waste basket. 5. To enlarge your knowledge in art you must start reading at once.
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No. 6
I. I hadn't got a vacancy in my office. 2. Wtio made that offer of a job? 3.1 was shocked when he offered to sell his watch 4. Oh, my godl What a lot of people come to his office to ask for a job. 5 "Do-yon want a job?" He nodded. "At mv office I haven't got anything to offer you."
No. 7
| ft.wSf Ja+leri5ea5i?Sirway is "^- 2- It is very important that the water of the North Sea near England is warm. 3. There are no more good waterw ays in the north 4 Shall £St |
y is " he water of the North Sea near England is warm. 3. There are no more
good waterw ays in the north. 4. Shallow water is warmert£Si deep wat-
I\i^f4Zr^T, l^ftf Course^
IIS
er and helps to keep the shores from the cold of Norway. 5. The North Sea is not more than 600 feet deep. So the water in the North Sea is shallow and warm.
No. 8 /u/
I. He is a good cook. 2. Should I look for the sugar? 3. He'd put on weight and looked solid. 4. The woman put on her new dress and asked if it was good. 5. The good woman put on her hat, looked at iierself and said that if she could go, she would.
No. 9 /u:/
The youth soon found two very good seats for the two. 2, The youth is truly fond of new music. 3. Soon the two were through too. 4. You like their new costumes, don't you?
No. 10 //
1. Mother is coming to see us this summer. 2. My brother likes running very much. 3. Every summer hundreds of people come to the South, 4. He said he would come another time and I saw he was worried about something.
No. 11 h:l
1. You are perfectly sure to meet factory workers, office woikers and shop girls there. 2. First of all you must know that holiday camps are permanent buildings. 3. Perhaps when you were here last year you heard something about my girl-friend. f
No. 12 hi
1.1 was rather surprised. 2.1 looked at him or a bit. 3. It was such an insane answer to give. 4. I got some glimmering of what he wa*s driving at. 5. He was rather taken aback. 6. It's over three miles an it's rather difficult on'account of the currents roun^ the beacon.
b) Diphthongs, or Complex Vowels
Closing Diphthongs No. 13 /et/
The nucleus of the diphthong /ei/ is vowel No. 3/e/, which is closely connected with the second element of the diphthong the glide /i/. In the articulation of the diphthong /ei/the bulk of the tongue glides from the /e/ to the hi position, but the full formation of hi is not accomplished. Since the movement of the tongue in the*articu: lation of /ei/ is from a more open to a more close position, /ei/ is called a closing diphthong with the front, mid narrow unrounded nucleus. The lips are slightly spread. The opening between the jaws is rather narrow, wider for the nucleus than for the glide (Fig. 9).
| To practise the /ei7 articulation the following exercises are recom- |
mended:
peelpailpile weelwailwhile jneanma inmine feetfatefight leaklakelike
paypaidpain maymademate daydate
ablecable'table paincamegame playplayspace penpain fell fail sell:sale menmain
saysamesake gaygamegait baybait
Graphic Equivalents of the /ei/ Diphthong
/ei/ is pronounced when spelt:
a take /teik/ ai wait /weit/ ay say /sei/ ei vein /vein/ ey they /Öei/ ea great /greit/
It is also pronounced in the words: jail /dseil/, gauge /geidg/; , chaos xaoc, aorta /eibtta/
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Fig. 9
Fig. 10
No. //
The nucleus of the diphthong // starts at the position for1 vowet No. 11 /3:/,the articulation of the nucleus is closely connected with the second element of the diphthong, the glide /u/. In the articulation of // the bulk of the tongue glides from the /a/ to the /u/ position, but the full formation of /u/ is not accomplished. Since the movement of the tongue in the articulation of Iml is from a more open to a more close position /au/ is called a closing diphthong with a central1 mid (narrow variation of the medium position of the tongue) nucleus (Fig. 10). The lips are neutral at the beginning of the diphthong and rounded at the end of it for /u/.
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To practise the // articulation the following exercises are recommended:
oak own open old over only go
snow no so show low ago October
Moscow also tempo window flow. coal home
hold cold close telephone Soviet slogan socialist
Graphic Equivalents of the /au/ Diphthong
// is pronounced when spelt:
so /sau/
oe foe /fau/
oa road /raud/
ou soul /ssul/
ough though //, dough /dau/
ew sew /sau/
ow know /neu/
It is also pronounced in the words: omit /s(u)imit/, Olympic /au'limpity
No. 15 /ai/
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The nucleus of the diphthong /ai/ is the front open /a/ (more open and retracted than vowel No. 4 /seO which glides to /i/ without reaching it, the glide sounds like a weak Id. In the articulation of /ai/ the bulk of the tongue moves from a more open /a/ position to a more close /i/ position. The amplitude of this movement is bigger than that in the /ei/ and // articulation.
The opening between the jaws is rather wide for the nucleus and much narrower for the glide.
To practise the pronunciation of the diphthong /ai/ the following exercises are recommended:
Fig. it
I mine tide fight
tie time tile slight
die dime size like
pie pine lies pipe
my nine wide1 might
lie line died night
finefeign bybay
linelain likelake
fightfate mymay
minemane dieday
Graphic Equivalents of the /ai/ Diphthong
/ai/ is pronounced when spelt:
i time /taim/ igh night /nait/
eigh height /hart/, but: eight /eit/ my' /mal/
It is also pronounced in the words: buy /bai/, guide /gaid/, eye /ai/
No. 16 /au/
The nucleus of the diphthong /au/ is /a/, which is more back than /a/ in /ai/. According to the data given by foreign authors, the nucleus. of the diphthong /au/ is open, broad, central, unrounded. Vassilyev defines it as a diphthong with a front-retracted nucleus /a/, which
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Fig. 13
The opening between the jaws is wide for the nucleus and much narrower for the glide.
To practise the /au/ articulation, the following exercises are recommended:
| cow | gown | howl |
| now | bow | house |
| town | row | mouth |
| down | loud | allow |
micemouse liedloud
licelouse nightnow
shyshout gyegout
diedoubt ryerout
Iowl thythou
Graphic Equivalents of the /au/ Diphthong /au/ is pronounced when spelt:
ou house /haus/
otigh plough /plau/
ow how /hau/
No. 17 /:i/
prop^6 ' 7 ^0^1/ is & which is ndther No- 6 M S'hl anri fThe 08,] of the bulk of ^e tongue is be- TZ direction ÄtOng-Uf'gHfdeS?,cm the back and low position glide ?fmbmL^J^lUOvIl N*,(~83 to accomplish the
Definition: /01/ is a closing diphtnong with the back, low (narrow variation) slightly rounded nucleus (Fig. 13).
To practise the /oi/ articulation the following exercises are recommended:
oil voice avoid coil join spoil boy toy destroy
boy bay foil fail pointpaint doilydaily hoisthaste soil sail
Graphic Equivalents of the /oi/ Diphthong
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/di/ is pronounced when spelt:
oi point /pomt/, , boil /boil/, coin /kom/
boy /boi/, joy /d3Di/~
Centring Diphthongs1
No. 18 /ia/
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The nucleus of this diphthong is vowel No. 2 /i/. The bulk of the tongue moves from the /i/ position to the position, which it occupies in the // articulation, the full formation of it is fully accomplished.
Definition: /ia/ is a centring diphthong with the high (broad variation of the high position of the tongue) front-retracted unrounded nucleus. When /la/ occurs in an open syllable and is followed by a pause, the glide sounds like the vowel //. The lips are neutral.
To practise the / articulation the follow
ing exercises are recommended: Fig.
ear, hear, year, dear, near, clear, engineer, really
he hear me mere fee fear teatear beadbeard shesheer bebeer we weir peapeer
Graphic Equivalents of the /ia/ Diphthong
// is pronounced when spelt:
er here /hra/- eer beer /bia/
l The term "centring" is connected with the glide //, which is considered to be central. In this book it is referred to as mixed. In Gleason's transcription they are represented as /ih/, /eh/, /oh/, /uh/.
ier pier /pia/ ir fakir ', 'fakia/ ear year /jis, ja:/ ea before other consonants:
real /ml/ e before unaccented a, u: idea /aildia/, geum
-.
No. 19 //
The bulk of the tongue starts from the position intermediate between vowels No. 3 /e/ and No. 4 /se/, then it glides to articulate /9/, the full formation of which is not accomplished. The
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Fig. IB Fig. 16
nucleus of // is more open than the English /e/ or the Russian // in amo. The lips are spread.or neutral.
Definition: // is a centring diphthong with the front, mid-open -(broad, variation of the medium position of the tongue), unrounded nucleus (Fig. 15).
To practise the // articulation the following exercises are re-commendedr-
chair ware" hair
care square fair
their mare' pair
dare fare declare
farfare' marmare carcare bar* bare char^-chair tartare
Graphic Equivalents of the // Diphthong
// is pronounced when spelt:
a before r; care //
ai s> air //
e there //
ei their /5/,
ea tear /,
aerate /'^, 'eiareit/
ay before or: mayor //~
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No. 20 //
The nucleus of the phoneme // is a high back-advanced /u/, which gradually glides to //.
Definition: // is a centring diphthong with the back-advanced,, high (broad variation of the high position of the tongue), slightly rounded, short and lax nucleus (Fig. 16).
Care should be taken not to confuse the diphthong // with /u.*/ To avoid this mistake the following exercise is recommended:
shoesure poolpoor crewcruel two tour do doer grewgruel
Graphic Equivalents of the // Diphthong
// is pronounced when spelt:
oo before r: poor // oe doer /dua/ ou tourist /ituanst/ u sure /Jua/
It is pronounced in the words: steward /'stjusd/, sewer /sju9/
The phoneme />/ which is represented in spelling by -oor, -ore,. e. g. door, more is not obligatory, it is considered to be a free variant of the phoneme /:/. It is not included in the inventory of vowels.
